北京运筹学会年会（2004年12月25日北京邮电大学）
供应链管理的若干热点问题
谢金星
清华大学数学科学系
Tel: 010-62787812
Email:[email protected]
http://faculty.math.tsinghua.edu.cn/~jxie
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
简要提纲
基本概念
研究方法
热点问题
小结
What is a Supply Chain?
Example: Stages of a Detergent Supply Chain
Customer wants
detergent and
goes to Wal-Mart
P&G or other
manufacturer
Wal-Mart
Or thirdparty DC
Wal-Mart
Plastic
producer
Tenneco
packaging
Chemical
manufacturer
Chemical
manufacturer
Paper
manufacturer
Store
Timber
industry
Supply Chain Stages
Distributor
Distributor
Supplier
Manufacturer
Supplier
Manufacturer
Supplier
Retailer
Customer
Retailer
Customer
Retailer
Customer
WHAT IS A SUPPLY CHAIN?
The global network used to deliver products
and services from raw materials to the end
customer through engineered flows of
information, physical distribution and cash.
The
Supply Chain
Information
Systems
World-Wide
Requirements
Planning
Customer
Relationship
Management
Logistics
Network
Supply Network, Supply Web
Distribution
Processes
Connect Supply With Demand
Information
SUPPLY
Product
DEMAND
Cash
• Not only manufacturer and supplier, but also transporters,
warehouses, retailers and customers themselves.
• All functions involved in filling a customer request
within each organization: new product development,
marketing, operations, distribution, finance, and customer
service.
http://clm1.org
The Council of Logistics Management (CLM)
Founded 1963:
CPDM (Council of Physical Distribution Management)
Changed 1985:
CLM (The Council of Logistics Management)
Effective January 1, 2005:
CSCMP (Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals)
Why SCM is Too Hot Recently?
• Core Competence
– Short-term Focus: Time-based Competition
– High Capital Investment: Increase ROI (Return-On-Investment)
• Bullwhip Effect
– Information Distortion: Can We Play the Game Better?
• Global Manufacturing
– Final Assembly is Simple: OEM (original equipment mfg.)
– Physical Distribution is Cheap: 3PL (3rd Party Logistics)
• Information Technology
– ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) and DSS
– Internet: EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) etc.
Objectives of SCM
• To improve
the profitability and efficiency of the supply
chain and all organizations involved
• By
– Optimizing
the structures and operations
– Maximizing
the net value added by all relevant processes.
Nails vs. Hammers
Issues / Problems  Models  Analysis / Solution
SCM: Issues and Methodology
Who’s fault?
Supply chain coordination (SCC):
The members in a supply chain cooperate with each
other to reach the best performance of the entire chain
Difficulties when modeling
a supply chain
 Complicated / Large-scale Network Structure
 Complicated / Large-scale Product Structure
 Complicated / Large-scale Process Structure
 Distributed / Decentralized Organization Structure
 Distributed / Decentralized Information Structure
 Distributed / Decentralized Decision Structure
 Dynamic System
 Variety of Uncertainties
Founded in 1996 (http://www.supply-chain.org)
Plan
Deliver
Return
Suppliers’
Supplier
Source
Make
Return
Deliver
Return
Supplier
Internal or External
Source
Make
Return
Deliver
Return
Your Company
Source
Return
Make
Deliver
Source
Return
Return
Customer
Internal or External
Supply Chain Operations Reference Model (SCOR)
Customer’s
Customer
Decision Level & Interdisciplinarity
Strategic
Tactic
Operational
Levels of
Decision
OR
(Optimization,
Game Theory,
Inventory Mgmt.,
etc.)
Microeconomics
Behavior Theory
Different perspectives of SCM
1. Purchasing and supply literature
2. Logistics and transportation literature
3. Marketing literature
4. Organizational behavior, industrial organization,
transaction cost economics and contract view literature
5. Contingency theory (权变理论)
6. Institutional sociology (制度社会学) Source: “Supply
chain management:
7. System engineering literature
an analytical
8. Network literature
framework
9. Best practices literature
for critical literature
review”, EJPSM 6
10. Strategic management literature
(2000), pp.67-83
11. Economic development Literature
Classifying literature
according to the methodology
Mainly on
inventory
management
Source: “Supply chain management: an analytical framework
for critical literature review”, EJPSM 6 (2000), pp.67-83
Research Methods
• Theoretic models
– Deterministic models
– Stochastic models
• Simulation models
• Expert system (knowledge model)
• Empirical
–
–
–
–
Case study
Survey
Panel study
Database
OR Methodology
SCM
Qualitative
Quantitative
Optimization-based
Non-Optimizing
Simulation
Petri Nets
Queue Network
Markov Chain
…
Empirical
Deterministic
Uncertain
Heuristic
LP
NLP
Goal Prog.
Multi-Criteria Prog.
Network Flow
Game Theory
Dynamic Prog.
Dynamic Prog.
Inven. Control
Queue Network
Markov DM
Uncertain Prog.
TS (Tabu Search)
SA (Simulated Ann.)
GA / EA
Lagrangian Relaxation
Theory of Constraints
Multi-Agent
Some research topics
• Theory of SCM as a discipline
• Inventory Management (with new features incorporated)
• Information Sharing and Supply Chain Coordination (e.g.
Contract, Incentive, Rebate, Imbursement, Discount, etc.)
• Coordinated supply chain scheduling (CSCS)
• CPFR (Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and Replenishment)
Marketing (e.g. Co-operative pricing and advertising)
• Transportation / Routing Problem (Network Optimization)
• Supply chain design, product design (e.g. postponement)
• 3PL (3rd Party Logistics)  4PL (4th Party Logistics)
• Game Theory (Bargaining Theory, Auction Theory)
• Green supply chain
• China-based research
• ……
Inventory Management Revisited
Incorporating new dimensions, e.g.
• Information sharing (Value of information)
• Order coordination with contracts
• Rationing game
• Advanced order commitment (Earlier order
commitment )
• Short life cycle products
• Distributed distribution
• Inventory & transportation
• VMI (Vendor Managed Inventory)
• …
Scheduling Revisited
• Hall NG, Potts CN, Supply chain scheduling:
Batching and delivery, OPERATIONS RESEARCH
51 (4): 566-584 JUL-AUG 2003
•
Vertical Co-op advertising
• The retailer initiates and implements a local
advertising and the manufacturer pays part of the cost.
• Pricing and co-op advertising?
---- Huang, Z. M., S. X. Li, 2001. Co-op advertising models
in manufacturer-retailer supply chains: A game theory
approach. EJOR 135, 527-544.
Network Optimization Revisited
• J. Geunes, P. M. Pardalos, Network Optimization in
Supply Chain Management and Financial
Engineering: An Annotated Bibliography,
NETWORKS, Vol. 42(2), 66–84, 2003.
• New features incorporated:
–
–
–
–
–
Non-linear network optimization
Inventory-Routing; Inventory-Transportation
supply chain design incorporates location-routing decisions
Marketing consideration
……
SCM in the E-Business Era
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Supply chain structure on the Internet
Marketing-operations interaction
Multi-channel cooperation
Supply chain intermediation
Principal-agent model (decentralized decision making)
Auctions and pricing in E-marketplace
Design of combinatorial auctions
……
Reverse Distribution: Framework
Source: EJOR 103 (1997) 1-17
Distributed distribution: Example
Without
inventory
Summary
Methodology
Content
Type / Mode
---- 供应链管理的研究综述 (工业工程, 2002)
Some Related Books
• Handbook of Quantitative Supply Chain Analysis:
Modeling in the E-Business Era, 2004, Kluwer.
• Handbook of Supply Chain Management: Design,
Coordination and Operation, 2003, Elsevier.
(Handbooks in OR/MS, Vol. 11)
• Quantitative Models for Supply Chain Management,
1999, Kluwer. (Inter. Series in OR&MS)
• Logistics of Production and Inventory, 1993, Elsevier.
(Handbooks in OR&MS, Vol. 4)
一孔之见，罗列于此；
挂一漏万，敬请斧正！
Thank you for
attendance!
your