I- Living Things Carry Out Life Processes
A- Organisms, (any living thing) share
certain characteristics that set them apart
from nonliving things.
B- Life Processes:
1-Getting and using energy
a-Nutrition: Taking in food (ingestion) and
breaking it down into a usable molecule
(digestion).
b-Transport: Move materials throughout
organism
c-Respiration: Releasing energy stored in food.
2- Getting rid of wastes: Excretion
3- Respond to changes in the Environment:
Regulation (Stimulus causes a Response)
4- Growth & Development: Changing food
into more of themselves.
5- Reproduction: Making of more organisms
of same kind to ensure the survival of the
species.
C- The Compound Microscope:
1- Uses two lenses.
a- Eyepiece 10 times.
b- Objectives usually more than one
10 times and 40 times.
c- To find the total magnification you
multiply the eyepiece with the
objective being used.
Example: eyepiece is 10 and objective is 40 =
400 times larger than actual size.
d- Stains are placed on the specimen to
enhance the image iodine is a house
hold stain that is often used.
Parts of microscope
Coarse-adjustment knob- used first
under low power, once image is
focused you use the fine adjustment
knob to fine tune the image.
Eyepiece
Body tube
Revolving nosepiece
Low power objective
High power objective
Stage Clip
Diaphragm
Light/Illuminator
Arm
Stage
Coarse adjustment
Fine adjustment
Base
D- Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Cells come in many shapes and sizes.
•All cells:
–are surrounded by a barrier called a cell
membrane.
–all cells contain DNA.
• Cells are classified into two groups, those
with a nucleus and those without.
• The nucleus contains the cell's genetic
material in the form of DNA.
• The nucleus controls cell's activities.
Nucleus
• Eukaryotes cells have nuclei.
• Prokaryotes cells do not have nuclei.
Characteristics of
prokaryotes & eukaryotes?
–Prokaryotic
genetic material not in a nucleus.
do not have membrane-bound
organelles.
generally smaller & simpler than
eukaryotic cells.
Bacteria.
–Eukaryotic cells Have a nucleus.
•larger and more complex than
prokaryotic cells.
•contain membrane bonded organelles.
•Many cells are highly specialized.
•Plants, animals, fungi, and protists are
eukaryotes.
II-The Life Processes
•Getting and Using energy
•Getting Rid of Wastes
•Growth and Development
•Responding to Changes in Environment
•Reproduction
A Closer look at Life Processes:
1-Transport: is the movement
of materials through organism.
Water is a key nutrient for
this to occur.
*Two types:
 Diffusion molecules move from a high
concentration to a low concentration with out
the use of energy. Osmosis: diffusion of
water.
 Active Transport used by cells need to
move molecules from low concentration to a
high concentration. Cells require the use of
energy
2-Getting and using energy:
a-Nutrition plants: Green
plants make own food. Through
the processes of
photosynthesis.
* Photosynthesis: plants use
energy from the sun and change
carbon dioxide CO2 and water
H2O into sugar C6H12O6.
Energy from the sun is
therefore stored in sugar.
*Photosynthesis produces oxygen O2.
*Chlorophyll green pigment in leaves
contains chloroplast needed for
photosynthesis.
b-Nutrition Animals: get energy
“nutrition” by eating other plants
or animals. The original source of
energy is the sun. “Water” is also
an important part of nutrition in
plants and animals.
c-Respiration: is the processes
that organisms use to release
“burn” energy stored in food.
Respiration is the opposite of
Photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis:
energy + CO2+ H2O======= sugar + O2
Respiration:
sugar + O2========== energy + CO2+ H2O
3- Getting ride of wastes : “Excretion”
process of removing waste from the
body. Filtered out of blood.
a-Wastes = Carbon dioxide, urea, salt &
excess water.
b-Wastes are removed by exhaling,
perspiring, and urinating in animals, and
by transpiration in plants.
4-Responding to changes in the environment:
regulation Organisms respond to
internal and external changes in their
environment known as Stimuli.
a- Examples = migration, drinking,
perspiring, hibernation, growing of fur etc..
b- Regulation helps organisms maintain
“homeostasis” the maintenance of a
constant internal environment.
5-Reproduction: Organisms reproduce to
ensure the survival of species.
a- Two Types of reproduction:
1) Asexual Reproduction: process of
producing a new organism with only
one parent. The new organism has the
exact same DNA as the parent.
b- Types of Asexual Reproduction:
Fission or Binary Fission: one cell splits to
form two cells with the same DNA
Budding: a new organism grow from the
body of the parent. The bud can stay on to form
a colony, or break apart
Regeneration: A new organism forms
from a piece of the parent or the
parent re-grows the missing piece
Sporulation: Some organisms
produce reproductive cells in a
protective covering called a Spore.
2) Sexual Reproduction involves the
combination of DNA from two parents.
Fertilization is the joining of DNA from The male
(SPERM, POLLEN) and DNA of the female
(EGG). The new organisms is a combination of
both parents.
Levels of Organization
–The levels of organization in a
multicellular organism are:
• individual cells
• Tissues (Groups of cells doing same job)
• Organs (groups of tissues doing same job)
• organ systems (groups of organs doing same
job)
• Levels of Organization
Muscle cell
Smooth muscle tissue
Stomach
Digestive system
III-Parts and Function of Animal Cells
a- Cell Membrane: thin structure
covering the surface of the cell.
•Allows materials needed by cell to enter
and wastes to leave.
b- Cytoplasm: jellylike substance
that fills cell. Contains proteins
for growth and repair.
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Nuclear membrane
Chromosomes
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Mitochondria
Vacuoles
Rough endoplasmic
reticulum
Cytoplasm
c- Organelles: tiny structures in cytoplasm
that perform special jobs.
Nucleus: “Control Center” Controls
cell activities. These are stored in the
chromosomes found in nucleus on
genes.
Nuclear membrane: allows
information to enter and leave nucleus.
Mitochondria: “Powerhouse” cell
respiration food is burned by
combining it with oxygen to release
energy.
Endoplasmic reticulum: channels that
run throughout the cell store and
transport materials.
Ribosome
proteins used for growth and repair.
Vacuoles: stores materials.
4-Plant Cells differ from Animal Cells
a- Cell Wall: gives support and shape
b- Chlorophyll: contains chloroplast
for carrying out photosynthesis.
c- Large Vacuoles: stores mostly
water.
nucleus
ribosome
Rough
Endoplasmic
reticulum
cytoplasm
nuclear
membrane
mitochondria
chromosomes
Smooth Endoplasmic
reticulum
Vacuole
Chlorophyll
Cell membrane
Cell Wall
5- Bacteria cells have no nucleus,
mitochondria, or endoplasmic reticulum.
They still carry out all five life processes.
Cell Wall
Cell
membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes