Extra Unit 5 Notes
Hi All,
The first few slides are blood flow you
probably already know. The remaining
slides are female reproductive anatomy
that we may not finish in lecture on
Wednesday.
Abdominal Blood Flow:
Arteries of digestive organs
•
Four unpaired arteries branch from the
abdominal aorta:
Celiac trunk
Superior mesenteric artery
Inferior mesenteric artery
Median sacral artery (a small artery of the posterior
pelvic cavity)
Celiac Trunk
Superior Mesenteric Artery Branches
1.
2.
3.
4.
Jejunal and Ileal (Intestinal) arteries (18 – 20) – supply the
jejunum and ileum
Ileocolic artery – supplies the ileum, cecum and appendix
Right colic artery – supplies the ascending colon
Middle colic artery – supplies most of the transverse colon
Inferior Mesenteric Artery Branches
1. Left colic artery – supplies descending colon
2. Sigmoid arteries – supply the sigmoid colon
3. Superior rectal artery – supplies rectum and part
of the anal canal
Paired Arteries of the Abdominal Aorta
Inferior Phrenic arteries – supply the diaphragm
Suprarenal arteries – supply the adrenal glands
Renal arteries – supply the kidneys
Gonadal arteries – (testicular or ovarian AA) supply the
gonads
Lumbar arteries – supply the posterior abdominal wall
Common Iliac arteries – branch into external iliac (soon
to be femoral) and Internal iliac arteries.
The Perineum
The diamond-shaped region of skin between the thighs
with these boundaries:
• Pubic symphysis
• Ischial tuberosities
• Coccyx
A line between the ischial tuberosities divides the
perineum into two triangles:
1. Urogenital triangle – anterior
2. Anal triangle – posterior
Perineum
Female Reproductive Organs
• The primary sex organs of the female are the
ovaries
• The accessory sex organs are:
•
•
•
•
•
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Clitoris
Mammary glands
Ovaries
•
•
Paired almond-sized female gonads.
Held in the pelvic cavity by folds of
peritoneum (pelvic ligaments):
1. Broad ligament
2. (Proper) Ovarian ligament
3. Suspensory ligament (contains A and V)
Support of Ovaries
Internal Organs of the
Female Reproductive System
Structure of the Ovary
• Covered by a thin epithelium and a deeper capsule
called tunica albuginea.
• Internally, the ovary is divided into a cortex and
medulla.
• The cortex contains ovarian follicles and the medulla
contains connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatic
vessels and NN.
• Ovarian follicles consist of an oocyte (egg cell)
surrounded by follicle cells.
• There are several types of follicles, each at different
stages of development. (primordial, primary,
secondary, vesicular)
Structure of Ovary
Vesicular (Graafian) Follicle
Corpus Luteum
• Following release of the oocyte (ovulation)
halfway through the monthly cycle, the
remnants of the follicle (minus the oocyte)
become a corpus luteum.
• The corpus luteum secretes progesterone and
estrogen which stimulates the growth of the
uterine endometrium
Uterine Tubes
• The uterine tubes (fallopian tubes) extend laterally
from both sides of the uterus.
• 10-12 cm in length and covered by the mesosalpinx
• The secondary oocyte is usually fertilized here and
travels for 2-3 days to the lumen of the uterus.
• The mucosa of the uterine tubes is a ciliated
columnar epithelium.
• Infundibulum – lateral opening of the tube encircled
by fingerlike projections called fimbriae
Uterine Tubes and Uterus
Mucosa of Uterine Tubes
Uterus
•
•
•
•
1.
2.
3.
Pear-shaped, thick-walled muscular organ within the pelvic
cavity
Possesses a lumen that is continuous with the uterine tubes
laterally and with the vagina inferiorly.
May be anteverted (forward) or retroverted (tilted
backward)
Functions:
Site of oocyte implantation
Supports the developing pre-embryo/embryo/fetus
Ejects the fetus during labor
Regions of the Uterus
There are four regions of the uterus:
1. Fundus
2. Body
3. Isthmus
4. Cervix
The uterine wall is comprised of three layers:
1. Perimetrium – outermost serosal layer
2. Myometrium –smooth muscle wall
3. Endometrium – mucosa composed of a simple columnar
epithelium and an underlying lamina propria. The lamina
propria is filled with uterine glands which enlarge during
the uterine cycle
Support of the Uterus
Several structures support the uterus:
1. Muscles of the pelvic floor
2. The round ligaments
3. The transverse cervical ligaments (cardinal
ligaments)
Weakness of these ligaments can result in prolapse of
the uterus, in which it protrudes through the
vagina.
Uterine Tubes and Uterus
Vagina
• The vagina is a fibromuscular tube about 10
cm in length that connects the uterus to the
outside of the body.
• The vaginal wall is thin and distensible with a
mucosa of stratified squamous epithelium.
• Near the opening, folds of the mucosa form a
membranous barrier called the hymen
• The fornix is the deepest part of the vagina
around the cervix.
External Genitalia
• The external genitalia of the female are
collectively called the vulva.
External Genitalia
• The mons pubis is an area of skin and
subcutaneous fat anterior to the pubic
symphysis.
• The labia majora are paired folds of skin,
covered with hair, possessing sebaceous and
sweat glands and are homologous with the
male scrotum.
External Genitalia
• The labia minora are medial to the labia
majora and hairless.
• The space between the labia minora is the
vestibule.
• Within the vestibule are the urethral orifice
and the vaginal orifice.
External Genitalia
External Genitalia
• Also within the vestibule are two greater vestibular
glands, which produce a mucus similar to that
produced by the (homologous) male bulbourethral
glands.
• The glans clitoris is a small erectile body, located
superior to the urethral opening and homologous to
the penis of the male
• The prepuce is an external fold of the labia minora
that forms a hoodlike covering over the clitoris.