‫ضرغام حمزة يوسف‬.‫د‬
‫الصحة العامة البيطرية‬
Animal Hygiene
‫مصادر العدوى‬
Sources of infection :
There are many sources of infection:
1-Soil :
Many of diseases transported via the soil like tetanus ,Anthrax ,black leg
disease ,which ever is spore forming that still static in the soil for long
duration may reach many years and can caused the disease when found the
predisposing factors.
2-Air :
There are a large amount of microorganisms that carried by the air and
transported to healthy animals by aspirate the expiration of carrier and
infected animal that carried the droplet which contain the microorganisms
(Droplet infection ) like respiratory diseases e.g :T.B , Equine influenza
,swine plague ,swine influenza ,pneumonia ,Also when these infected
droplet to fall upon the floor of the yards ,also when they dry and mixed
with yard soil that which irritated by air flow induced different infected
diseases (Dust infection) ,and when they found their way to conjunctiva of
eyes or respiratory system .This way is one of infectious route which can be
happened in states of microorganisms which can resistance the dryness of
yards floor like T.B ,Staphylococcus and anthrax spores .While the
microorganism can reach to the floor mixed with carrier and infected
animals excretion (urine ,faeces ,mucous) ,then become dry and mixed with
the dust that carried by the air to infected another healthy animals ,in
addition for that the air may be carried some organic material like hair ,wool
,plant fiber ,pollin grain or dry faeces ,therefore the inhalation of these
matters by the animal caused congestion of mucous membrane ,then
decrease its resistance and exposure animal to allergic diseases.
3-Water :
The water play an important role for spreading the infection and main
source of infection and also transport many microorganisms that causes
many epidemic and infectious disease (water borne diseases) by:
1
‫ضرغام حمزة يوسف‬.‫د‬
‫الصحة العامة البيطرية‬
1-Watering and swimming healthy animal at contaminated water with
excretion of diseased animal .
2-Drainage the waste of slaughterhouses ,hospitals, plants ,yards ,in
reservoirs of water.
3-Water polluted with waste matter from outlets and drain of
slaughterhouses, Veterinary hospitals , and from factories handling animal
products.
4-Throwing the carcasses of animals which have dead of many diseases or
where found dead into the water , then they may become the cause of new
foci of infection of animals.
4-Insect:
The insect can be transported for many infectious disease mechanically
or as mechanical factor ,the role of housefly for transport the microorganism
of T.B and Anthrax (Direct method) ,or (indirect method) the role of
insect and ectoparasites for transporting blood diseases when suckled blood
of infected animals or carriers ,therefore causing the disease by bite the
healthy animals.
5 -Feed:
The feed an important source of infection among animals like
suckling animals may be infected by T.B when suckled infected milk from
there dam ,or by feeding on contaminated feed by excretions of diseased
animals or by contaminated the field with livestock manure that infected
with internal parasite ,therefore the healthy animals may be infected by
ingestion the eggs and larve of this parasite.
6-Direct contact:
When contact healthy animal with diseased animal infected with
dermatological disease like mange ,therefore the first will be infected by the
disease ,also Brucellosis may be transported from cow to another when
contact healthy animal with vaginal discharge of diseased animal or by Bulls
or Ox when mating occur.
2
‫ضرغام حمزة يوسف‬.‫د‬
‫الصحة العامة البيطرية‬
7-Indirect contact :
It is happen by use Grooming and Cleaning tools (body brush
)and another equipment of both healthy and diseased animals at
same time and therefore transport disease may be happed
among animals or when transport animals by vehicles (cars)
which previously transport diseased animals without cleaning
and disinfection ,or due to housing healthy animal in yards
previously housing diseased animal or dead from infectious
disease without disinfection.
8-Carrier:
When animal/ bird exposed to some infectious diseases and
then recovered ,or incurred immunity against the disease ,but
still carrier to the causative agent ,therefore it excreted with
animal excretions ,then can be infected another contact animal
/birds .Like Brucellosis in cattle and white diarrhea in birds.
9-Infections from free living microorganisms:
On mucous membrane of respiratory system ,when any
decrease or reduce or inhibition of body resistance for any
reasons ,these microorganisms can be invated the body and
penetrate this mucous membranes ,then causing the disease like
Heamorrhagic septiceamia (H.S) in cattle that may be spread in
3
‫ضرغام حمزة يوسف‬.‫د‬
‫الصحة العامة البيطرية‬
summer due to decrease in animal immunity or resistance ,and
increase in humidity level in weather and decrease in green
feeding.
Epidemic and infectious diseases resistance in animals:
‫مقاومة االمراض المعدية والوبائية في الحيوانات‬
When animal infected with any living microorganisms therefore growth
and multiplicated in many body tissue and causing the disease ,then excreted
with body excretions like, urine ,feaces , saliva ,tears ,genital and mucous
discharge ,then infected another animals or contaminated whichever ,in this
case the animal become carrier and the first source of infection .The
understanding of infectious disease resistance must cognizant of the nature
and characteristics of the living microorganisms and theirs survival in vitro
as well as some of microorganisms are spore forming ,therefore are more
resistance than another .The principle of infectious disease resistance ,is
prevention the infection and destroy the first source of infection is the
diseased animal or carrier therefore must be necessity to isolate the diseased
animal from healthy when spread any infected disease and prevent any
contact with animals by :
1-If animal infected with worth curing disease must be isolated faraway
from another healthy and contact animals in special quarantine and treated
,while if animal infected with epidemic and not worth curing like glanders in
horses ,Anthrax, cattle plague ,while must be destroying ailing animals and
disposal of carcasses.
2-Prevent the workers or husbandman whose care the diseased animal must
be not care the healthy (if there are more worker) while if there are decrease
in number of worker , whose must be firstly care the healthy animal then the
diseased animals and must be done the different disinfection procedure to
hands and cloths ,hence care healthy animals.
3-Specification must be done to animals about special equipment's (tools)
and prevent using grooming and cleaning tools of diseased animals to
healthy animals.
4
‫ضرغام حمزة يوسف‬.‫د‬
‫الصحة العامة البيطرية‬
4-Weatering diseased animal with special dishes and prevent weatering
diseased animal from the common weatering container ,whose the healthy
animals weatering.
5-When animals exposed or infected with epidemic diseases, highly
spreading like F.M.D, Sheep pox or Newcastle ,must be prevent the healthy
animals to pass in pasture that in which diseased animals grassing ,and
prevent the husbandman or workers to care healthy and diseased animals at
same time after disinfection their hands and cloths.
6- Prevent the pollution of reservoirs of water and feed with living
microorganisms , that which one of an important ways to prevent the spread
of infection between animals.
7-Spray animals and yards with insecticide to destroy the insect and
ectoparasite like flies and ticks.
8- The new animals that be added to flock must be considered as diseased
and susceptible animals and must be isolated and inspected for two weeks
especially when that added from epidemic areas.
‫االجراءات المهمة التي يجب اتخاذها لمنع انتشار االمراض المعدية والوبائية في الحيوانات‬
‫والطيور‬
The important procedures that prevent prevalence the epidemic and
contagious diseases in animals/birds.
1-When prevalence an epidemic and contagious disease and also when high
mortality /slaughter /abortion in animals due to infectious diseases ,hence the
husbandman and owners must tell the government (governor) or police
station ,then tell Veterinary office .
2-The Veterinarian must tell the Veterinary government in central hospital
that which to provide against prevent the prevalence of disease by the
following procedure:
5
‫ضرغام حمزة يوسف‬.‫د‬
‫الصحة العامة البيطرية‬
a-Veterinarian team must be send to epidemic area ,then tests procedures
must be done to infected and contact animals in prevalence area and isolate
the sick animals.
b-In prevalence or epidemic area and neighbor ,the sale and buying of
animals must be prevented.
c-Prevent the animals/ birds transporting , their products and waste from the
prevalence area to another.
d-Prevent slaughter the sick or suspected animals and prevent sale their meat
,product ,waste without Veterinary permission.
e-Vaccine-preventable disease there are diagnosed to protect animals/birds
in epidemic area and neighbor therefore the vaccinated animals / birds must
be still under observation of Veterinarian and tell about any observable
diseases.
f-Slaughter or Destroying animals /birds that is the source of infection and
not worth curing ,coast must be paying to owners.
g-Burning animals/birds carcasses that dead from contagious diseases or
buried under Veterinarian observation.
h-Disinfected the yards that is infected with contagious diseases and all the
equipment and prevent housing of animals without Veterinary permission.
3-The owners of animals /birds that which recorded ,inspected and
vaccinated against contagious diseases must tell the Veterinary government
when enter or exit a new animals /birds to their yards towards inspected ,
recorded and vaccinated.
4-In countries that have Veterinary hospitals for isolation the infected
animals with contagious diseases, must be sent to the central Veterinary
hospitals according to Veterinarian orders .In Villages didn’t have any
hospital ,must be built temporary quarantine for infected animals that which
6
‫ضرغام حمزة يوسف‬.‫د‬
‫الصحة العامة البيطرية‬
still the duration according to Veterinary adjustment and the healthy animals
that contact the infected animals are a suspected with contagious disease.
5-Any outbreak happen among animals/birds that transported by different
vehicles ,must be quarantable and inspected by Veterinarian to make
provision against spreading of infection.
6-Prevent throw animals /birds carcasses that dead from contagious disease
in stream of flowing water and roads that must be burn and healthy buried.
7-Don’t watering the infected animals tanker that the healthy animal
watering from it ,whichever must be watering separately.
8-Don’t adding any new animals/birds that recently buying to the field or
yards ,until confirm free from contagious disease and that must be isolated
for two weeks at least.
)‫طرق السيطرة على االمراض (الحجر البيطري‬
METHOD OF DISEASE CONTROL(QUARANTINE ):
Quarantine ,the world quarantine is derived from Italian quaranta ,
meaning Forty ,because originally ships and their passengers coming from a
port where smallpox or their infectious diseases prevaild were detailied for a
period of forty days .Today the word in general means the isolation of a
person or an animal /sick with a contagious disease , or it also refers to a
place where the sick are detained a way from other animals until the danger
of spread of a contagious disease has disappeared .In its wider application ,
the quarantine may be enforced against an individual animal ,against all the
animals ,or all animals of the same species in a township ,country ,or state
,and against those in a foreign country.
Legal quarantine:
There are legal provisions for the enforcement of a quarantine usually by
the sheriff and occasionally aided by the militia ,though in regard to animals
original authority in a country has been placed in the hands of the
Veterinarian ,or for interstate or foreign quarantines. Livestock owners on
their own initiative very frequently place in quarantine an individual animal
7
‫ضرغام حمزة يوسف‬.‫د‬
‫الصحة العامة البيطرية‬
or group of their animals for the purpose of controlling the spread of a
contagious disease . They do this especially when their herds and flocks are
already free from disease and they desire to add to them by a acquisition of
new animals .These new animals are kept in isolation for so long as ninety
days in extreme instances ,or until persons concerned are satisfied after a
conference with their Veterinarian that there is no longer any danger of
contaminating their original animals with a contagious ailment.
The principles governing an effective quarantine are similar in general
for individuals or for groups of animals .There must be no direct or indirect
contact between the animals in quarantine and those not so restrained .It had
its variations depending upon contagious of a disease or upon the volatility
of its causative
factor .For example ,many parasitic disease of the skin
,including ̏Mange ̋ ,are not nearly so easily spread as is ̏ hog cholera̋ .
Aquarantine does mean that animal affected with any one of the very large
numbers of contagious disease must be kept sergregated in a separate barn or
yard away from other
animals. Theoretically the quarantined animals
should have separate attendants ,their own drinking vessels and other
utensils as well as the usual barn equipment .If a separate attendant is not
available , then the common attendant should take care of the sick group last
and when he is through with them he must clean his footware by thoroughly
rubbing them on a mat saturated with a disinfectant ,as well as washing his
hands .Soap in warm water is a mechanical remover of infection and in a
limited manner is an antiseptic .In very highly volatile diseases ,such as foot
and mouth disease of cattle ,fumigation of clothing or protection of the usual
clothing by wearing of rubber outer garments may be necessary.
DISINFICTING PREMISES:
Cleaning premises must precede all other steps to again make them safe for
animal occupation after an outbreak of a contagious disease .It is spoken of
as disinfecting the premises .It includes the removed of all litter and refuse
,and then disinfection .The latter implies the destruction of all disease –
producing germ ; in a broader sense it may also include the destruction of
8
‫ضرغام حمزة يوسف‬.‫د‬
‫الصحة العامة البيطرية‬
parasitic factors .However it must be emphasized that many animal disease
are contracted because of close contact between thee ailing and the well
animal or stated another way the premises may be no more than of
secondary importance in a matter of this nature .
Disinfection of premises will make animal quarters reasonably sanitary
,but the value of such a step is limited strictly to an attempt to preventing the
premises from spreading disease ,and does not in any way control the
disease due to the presence of the sub chronically infected animal or ̋carriers̏
in group.
On the other hand infected animals do contaminate premises with disease
– producing factors that are in their urine, manure , and occasionally in their
secretions and exhalations .Since the number and vigorot germs Is the
greatest in the immediate area and vicinity occupied by the ailing animal
therefor disinfection should be concentrated in such places.
The suggested steps premises disinfection are a Follows:
1-Since organic material such as manure and the usual animal habitation
refuse protect germs and limits the action of disinfectants therefore such
material must be removed .
First , moisten with water or a disinfectant so as to control dust and air –
borne infections .This moistening should include all woodwork , and is to be
followed by litter removal from night barns , night lots , feed sheds , small
pastures and yards , and Fences , especially those of wood construction , and
around hay and feed racks even though they have not been in use for some
time. The walls and ceilings and other woodwork in barns and sheds must be
thoroughly brushed or broom swept to remove cobwebs old scaled whitwash
, and other objectionable material .
All burnable material removed by these steps is to be so destroyed , and the
remainder may be spread out on arable land at some distance away , so that
it will be fully exposed to the sun’s action .Old sacks may later be
disinfected .
9
‫ضرغام حمزة يوسف‬.‫د‬
‫الصحة العامة البيطرية‬
If building have dirt floors , at least three inches of his is to be removed ,
then applying a disinfectant to the exposed surface , and finally covering it
with clean material such as fresh dirt , sand , gravel , or cinders.
2-If there is pools of water on the premises , these are either to be drained ,
or fenced off s that they will not be accessible to animals.
3-All feed in managers and feed boxes in the rooms that are to be disinfected
is to be removed and burned , or it may be fed to livestock not susceptible to
the disease against which the disinfection is being applied.
4-If water under pressure is available , it is an excellent plan to hose of
everything that has previously had litter and other material removed from it
.To follow this by a through scrubbing with scalding hot water t which some
lye has been added will dissolve off good deal of the dirt , and besides , the
hot water will kill worm eggs and the lye will destroy many types of germs
.Use one pound of lye to 20 gallons of water .
5-Water troughs and feeding boxes and racks should be scrubbed with the
lye solution in rediness for effective treatment with a disinfectant solution
.Since there is a valid objection to the use of odorous disinfectants in the
treatment of many utensils those constructed of metal may be satisfactorily
handled by cleaning with hot water and soap , and then immersed.
6-The application of the disinfectant solution is best done by means of spray
pump , so as to force it in all cracks and crevices in the woodwork.Applying
it with a broom is of some whitewash (this must be fresh water – slaked
lime) to the disinfectant solution is of value as it can then better be seen
where the material has been applied .Blankets , robes , harness and other
loose paraphernalia may be disinfected by immersing them for at least
several hours in the disinfectant.
10