Biodiesel
Clean Diesel Powered by the Sun
Don Scott
Director of Sustainability
National Biodiesel Board
What is Biodiesel?
A renewable substitute for
diesel fuel made from animal
fats or vegetable oils
The National
Biodiesel
Board
Who is the National
Biodiesel
Board?
Headquarters of the National Biodiesel Board
Jefferson, City Missouri
Who is the National Biodiesel Board?
• Non-profit Trade Association for the US Biodiesel Industry
• Coordinating body for Research, Tech Development, Policy
• Founded in 1992
• Supports biodiesel from all sustainable feedstocks and a
multitude of process technologies.
Biodiesel: Advanced Biofuel, Here Now
Nationwide Production
Biodiesel is produced in every region of the country.
Biodiesel Feedstocks
(EPA Approved Advanced Biofuel)
Soybean oil
Corn oil from ethanol plants
Canola
Camelina
Animal fats
Recycled grease
Waste grease
Algae
Common Nomenclature
B5= 5% biodiesel in diesel fuel
B20= 20% biodiesel in diesel fuel
Biodiesel can be blended with diesel fuel in any ratio.
There is no “blend wall” for biodiesel.
Biodiesel defined by ASTM Specifications:
 B5 and lower (ASTM D975)
 B6 to B20 (ASTM D7467)
 B100 (ASTM D 6751)
Sustainability Benefits of Biodiesel
• Increases Energy Security
• Supporting Jobs and Economic Benefits
• Commitment to Fuel Quality and Performance
• Real Environmental Benefits
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Environmental Benefits of Biodiesel
• Cleaner, Safer Diesel Exhaust Emissions
• Superior Energy Efficiency (captures solar energy)
• Lifecycle Carbon Reduction
• Nontoxic & Biodegradable
• Reduces Wastewater & Hazardous Waste Production
Emissions Reductions
Emission Type
B100
B20
Total Unburned Hydrocarbons
-67%
-20%
Carbon Monoxide
-48%
-12%
Particulate Matter
-47%
-80%
+10%
-50%
-12%
-13%
*0%
-10%
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX)
Ozone Potential
A Comprehensive Analysis of Biodiesel Impacts on Exhaust Emissions
http://www.epa.gov/otaq/models/analysis/biodsl/p02001.pdf
THE MARTEC GROUP
CONFIDENTIAL
New clean diesel engines have reduced NOx and PM emissions by more
than 95% over the last 25 years.
U.S. Emission Standards – Heavy Duty Trucks
12.0
0.7
NOx (g/bhp-hr)
PM (g/bhp-hr)
0.6
10.0
8.0
0.5
98% Reduction
98% Reduction
0.4
6.0
0.3
4.0
0.2
2.0
0.1
0.0
0
1988
1998-2007 2007-2009
2010+
HD Emission Standard
1988
1998-2007 2007-2009
NOx (g/bhp-hr)
PM (g/bhp-hr)
1988
10.7
0.6
1998-2007
4.0
0.1
2007-2009
2.0*
0.1
2010+
0.2
0.01
*Actual standard is NMHC*NOx with a 0.5g/bhp*hr maximum on NMHC
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2010+
National
Average
29%
#1 State: IN
44%
Emissions Reductions
Emission Type
B100
B20
Total Unburned Hydrocarbons
-67%
-20%
Carbon Monoxide
-48%
-12%
Particulate Matter
-47%
-80%
+10%
-50%
-12%
-13%
*0%
-10%
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX)
Ozone Potential
A Comprehensive Analysis of Biodiesel Impacts on Exhaust Emissions
http://www.epa.gov/otaq/models/analysis/biodsl/p02001.pdf
• The 1.5 billion gallons of biodiesel produced
in 2013 reduced emission by:
• PM
• HC
• CO
9,350,000
pounds
12,690,000
pounds
104,085,000 pounds
Clean Diesel vs CNG
2012 Clean Diesel Bus & 2012 CNG Bus Emissions Comparison To 2000 Diesel Bus
Vs. 2000 Diesel
Bus
Nitrogen Oxide
(NOx)
Particulate Matter (PM)
Hydrocarbon (HC)
2012 Diesel Bus
-94%
-98%
-89%
2012 CNG Bus
-80%
-99%
-100%
Emissions Reductions Per 10 Replacement Buses
Vs. 2000 Diesel Bus
Nitrogen Oxide
(NOx)
Particulate Matter (PM)
Hydrocarbon (HC)
2012 Diesel
-4,953 kg
-275 kg
-429 kg
2012 CNG
-4,197 kg
-279 kg
-471 kg
SOURCE: Clean Air Task Force. “Clean Diesel versus CNG Buses: Cost, Air Quality, & Climate Impacts” (2012)
OEM Support
• All major OEMs selling diesel equipment in the U.S. support at least B5
and lower blends, provided they are made with biodiesel meeting ASTM
D 6751
• Most OEMs are also recommending use of a BQ-9000 supplier
• 10 new OEM statements of B20 support in 2012, 6 in 2013
• Over 78 percent of U.S. manufacturers (39 brands) support B20 or
higher blends in at least some of their equipment;
• Nearly 90 percent of the medium- and heavy-duty truck markets
support B20
• For a complete listing of OEM position statements on biodiesel,
well as the current U.S. Diesel Vehicles List, visit:
www.biodiesel.org/using-biodiesel/oem-information
18
as
Performance Benefits of Biodiesel
• Yields the same kind of horsepower, torque, and performance
as diesel fuel
• Naturally Ultra-Low in Sulfur
• <15 ppm
• Enhanced Lubricity
• B5 blend restores lubricity to ULSD
• High Cetane
• 47 min., 55 common
Environmental Benefits of Biodiesel
• Cleaner, Safer Diesel Exhaust Emissions
• Superior Energy Efficiency (captures solar energy)
• Lifecycle Carbon Reduction
• Nontoxic & Biodegradable
• Reduces Wastewater & Hazardous Waste Production
Liquid Fuel is Stored Solar Energy
 Plants store energy in natural oils.
 Nature has pre-assembled long carbon chains.
 Annual crops concentrate energy in seed.
 Animals store energy in fat.
 Liquid fuels are energy-dense,
easily transported, and easily stored.
 Oils release energy easily.
 Biodiesel stores solar energy.
 Plants recycle carbon from the air.
 Hydrocarbons (H, C, & O) do not mine nutrients (N, P, & K)
from soil
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Biodiesel GHG Studies
DATE
SOURCE
GHG reduction
1998
USDA/NREL
78%
2008
DOE/Argonne
66-94%
2010
CARB
78%
2010
USEPA
85%
2010
DOE/Argonne
89-122%
2010
GHGenius
86%
2012
Univ. Idaho/USDA
81%
GHG Reductions with
Biodiesel Blends
•A B20 blend reduces lifecycle GHG
emissions of a diesel vehicle by 16%.
•This compliments MPG, PM, and NOx
improvements of new diesel vehicles.
•A B5 blend reduces lifecycle GHGs by 4%.
Better For Your Health
• Biodiesel is:
– Nontoxic:
• LD50 =17.4 g/Kg - less toxic than table salt
• Skin irritation less than that of 4% soap and water
solution
– Safer to handle: Flash point above 200 Degrees F,
Non-Reactive, Non-Corrosive
Biodiesel reduces impact to water resources
Reduces wastewater by 79%
Reduces hazardous waste by 96%
Biodiesel, NOx, and California
B20 no NOx increase in 49-state USEPA Diesel
B20 no NOx increase in 2010 and later engines
B5 no NOx increase in CARB diesel
• Biodiesel use ramps up as
NOx-neutral engines replace old technology.
• Low blends in use today have no measurable NOx impact.
• Potential future NOx will be mitigated by engine technology.
Biodiesel Ramp-up
Biodiesel Blend (%)
25
20
15
Biodiesel Blend (%)
10
5
0
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Retirement of Legacy Diesel Engines
(Mandated Adoption of New Technology Diesel Engines/Aftertreatment and Attrition)
1.20
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
% of On-Road Fleet
with pre-2010 engine
% of Off-Road Fleet
with pre-2010 Engine
#REF!
Potential NOx increase by %
25.00
20.00
15.00
% of Diesel NOx
10.00
% of Total NOx
Biodiesel Blend %
5.00
0.00
Biodiesel NOx Relative to Diesel NOx
(tons per day)
1800.0
1600.0
1400.0
1200.0
1000.0
800.0
600.0
400.0
200.0
0.0
w/ Biodiesel
w/o Biodiesel
Total NOx Statewide
(tons per day)
3500.0
3000.0
2500.0
2000.0
1500.0
1000.0
500.0
0.0
w/ Biodiesel
NOx Diesel
NOx All Sources
NOx Impact of Biodiesel in CARB diesel
• CARB mitigating NOx for future increases of
biodiesel use.
• No NOx increase w/ current use of biodiesel.
• NOx issue goes away with new diesel engines.
• Combined effect of NOx and PM reduction has
no measurable increase in ozone even in
South Coast.