UNIT IV STUDY GUIDE
I. Vocabulary Check
______ 1.Loss of electrons
______ 2. Breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce ATP; exergonic
______ 3. Electron carrier utilized in photosynthesis
______ 4. Folds of inner mitochondrial membrane; location of ETC
______ 5. Describes plants that open stomata at night to minimize water loss; incorporate CO2 into organic acids
______ 6. 3-carbon molecule; intermediate in glycolysis, Calvin cycle
______ 7. Initial breakdown of glucose; occurs in cytosol; net gain of 2 ATP
______ 8. Pigment molecule that absorbs light energy in red, blue portions of visible spectrum
______ 9. Disorder; Tendency of matter described by Second Law of Thermodynamics
______10. End product of glycolysis
______11. Chlorophyll a; reaction center of photosystem II
______12. Conversion of light energy to stored chemical energy; endergonic pathway
______13. Gain of electrons
______14. Waxy barrier that forces water through cell membrane prior to entering xylem
______15. ATP production in which phosphate group is transferred from another molecule
______16. 2-carbon enzyme complex; starting point for citric acid cycle
______17. Captures energy from “falling” electrons to create electrochemical gradient required for ATP production
______18. ATP production using ATP synthase, oxygen as ultimate electron acceptor
______19. Region of mitochondria where citric acid cycle takes place
______20. Enzyme complex that utilizes proton motive force to phosphorylate ADP
______21. Self-feeder
______22. Protein channels abundant in cell membranes of plant root cells; facilitate water movement
______23. Electron carrier utilized in glycolysis and citric acid cycle
______24. Term used to describe production of ATP using energy provided by ETC
______25. Site of Calvin Cycle; fluid-filled space of chloroplast
______26. Chlorophyll a; reaction center of photosystem I
______27. Region of leaf in which most photosynthesis occurs
______28. Describes ATP production in light reaction of photosynthesis
______29. Pigment molecules that increase action spectrum of photosynthesis; reflect red, yellow light
______30. Pathway in photosynthesis that converts light energy to energy in the form of ATP, NADPH
______31. Anaerobic pathway; pyruvate is reduced, NADH is oxidized to continue glycolysis
______32. Split to provide electrons for reduction of P680; releases H+ and O2
______33. Enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the Calvin Cycle
______34. Electron carrier utilized only in citric acid cycle
______35. Pores in underside of leaf that allow for gas exchange
______36. Occurs in mitochondrial matrix; redox reactions produce NADH, FADH2; CO2 released as waste
______37. 5-carbon molecule; provides substrate for carbon fixation in Calvin Cycle
______38. Describes plants that fix CO2 and carry out Calvin Cycle in 2 different locations; concentrates CO2
______39. Cycle in which CO2, ATP, and NADPH are used to produce CH2O
______40. Sacs in chloroplasts; site of light reaction
______41. Enzyme used by C4, CAM plants to initially fix CO2 into organic molecule
______42. Vessel used to transport water, minerals in most plants
______43. Evaporation of water from leaves due to lower Ψ of atmosphere; pulling force for water movement
______44. Waxy coating on leaves to minimize water loss
______45. Vessel used to transport carbohydrates in most plants
______46. Membrane-lined openings that connect one plant cell to another
A. Acetyl CoA
B. Aquaporins
C. Autotroph
D. ATP synthase
E. C4
F. Calvin Cycle
G. CAM
H. Carotenoids
I. Casparian strip
J. Cellular respiration
K. Chemiosmosis
L. Chlorophyll
M. Citric acid cycle
N. Cristae
O. Cuticle
P. Electron transport chain
Q. Entropy
R. FAD
S. Fermentation
T. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
U. Glycolysis
V. H2O
W. Light reaction
X. Matrix
Y. Mesophyll
Z. NAD+
AA. NADP+
BB. Oxidation
CC. Oxidative phosphorylation
DD. P680
EE. P700
FF. PEP carboxylase
GG. Phloem
HH. Photophosphorylation
II. Photosynthesis
JJ. Plasmodesmata
KK. Pyruvate
LL. Reduction
MM. Ribulose biphosphate
NN. Rubisco
OO. Stomata
PP. Stroma
QQ. Substrate-level phosphorylation
RR. Thylakoid
SS. Transpiration
TT. Xylem
II. ∆G
1.
Interpret the graphs below.
A.
.
B.
C.
2.
Use the following values to determine the efficiency of total ATP production from 1 mole of glucose in an organism.
a. The complete metabolism of glucose produces 30 molecules of ATP for each molecule of glucose.
b. The energy released from the total oxidation of glucose under standard conditions is 686 kcal/mol.
c. The energy released from the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and Pi under standard conditions is 7.3 kcal/mol.
Write the answer as a percent rounded to the nearest tenth.
III. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
1. Identify each of the following structures found in a chloroplast. What role do they play in photosynthesis?
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Chloroplasts are unique in that they contain ____________ and __________________. For what other cell organelle is this true?
Provide the equation for photosynthesis. What molecule is oxidized? Reduced?
Is this an anabolic or catabolic reaction? Positive or negative ΔG?
In plants, in which part of the leaf does photosynthesis occur?
Explain how each of the reactants is delivered to a chloroplast.
Explain how the carbohydrates produced are transported to the rest of the plant.
Identify two other groups of organisms that carry out photosynthesis. Where does each part of the pathway occur in these groups?
AN OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Photosynthesis consists of two pathways, the ____________________________________ which occurs in the ____________________ and the
________________________________, which takes place in the ______________ of chloroplasts.
In the first pathway, light energy is converted to chemical energy in the form of ____________ and ____________. The first step involves Photosystem
_______. Light energy packaged in ___________, primarily in the ________ and _______________ portions of the visible spectrum, is absorbed by
antenna pigment molecules. The energy is passed along until it reaches the reaction center, a pair of chlorophyll ____ molecules known as
_______________. The chlorophyll molecules of the reaction center respond to this energy by losing 2 electrons to the primary electron acceptor. The
electrons then move through an _______________________________________. As the electrons move through the ETC, energy is released and used
to move ___________ into the ________________ of the __________________. The electrons originally lost from the reaction center are replaced by
the splitting of _________________, producing ________ as a waste product and additional ________ ions. The accumulation of ions create an
___________________________ _______________________ (also called the _________________________________________________________)
which is used to power the enzyme complex, ________________________________. As H + ions pass through the enzyme complex and move into
the ____________, an inorganic phosphate group is added to ADP, creating _____________. This process is known as
________________________________________. In Photosystem ________, as light energy is captured and transferred, a pair of chlorophyll _____
molecules, known as _____________, are excited, causing the loss of 2 electrons. The two excited electrons are passed through a short electron
transport chain ending with the reduction of ____________ to ____________. The electrons lost by the reaction center in this photosystem are replaced
by ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
There is an alternative pathway seen in some bacteria and plants which only utilizes photosystem _____. This is a cyclic pathway in which electrons are
simply recycled. Although ______ is created, there is no production of __________ or ___________. The second part of photosynthesis is known as
the ____________________________. There are three phases in this cycle, ______________________________, __________________________,
and __________________________. First, _________ is added to _____________________________, abbreviated as _____________. This requires
the action of the enzyme, _________________. The resulting intermediate splits, and using energy provided by ____________, is then reduced forming
______________, and oxidizing ____________ to _____________. This is known as the ___________________ Phase. For every _____ turns of the
cycle, one molecule of __________ leaves the cycle to be used in carbohydrate production. Finally, in the last phase of the Calvin Cycle,
__________________ is regenerated, requiring additional _________.
Synthesis of glucose requires ______ turns of the Calvin cycle. In addition other carbohydrates can be synthesized including _____________ for plant
cell walls, ____________ for glucose storage, and the _____saccharide, sucrose (composed of _____________________________ monomers) often
used for transport in the plant.
IV. CELLULAR RESPIRATION
1. Identify the following structures of a mitochondrion. What is the role of each structure in cellular respiration?
2. What is the equation for cellular respiration? What is oxidized? Reduced?
3. Is the reaction anabolic or catabolic? Positive or negative ΔG? Explain.
AN OVERVIEW
The first step in cellular respiration is _________________________. This occurs in the ________________ of cells and is an
____________________ pathway. It is divided into two phases, the ________________________________ phase and the
___________________________ phase. In the first phase, _____ ATP are required to provide the energy to split glucose into 2
___________________ molecules. In the 2nd phase, these molecules are oxidized, producing 2 _________, 2 ______________, and
________ ATP for a net gain of ______ ATP.
If ______________ is present, the _______________________formed in glycolysis moves into the mitochondria. An intermediate step
takes place prior to the citric acid cycle. First, a __________________ group is given off as ___________. The remaining 2-C molecule is
oxidized, reducing ____________ to ________________. Finally, the oxidized 2-C molecule attaches to an enzyme complex to form
______________________.
This complex enters the citric acid cycle. A series of redox reactions take place, producing 6 ___________ and 2 _____________,. In
addition, carboxyl groups are removed, releasing ______________ and 2 ___________ are produced through
_______________________________ phosphorylation. The reduced electron carriers formed in the citric acid cycle move to the electron
transport chain and the electrons are “dropped” from one molecule to another, with each successive molecule more
____________________ than the one before it. The ultimate electron acceptor is _______________ which is reduced to form
________________. As the electrons fall, their energy is used to drive _________________ from the ______________ to the
______________________, creating an ____________________________________________ gradient. This gradient, also known as
the ___________________________ force, powers the enzyme complex, ____________________________, and ADP is phosphorylated
to produce ATP. Each NADH produces approximately _______ ATP and each FADH2 produces about ______ ATP. There are ______
NADH produced in glycolysis, _____ NADH formed in the intermediate step, and ________ NADH & ________ FADH2 formed in the citric
acid cycle so there is enough electron energy to produce a total of _______ ATP. The ATP produced through
__________________________ phosphorylation is added to the _____ ATP from glycolysis and the ______ ATP from the citric acid cycle
for a total of _______ ATP produced per molecule of glucose in cellular respiration.
V. A COMPARISON OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION & PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Characteristic
1. Type of metabolic reaction
2. Purpose of Pathway
3. Reactants required
4. End products
5. Occurs in cells of what organisms?
6. Site(s) involved in eukaryotic cells
7. Site(s) involved in prokaryotic cells
8. Mechanism for ATP production
9. Electron Transport Carrier Involved
10. Location of ETC
11. Source of Electrons for ETC
12. Final Electron Acceptor in ETC
Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis