Biology SOL Review Key
Part 1: The Scientific Method
Matching
_g__1.
_a__2.
_b__3.
_c__4.
_f__5.
_e__6.
_d__7.
hypothesis
theory
law
independent variable
dependent variable
constants
control
a. An explanation for a broad range of observations, facts, and tested
hypotheses.
b. A statement of fact meant to describe, in concise terms, an action. It is
generally accepted to be true and universal.
c. The variable that experimenter changes.
d. The part of the experiment that is not being experimented on.
e. The parts of the experiment that are held the same between the
experimental group and the control group.
f. The variable that is being measured.
g. A testable statement that attempts to explain an event or observation.
8. Which of these would be called results?
a. Counting Fruit Flies
b. Number of Fruit Flies
c. Seeing Fruit Flies on an Apple
d. Wondering Why Fruit Flies Are on Apples
9. True/ False: Experiments are usually conducted one time and by one team to speed up the scientific
process.
10. True/ False: Experiments often test multiple variables.
11. Some tips!
 Start by identifying the dependent variable. What is actually being measured in the experiment?
In the statement “a researcher is measuring the effect of chocolate on happiness”, the
dependent variable is happiness, happiness is affected by chocolate, or happiness depends on
chocolate.
 Identify the independent variable. If a researcher is measuring the effect of chocolate on
happiness, the independent variable is chocolate. This is the variable that the experimenter will
manipulate to see how it affects the dependent variable (in this case happiness).
 What is the experimental condition (experimental group)? What is the control condition (control
group)? The control condition will be the one that is “business as usual.” If we are measuring the
effect of chocolate (independent variable) on happiness (dependent variable), then the control
group would get no chocolate. We say that the control group is not being exposed to the
"treatment." In this case the treatment is chocolate, so the poor people in the control group are
left chocolate-less. In order to find the experimental group, look at the group (or groups) that
actually receives treatment, in this case, some specified amount of chocolate (some people have
all the luck...).
For the following example, identify
1) The dependent variable aggressive behavior
2) The independent variable amount of sleep
3) The experimental condition(s)/experimental group(s) people sleeping 6hrs and 3hrs
4) The control condition/control group people sleeping as much as they want
Experiment: A researcher is studying the effect of sleep on aggression, thinking that less sleep will lead
to more aggression. She has some people sleep 6 hours per night, some people sleep 3 hours per night
and some people sleep as much as they want. She then monitors aggressive behavior during basketball
games among participants.
Part 2: Ecology
Fill in the blanks using the following terms:
abiotic, pioneer species, populations, photosynthesis, biotic, heterotrophs, decomposers, niche, food
web, communities, mutualism, parasitism, reduction, commensalism, carrying capacity, autotrophs,
exponential, climax community.
12. ___ abiotic _________ factors are the nonliving elements in an ecosystem, such as temperature,
moisture, air, salinity, and pH. ___ biotic __________ factors are all the living organisms that inhabit the
environment, including predators, food sources, and competitors.
13. __ communities __ are comprised of _ populations _ which are groups of interbreeding individuals
of the same species.
14. In a community, producers are __ autotrophs ________ which convert light energy to chemical
energy in a process called ___ photosynthesis _____.
15. __ heterotrophs ___ cannot synthesize their own food and rely on other organisms.
16. In addition to producers and consumers, healthy communities must have __ decomposers ______,
bacteria and fungi which recycle detritus.
17. Each organism has its own ___ niche ___________ or function in a community, and is part of the __
food web __________ or web of life.
18. When two organisms live in a close association, and both benefit, the relationship is called_ mutualism ___.
19. A tapeworm living in the gut of a mammal is an example of __ parasitism ___________.
20. __ commensalism _________ is an association between two organisms in which one benefits and the
other derives neither benefit nor harm.
21. The ___ carrying capacity _________ is the maximum number of individuals that a habitat can support.
22. In an environment with unlimited resources and space, and which lacks competition or predation, the
expected population growth rate would be__ exponential ________.
23. In an ecological succession, lichens are _ pioneer species _ while trees would be members of the _ climax
community __.
24. Desertification, deforestation, and pesticide pollution can all cause a/an _ reduction _ in the biodiversity of a
community.
Label the following as: Primary producer, primary consumer, or secondary consumer
25.
26.
27.
28.
a tree primary producer
a fox eating a rabbit secondary consumer
grasshopper eating grass primary consumer
minnow eating algae primary consumer
29. What is the climax community in Virginia? A deciduous hickory-oak (hardwood) forest
30. Distinguish between primary and secondary secession. Primary succession- when succession starts with no soil
(volcano, glacier). Secondary succession- when a disturbance destroys an existing community, but leaves soil. (fire,
hurricane)
31. What is evaporation?
A: Water freezes.
B: Water vapor meets cold air and changes back into liquid.
C: Water gets warm and changes from liquid water to water vapor.
D: Plants take in water from the soil.
32. What is the correct term for plants releasing water from
their leaves, which then evaporates?
A: evaporation
B: precipitation
C: transpiration
D: condensation
33. Where does the carbon come from that the plants use?
A: animals
B: water
C: air
34. How does carbon get into the soil?
A: when the plant dies
B: when the animal dies
C: when the human dies
D: all of the above
34.
Where are nitrogen fixing bacteria found?
a. In animals.
b. In the air.
c. In the roots of plants.
35. Nitrogen that is used by plants is in the form of...
A.
Nitrogen monoxide
B.
Nitrates
C.
Oxygen
Part 3: Chemistry
35. Draw and label a water molecule. Include charges.
Matching
36. Electron D
37. Homeostasis H
38. Universal solvent A
39. Cohesion G
40. Adhesion E
41. Polar molecule B
42. Hydrogen Bonds F
43. Proton C
A. Water is known as this
B. Molecules with unequal areas of charge.
C. The part of the atom that is positively charged.
D. Part of the atom that is negatively charged.
E. Water is attracted to other substances that are charged.
F. Weak bonds that form between polar molecules.
G. Water sticks to other water molecules.
H. When organisms maintain the same internal conditions
True/False
44.
The water in sweat allows you to get rid of excess heat. T
45.
Water helps make Earth’s temperatures more stable. T
46.
Water allows many things to be transported through your body. T
47.
Water can dissolve very few things. F
48.
Your cells are made up of about 1/10 or 10% water. F (2/3)
49.
The nature of water prevents oceans from freezing solid. T
50.
Complete the following chart:
Macromolecule
Chemical
Make-Up
Monomer
Function
Example
C, H, O
monosaccharide
Provide and store energy
Animal:
Glycogen
Plant: Starch
C,H
glycerol and fatty
acids
insulate, store energy, and
make up cell membranes
fats, oils, and
waxes
C,H, O,P
nucleotides
store and transmit hereditary,
or genetic, information
DNA and RNA
C,H,O,N
amino acids
The function of each protein
molecule depends on its
specific conformation
Hemoglobin,
antibodies,
and enzymes
Carbohydrate
Lipid
Nucleic Acid
Protein
51.
Fill in the blanks for the definition of an enzyme. Use the following word bank: (there are more words than
needed) chloroplast, starts, lipid, DNA, protein, created, destroyed, stops.
A _protein_______ that __starts_______ a chemical reaction, but is not __destroyed_____________ in the
reaction.
52. Describe the role of enzymes as biological catalysts. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by
lowering the activation energy
53. Why are pH and temperature important to cell functions? (Include when temperatures/pH get too high and
too low.) Enzymes have optimal temperatures and pH. Extremes in temp and pH can denature (kill) enzymes
54. Label the following as enzyme, substrate and product.
Part 4: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
55. Write out the entire equation for photosynthesis. 6CO2 + 6H2O + light  C6H12O6 + 6O2
56. Write out the entire equation for cellular respiration. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
57. What cell organelle houses photosynthesis? Chloroplast
58. What cell organelle houses respiration? Mitochondria
59. How are photosynthesis and cell respiration related? The products of one process are the reactants of the other.
60. What is the initial source of energy for most communities? Sun light
61. What is the name of the high energy molecule that is used in cells to store energy? (Hint: product of cell respiration)
ATP
62. Answer the following questions about the picture below.
a.What is released when chemical bonds are broken? Energy
b.What is needed when chemical bonds are created? Energy
c.Write the steps for the ATP-ADP Cycle Below:
1. ATP loses a phosphate group
 Releases _ Energy _________
 Creates _ADP_______ (Adenosine Diphosphate)
2. ADP adds a phosphate group
 Requires __ Energy ________
 Creates __ATP_____ again!
Part 5: Cells
63. Which statement is not a part of the cell theory?
A. Cells are the basic unit of structure of living things.
B. Cells are the basic unit of function of living things.
C. Cell parts such as chloroplasts are self-replicating.
D. Cells come from preexisting cells.
64. Which of the following describes the fluid-mosaic model of the plasma membrane structure?
A) phospholipid monolayer with embedded proteins
B) phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
C) phospholipid trilayer with embedded proteins
D) triglyceride bilayer with embedded proteins
E) triglyceride monolayer with embedded proteins
65. Which of the following statements is NOT correct regarding the plasma membrane structure?
A) Protein molecules may be partially or wholly embedded.
B) Protein molecules are localized toward one side of the cell.
C) Phospholipids form a bilayer.
D) Phospholipids have a fluid consistency.
E) The head of the phospholipid molecule is attracted toward water.
66. Under each picture state if the RBC was placed in an isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic solution.
Isotonic
Hypotonic
Hypertonic
Matching: Scientists
__A____67. Virchow
__D____68. Schleiden
__C____69. Hooke
__B____70. Schwann
__E____71. Leuwenhoek
Matching
a. Cell membrane
b. Chromatin
c. Cell wall
A. Said that cells come from pre-existing cells
B. Concluded that cells make up animals
C. Was the first person to see cells.
D. Concluded that cell make up plants
E. improved magnification of microscopes and discovered "animacules"
d. Nucleolus
e. Cytoplasm
f. Mitochondria
g. Ribosomes
h. Nucleus
i. Endoplasmic
Reticulum
j.
k.
l.
m.
Chloroplasts
Golgi Bodies
Vacuoles
Lysosomes
__j___72. Captures energy from sunlight
__l__73. Stores food, water, wastes, and other materials
__f__74. The cell’s “powerhouse”
__e__75. Gel-like fluid where the organelles are found
__h__76. Control center of the cell
__m__77. Uses chemicals to break down food
__i__78. Has passageways that carry proteins and other materials from one part of the cell to another
__a__79. Controls what come into and out of a cell
__c__80. Ridged outer layer of a plant cell
__b__81. The stands inside the nucleus that contain the instructions for directing the cell’s functions
__g__82. Assembles amino acids
__d__83. Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes
__k__84. Receives proteins from ER, packages them, and distributes them
85. Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic: small, simple, no organelles, unicellular, Ex. Bacteria
Eukaryotic: larger, more complex, has organelles, uni- and multicellular, Ex. Everything but bacteria
86. Explain why cells are so small.
Cell SA:V must be large enough to be able to transport enough raw materials across the membrane(SA)
to support the volume of the cell
87.
20µm
10µm
4µm
2µm
Part 6: Mitosis and Meiosis
88. List the parts of the cell cycle. Interphase: G1, S, G2 Mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase Cytokinesis
89. What is the longest phase of the cell cycle? Describe what happens in this phase. Interphase: G1 (cell growh)
S (DNA replication) G2 (prepare for mitosis)
90. Diagram and describe the stages of mitosis. Include interphase and cytokinesis.
91. What kind of cells are created in mitosis? Diploid autosomal (body cells)
92. What kind of cells are created in meiosis? Haploid gametes (sex cells)
93. Why is it important that the genetic material is halved during meiosis? To maintain chromosome
number during sexual reproduction
94. In what other ways does mitosis and meiosis differ? Mitosis: 1 division, 2 diploid body cells produced
Meiosis: 2 divisions, 4 haploid gametes produced, includes pairing of homologous chromosomes, crossing over
Part 7: Genetics
95. Define or give an example of the following terms:
 Allele- one of the copies of a gene ex- T
 Dominant- the gene that can cover up a recessive gene ex T
 Recessive- the gene that can be covered up. Ex t
 Homozygous/pure- if both genes for the trait are the same ex-TT or tt
 Heterozygous/ hybrid- if the genes for the trait are different ex- Tt
 Phenotype- the visible trait of the organism. Ex- Tall
 Genotype- the combination of genes for a trait. Ex- TT, Tt, or tt
96. Use a Punnett square to show the results of the following crosses:
AaxAa
AAxaa
Aaxaa
97. A TT (tall) plant is crossed with a tt (short plant).
What percentage of the offspring will be tall? ___100%____
98. A Tt plant is crossed with a Tt plant.
What percentage of the offspring will be short? __25%_
99.
100. Define nondisjunction. An error in meiosis in which the homologous chromosomes fail to separate properly
101. Matching:
__b___Down syndrome
__a___Klinefelter’s syndrome
__c___Turner’s syndrome
a. XXY
b. Trisomy 21
c. Nondisjunction of the X chromosome
102. What (if any) disorder does this person have? What sex is this individual? Down syndrome, Female
103. What is the picture depicted to the left called?
Karyotype
Part 8: DNA and Protein Synthesis:
104. Matching:
_d___Watson and Crick
_b___Hersey and Chase
_a___Wilkins and Franklin
_c___Chargaff
a. determined the general structure of DNA
using X-ray diffraction
b. Extracted DNA from the protein coats of a
simple viruses called using a simple
kitchen blender
c. Discovered base pairing rules
d. Discovered the correct 3D structure of
DNA in 1953
105. What the science term for the shape of DNA? Double Helix
106. What is the monomer unit of DNA? (Name it and draw its parts.)
107. What are the 4 types of bases found in DNA? (write them according to the base pairing rules) A-T C-G
108. Write the complementary strand of DNA:
ATA CGA TAG
TAT GCT ATC
109. Complete the following scheme. DNA _transcription__RNA __translation____Protein
110. What gets put in sequence when one mRNA and one tRNA meet? Amino Acids
111. What forms when many amino acids are linked together? Proteins
112. Use your base pairing rules to complete protein synthesis starting with this DNA strand.
DNA:
CAT TTA CGC GAT CTA
mRNA:
GUA AAU GCG CUA GAU
tRNA:
CAU UUA CGC GAU CUA
Amino Acid: Valine-Asparagine-Alanine-Leucine-Aspartic Acid
113. Using this strand of DNA, GCA TTA TGC, rewrite the strand with
A. a substitution ACA TTA TGC
B. a deletion CAT TAT GC
C. an insertion GGC ATT ATG C
D. an inversion CGA TTA TGC
E. Are all mutations detrimental? No, some are silent or even beneficial
114. Gene Technology Matching:
_c__Controlled breeding/Artificial Selection
_e__Gene splicing
_a__Plasmid
_d__Cloning
_b___Human genome project
_f__Gel Electrophoresis
a. DNA of a bacteria in the shape of a circle
b. scientists have mapped the genes of humans
c. breeding organisms with certain traits so that the offspring will
have those traits
d. making offspring that are genetically identical to the parent
e. A type of genetic engineering process done by inserting genes from
one organism into another organism’s existing DNA to make
recombinant DNA
f. a technique used to separate DNA molecules by their charge (+ or -)
115.
Part 9: Evolution
Fill in the blank using the following terms:
homologous structures, Louis Pasture, fossil, top, absolute, evolution, Galapagos, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck,
Charles Darwin, disruptive, directional, convergent evolution, divergent evolution, Francisco Redi,
vestigial structures, bottom, stabilizing, gene pool, natural selection, selection strategists, analogous
structures, punctuated equilibrium, cyanobacteria, gradualism, k- selection strategists, r-selection strategists
116. __Francisco Redi____ disproved spontaneous generation by concluding that maggots come from
flies, not rotting meat.
117. __ Louis Pasture __ set up an experiment with swan necked flasks to test whether microbes arise
from pre-existing microbes or by spontaneous generation
118. __ cyanobacteria ____ was one of the first organisms to create oxygen in the atmosphere.
119. A __ fossil ____________ is any trace evidence that has been preserved by a natural process.
120. According the law of superposition the ___ bottom ___________ layer is the oldest.
121. Carbon dating is a type of __ absolute ___________ dating that gives the precise age of the fossil.
122. __ evolution _______________ is the change in the inherited characteristics of populations over
successive generations.
123. Darwin explained that the finches on the __ Galapagos ______________ Islands were different
from those on South America because of____ natural selection _______.
124. __ Jean-Baptiste Lamarck ____ theorized that evolution was bases on an organism’s tendency
toward perfection, use and disuse, and acquired characteristics.
125. Natural selection that results in species having both extremes of a trait is called__ disruptive ___
natural selection.
126. Sharks and dolphins evolved this way:__ convergent evolution ___.
127. _ vestigial structures _____ either no longer functions or has a reduced function than in the ancestor.
128. _ homologous structures _____ have different mature forms but are similar because they develop
from the same embryonic tissue.
129. Natural selection that results in the species having one extreme of a trait is _ directional___ natural
selection.
130. _ gene pool _______ are all the genes in a population.
131. _ punctuated equilibrium __happens when species remain unchanged for millions of years and
then suddenly die off and new species take over.
132.
__divergent evolution_____ is the term for different species that develop from a common ancestor.
133. Natural selection that results in the species having the average of the trait is __ stabilizing __
natural selection.
134.
Evolution through slow change is __ gradualism ___________.
135. __ analogous structures _______ have similar functions due to selection pressures, but are not
evidence of common ancestry.
136. _ k- selection strategists __ produce few "expensive" offspring and live in stable environments.
137. _ r-selection strategists __ produce many "cheap" offspring and live in unstable environments.
Multiple Choice
138. Which of the following statements describes the process of natural selection?
a. Farmers select animals with desirable variations for breeding.
b. Individuals survive that have inherited traits adapted to their environment.
c. New species are formed via genetic engineering.
d. Populations sharing the same gene pool interbreed and create new species.
139. What two organisms are most related according to the figure below.
a. 1 and 2
b. 2 and 4
c. 3 and 4
d. 1 and 4
Part 10: Classification
140. Who came up with the modern system of classification?
a. Charles Darwin
b. Carl Linnaeus
c. Rudolf Virchow
d. Francisco Redi
141. Place the hierarchy of modern classification in the correct order from largest to smallest.
Genus family class phylum order kingdom species Kingdom>Phylum>Class>Order>Family>Genus>Species
Matching- Match the phrase with one or more of the 6 kingdoms of living things. Must list all that
apply to get full credit. Kingdoms: Eubacteria, Archeabacteria, Protist, Fungus, Plant, Animal
142. Has a nucleus Protist, Fungus, Plant, Animal
143. All autotrophs Plants
144. All heterotrophs Fungus, Animal
145. All unicellular Eubacteria, Archeabacteria
146. All multicellular Plant, Animal
152.
153.
147.
148.
149.
150.
151.
Yeast Fungus
E. coli Eubacteria
Algae Protist
Do not have a nucleus Eubacteria, Archeabacteria
Live in extreme conditions Archeabacteria
154.
155.
156.
Part 11: Bacteria, Viruses, and Germ Theory
157. Are bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
158. What two kingdoms contain bacteria? Eubacteria, Archeabacteria
158. Use the following terms to label the bacteria:
DNA, Flagella, Capsid, Cell wall, cell membrane
159. State the germ theory. Diseases are caused by microorganisms (germs)
160. List Koch’s postulates:
1. the microorganism or other pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease
2. the pathogen can be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture
3. the pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal
4. the pathogen must be reisolated from the new host and shown to be the same as the originally inoculated pathogen
161. Are viruses alive? How do you know? No, they are non-cellular
162. What two macromolecules make up a virus? Proteins and Nucleic Acids
163. What is a bacteriophage? A virus that infects a bacteria
164. Are the following steps of the lytic cycle or the lysogenic cycle?
1. virus attaches to a cell and injects its genetic material.
2. The cell makes new viral parts.
3. The cell breaks down and releases viruses.
Viruses like flu, cold do this
165. Are the following steps of the lytic cycle or the lysogenic cycle?
1. Virus attaches to cell and injects DNA
2. Viral DNA integrates with host DNA
3. The host cell divides normally and when it does, so does the viral DNA
4. After some time, the virus enters the lytic cycle and the cell will be destroyed when new viral
parts are assembled and made Ex- HIV, herpes
Part 12: Human Body Systems- READING ONLY
There are 11 basic organ systems:
1. Integumentary System –external covering of the body; provides physical protection; helps regulate
body temperature; the skin.
2. Skeletal System –body’s internal framework; provides support and protection; stores minerals; acts as
levers pulled upon by muscles; the bones.
3. Muscular System –body’s means of movement and manipulation; generates heat; the muscles.
4. Nervous System –body’s control center and regulatory system; responsible for consciousness and
intelligence; the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
5. Endocrine System –glands that secrete hormones (chemical messages) into the blood; pituitary gland,
thyroid gland, adrenal glands, testes, ovaries, etc.
6. Cardiovascular System –body’s major transport system; heart, blood vessels, and blood.
7. Lymphatic/Immune System – returns fluid to the blood stream; detects and repels pathogens;
lymphatic vessels, spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus, and more.
8. Digestive System – transports, breaks down, and absorbs food; eliminates indigestible remains; oral
pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.
9. Respiratory System – delivers O2 to the blood and removes CO2; nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx,
trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
10. Urinary System – eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the blood; regulates blood volume, pressure,
pH, and electrolytes; kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.
11. Reproductive Systems- produces offspring
Part 13: SOL Review Websites:
http://education.jlab.org/solquiz/
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