Random Review Starters to Prep for Test
 Briefly Identify the Following:
 What is the difference between Psychiatry &
Psychology?
 What is the empirical approach to study?
 What is pseudopsychology and why is it
considered dangerous?
 What is confirmation bias? Provide an example
 Identify the founder & basic belief of each:
 Structuralism
 Functionalism
 Behaviorism
Understanding Psychology
Match the image with appropriate Gestalt concept
Gestalt Psychology
- Remember Gestalt is a school of thought
that looks at the “unified whole”
attempting to understand how we
organize visual elements into groups
A. Law of Similarity
D. Figure & Ground
B. Law of Proximity
E. Law of Continuity
C. Law of Closure
Match the approach with appropriate field
1.
Biological
A.
2.
Evolutionary
Unconscious motives influence
behavior
B.
3.
Cognitive
Mental processes are influenced
by interaction of biological,
psychological, & social factors
4.
Humanistic
C.
5.
Psychoanalytic
Environmental & observational
influences
6.
Learning
D.
Nervous system, glands &
hormones, genetic factors
7.
Sociocultural
E.
8.
Biopsychosocial
Ethnicity, gender, culture,
religion, socio-economic status
F.
Interpretation of mental images,
thinking, language
G.
Adaptive organisms survive &
transmit their genes
H.
People make free & conscious
choices based on unique
experiences
Contemporary Approaches to Psychology
Complete the following
 Explain the role Ethics play in psychologists research.
 Briefly explain the following types of research:
A. Descriptive
B. Correlational
C. Experimental
 Match the following examples with their appropriate type of
research listed above:
1. Case Study
2. Random Assignment to Eliminate Pre-Existing Differences
3. Survey
4. Statistical Association
5. Naturalistic Observation
6. Cause and Effect
7. Independent Variable Manipulation
How we know what we know…and what
we do not know
Explain the Role Each of the Following Play in Research
 Hawthorne Effect
 Independent Variable
 Dependent Variable
 Extraneous Variable
 Experimental Group
 Control Group
 Placebo
How we know what we know…and what
we do not know
Complete the following
 What is the difference between reliability and validity in
research?
 What is a sample in research?
 Provide a brief example of each of the following experimental
measures:
1. Longitudinal Study
2. Cross-Sectional Study
3. Single-blind
4. Double Blind
How we know what we know…and what
we do not know
Complete the following
 How might each of the following impact how we view data or
interact in the world?
 Personal bias
 Expectancy bias
 Confirmation bias
 Hindsight bias
 Overconfidence
 Explain what is meant by ”positive” and “negative” in
psychological study and research.
How we know what we know…and what
we do not know
Match the Statistics terms on the left with the appropriate explanation
1.
Correlation
2.
Frequency Distribution
3.
Outliers
4.
Correlation Coefficient
5.
Histogram
6.
Mean
7.
Normal Distribution
8.
Median
9.
Mode
10. Standard Deviation
11. Skewed Distribution
Measure of Variability showing ave.
distance between scores & their
mean
B. Similar to a bar graph, depicts
frequency distribution
C. Measures central tendency (average)
D. Relationship between two variables
in which change in one is reflected in
the other
E. Measurement that separates the
upper & lower halves of scores
F. Chart showing how often various
scores in a data set occur
G. Extreme scores that skew results
H. A number which expresses the
degree of relationship between two
variables
I.
Results represented when one tail on
a chart is longer than the other
J.
Symmetric representation of results
K. The score which occurs most often
A.
How we know what we know…and what
we do not know
Identify & Explain the Parts of a Neuron
1
2
How our biology impacts behavior
3
Answer the following
 Explain the primary differences between the nervous
system and the endocrine system.
 What are the three primary tasks of a neuron?
 What is the action potential in a neuron?
 What is the synapse?
How our biology impacts behavior
Complete the following
 Explain the impacts of the following:
 Dopamine
 Norepinephrine
 Serotonin
 Endorphins
 Acetylcholine
 Which of the above contributes in some way to…
 Depression
 Schizophrenia
 Parkinson’s
 Alzheimer’s
How our biology impacts behavior
Matching – the CNS
 The CNS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous
System
Sympathetic Nervous
System
Parasympathetic
Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous
System
 The Roles
A. Bring body back to
B.
C.
D.
E.
normal after stress
response
Controls voluntary
movement
All other nerves
Controls involuntary
movement
Speeds things up in
preparation for fight or
flight
How our biology impacts behavior
Matching – Brain and body scanning
 Imaging:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
EEG
(Electroencephalogram)
CAT/CT Scan
(Computerized Axial
Tomography)
MRI (Magnetic
Resonance Imaging)
PET (Positron Emission
Tomography)
fMRI (Functional MRI)
 What it does:
A. Detailed 3D picture of
B.
C.
D.
E.
brain structure
Detailed structure of brain
w/info about blood flow to
show activity in the brain
structure during cognitive
tasks
Detects brain waves
showing electrical activity
Measures density &
location of brain material
giving detailed brain
image
Shows what areas of the
brain or most active & how
much of a certain chemical
parts of the brain use
How our biology impacts behavior
The Lobes
Identify each lobe and tell for what it is responsible
C
B
A
D
Temporal Lobe / Parietal Lobe / Occipital Lobe / Frontal Lobe
How our biology impacts behavior
The Brain and our understanding
 Explain the role or importance of the following:
Phineas Gage
2. Broca’s Area
3. Wernicke’s Area
1.
How our biology impacts behavior
 Identify each area and tell its function
Hindbrain
2. Midbrain
3. Forebrain
1.
B
A
C
The Brain and its function
 Explain the role of the following:
 Medulla
 Cerebellum
 Thalamus
 Hypothalamus
 Amygdala
 Hippocampus
How our biology impacts behavior
Match the terms on the left with their appropriate function
1.
Transduction
A.
2.
Sensory Adaptation
B.
3.
Top-Down Processing
C.
4.
Perceptual Set
5.
Bottom-Up Processing
6.
Size Constancy
7.
Absolute Threshold
8.
Difference Threshold
9.
Weber’s Law
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
Perception based on filling in gaps
drawing on background knowledge
Mental understanding that distance
impacts size perception
Feature analysis, uses only features of
an object to complete perception
Smallest amount of stimulus we can
perceive
Translating incoming stimuli into
neural signals
Just Noticeable Difference, amount of
change needed in stimulus before we
perceive
Mental representation of how we
expect the world to be based on our
schemata
States the change needed is
proportional to the original intensity of
the stimulus
Decreasing responsiveness to stimuli
due to constant stimulation
Interpreting the world around us
Identify and Explain the Parts of the Eye
C
A
B
Interpreting the world around us
D
E
H
G
F
 Pupil
 Blind Spot
 Retina
 Iris
 Lens
 Fovea
 Optic Nerve
 Cornea
Explain the importance of each of the following
 Opponent-Process Theory
 Trichromatic Theory
 Gate Control Theory
 Signal Detection Theory
 Difference between Amplitude and Frequency
 The role of constancy in vision
 Difference between Chemical and Energy Senses
 The Cocktail Party Phenomenon
Interpreting the world around us
Identify each part then briefly explain how transduction
occurs
A
B
C
Interpreting the world around us
D
E
F
H
G
 External Canal
 Eardrum
 Cochlea
 Auditory Nerve
 Inner Ear
 Middle Ear
 Semicircular
Canals
 External Ear
Match the terms on the left with their appropriate explanation
1.
Consciousness
2.
Nonconscious Level
3.
Preconscious Level
4.
Subconscious Level
5.
Unconscious Level
Bodily processes of which you
are usually unaware (heartbeat,
digestion, respiration)
B. Behaviors that suggest there is
information of which we are
aware but never at a conscious
level
C. Information about yourself and
your environment of which you
are currently aware
D. Controversial psychoanalytic
state in which unacceptable
behaviors are repressed
E. Information about yourself or
environment you are not
currently thinking about but
could recall (what did you eat
for breakfast)
A.
The basis for self-perception
Explain the following concepts
 Monism vs Dualism
 Mere-Exposure Effect
 Priming
The basis for self-perception
Match the sleep idea on the left with the explanation on the right
1. Sleep Onset
A.
Stage 3 & 4, replenishes bodies
chemicals & aid in growth
hormones in children, disoriented
and groggy if awoken
B.
Intense brain activity as if awake,
improves memory, when dreams are
believed to occur, paradoxical
sleep
2. Stage One
3. Stage Two
4. Delta Sleep
5. REM
6. Circadian Rhythm
C.
Theta waves, aware of your
environment
D.
Important 24 hour metabolic &
thought process
E.
Between wakefulness & sleep, alpha
waves, drowsy but awake, mild
hallucinations such as falling
F.
Theta waves slow in frequency &
rise in amplitude, sleep spindles
The basis for self-perception
Briefly explain each of the following sleep disorders
 Insomnia
 Narcolepsy
 Sleep Apnea
 Night Terrors
 Somnambulism
The basis for self-perception
Tell how the drugs on the left are like the items on the right
1. Psychoactive Drugs
A. Porta-potty
2. Stimulants
B. Flying unicorns
3. Depressants
C. Kazoo
4. Hallucinations
D. Pencil Sharpener
5. Opiates
E. Unicycle
 Important things to remember about drugs and consciousness:
 Psychoactive Drugs: induce altered states of consciousness,




chemically react in the brain, based on expectation &
physiological process, act as agonists (mimic neurotransmitters)
or antagonists (prevent neurotransmitters), tolerance is an issue
Stimulants: sense of euphoria, speed up body processes, caffeine,
cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine
Depressants: slows function, sense of euphoria, slows motor
control & reaction/judgement, alcohol, barbiturates
Hallucinations: change in perception or reality, LSD, peyote,
psilocybin mushrooms, marijuana, drug lingers in body for weeks
Opiates: pain killers & mood elevators, euphoria & drowsiness,
very physically addictive, morphine, heroine, methadone, codeine
The basis for self-perception
Match the individual on the left w/their accomplishment on the right
1. Pavlov
A. Law of Effect, cats repeated
2. Watson
3. Garcia & Koelling
4. Thorndike
B.
C.
5. Skinner
6. Bandura
7. Kohler
8. Tolman
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
actions for reward stamping
behavior upon the organism
Social learning, conducted the
Bobo Doll experiment
Father of Classical Conditioning,
worked with dogs to manipulate
salivation
Operant Conditioning,
manipulation of behavior through
positive / negative reinforcement
Father of Behaviorism, conducted
famous baby Albert experiments
Worked with rats to show taste
aversion
Insight learning, experimented
with Chimpanzees to discover
when / how learning occurs
Latent learning, used rats to show
learning occurred (cognitive
map) but wasn’t seen until
reinforcement
Are you Classically Trained?
 Schedules of Reinforcement:
 On a piece of paper, fill in the following chart explaining the
different types of reinforcement AND provide an example of
each
Interval
Ratio
Are you Classically Trained
Fixed
Variable
Briefly explain the following:
 In Classical Conditioning, identify the following
acronyms
 US or UCS
 UR or UCR
 CS
 CR
 In the example below, identify the all of the above
options:
 Your mother prepared a tuna sandwich for your
lunch. Unfortunately, the mayonnaise she used had
been left out too long and was spoiled. Not long
after eating, you felt extremely nauseated and had
to rush to the bathroom. Thereafter, the mere
mention of a tuna sandwich sent you scurrying to
the bathroom with a hurting stomach.
Are you Classically Trained?
Briefly explain the following:
 Identify the different between negative & positive
reinforcement
 Give an example
 In behavior, what is shaping & chaining?
 Identify how a token economy works
 Explain the difference between primary & secondary
reinforcers
 How the following different in conditioning:
generalization, discrimination, Spontaneous
Recovery, & extinction
Are you Classically Trained?
Briefly explain & provide an example for the following:
 Heuristic Thinking
 Algorithm (as it relates to thinking)
 Procedural Memory
 Effortful Processing
 Automatic Processing
Thinking about thinking
Match the item on the left w/its appropriate explanation on the right
1. Echoic Memory
A. Brief visual memory
2. Sensory Memory
B. Infinite capacity, permanent
3. Iconic Memory
4. Working Memory
5. Long Term Memory
6. Semantic Memory
7. Implicit Memory
8. Episodic Memory
storage
C. Unintentional memory
D. Specific memory of events
E. Limited capacity, current
memory of which we are
consciously aware
F. Brief auditory memory
G. General knowledge, facts,
meaning, & categories
H. All sensory information
processed & stored for a
short period of time
Thinking about thinking
Explain how each of the following impacts memory
 Chunking
 Rehearsal
 Encoding
 Serial Positioning (recency & primacy)
 Mood congruent
 State-dependent
 Anterograde amnesia
 Retrograde amnesia
 Retroactive interference
Thinking about thinking
Match the language concepts
1. Phonemes
A. Order in words are spoken
2. Morphemes
B.
3. Syntax
C.
4. Telegraphic Stage
5. Nativist Language
Theory
6. Noam Chomsky
7. Benjamin Worf
8. Babbling Stage
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
Smallest unit of sound in
English language
All children are born with the
ability to acquire language but
quickly adapt to what is
modeled
Point in speech development in
which sound are unrelated to
language
Proposed the nativist language
theory
Smallest unit of meaningful
sound, words or parts of words
Point at which toddlers can
combine words for simple
commands
Proposed the idea that
language can influence how a
culture thinks
Thinking about thinking
Explain how each of the following impacts action
 Availability Heuristic
 Representative Heuristic
 Schema (Schemata)
 Confirmation Bias
 Framing
 Rigidity (Functional Fixedness)
 Overconfidence
 Belief Perseverance
 Divergent Thinking
 Convergent Thinking
Thinking about thinking
Practice FRQ: explain how each concept in motivation
would apply to the following situation
 Your phone is blowing up as text alert after text
alert, offering unbelievable savings on the latest
tele-tubby fully interactive AI, begins at 5 AM on
Black Friday. Tink-Winky is the hot new AI of the
season and you have to have it! However, this means
standing in line shoulder to shoulder smelling,
pushing, and fighting with others to be first in the
door. How might each of the following theories on
motivation apply to our behavior in this situation?
 Drive Reduction Theory
 Arousal Theory
 Opponent-process Theory
 Incentive Theory
What drives you forward or holds
you back?
Apply each of the following steps of Maslow’s Hierarchy of
Needs to your high school experience
What drives you forward or holds
you back?
Match the motivation concepts
1. Set-Point Theory
2. Lateral Hypothalamus
3. Garcia Effect
4. Ventromedial
Hypothalamus
5. Bulimia
6. Anorexia Nervosa
7. Obesity
A. Explains aversion to food like
when nausea sets in after
eating
B. Our body attempts to
maintain a specific or
optimum body weight
C. Eating disorder marked by
binging and purging
D. Severely overweight
E. Obsession with weight
causes starvation
F. The part of the brain that
prompts us to eat
G. Part of the brain that tells us
to stop eating
What drives you forward or holds
you back?
Match the following concepts of Social Motivation
1. Achievement
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Motivation
Extrinsic Motivators
Intrinsic Motivators
Management Theory
X
Management Theory
Y
Approach-approach
Conflict
Avoidanceavoidance Conflict
Approach-avoidance
Conflict
Multiple approachavoidance Conflicts
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
Reward for accomplishment
outside ourselves
One must choose between two
desirable outcomes
Belief that people are internally
motivated to do good work &
policies should encourage this
When two or more options have
both desirable & undesirable
features
The reward is the motivation,
varies by person & activity
Choosing between two
unattractive outcomes
Internal award of satisfaction or
enjoyment
Belief that people only work if
rewarded w/benefits or
threatened w/punishment
One event or goal has both
attractive & unattractive features
What drives you forward or holds
you back?
Explain the following theories on how we experience emotion
AND provide examples
 James-Lange Theory
 Cannon-Bard Theory
 Two Factor Theory (Stanley Schacter)
What drives you forward or holds
you back?
Explain Seyle’s General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) AND
tell how it would apply to the situation below
 You have just finished your last AP exam for the
semester! The relief that floods your soul is a euphoria
that leads to the potentially rash decision to attend a
party at someone’s house you do not really know all
that well. While you are on your best behavior,
something happens at the party that results in the
police being called. You did not realize they were on
their way until the sirens were blaring and the house
was surrounded. Explain how the GAS might potentially
play out.
What drives you forward or holds
you back?