Part A – Multiple Choice
1. Which processes accounts for the return of needed nutrients to the blood?
A. Filtration.
B. Secretion.
C. Excretion.
D. Reabsorption.
2. Which part of a nephron is MOST affected by ADH?
A. Loop of Henle.
B. Collecting duct.
C. Distal convoluted tubule.
D. Proximal convoluted tubule.
4. The pH of blood is increased by the movement of hydrogen ions from the
A. distal convoluted tubule into the peritubular capillaries.
B. peritubular capillaries into the distal convoluted tubule.
C. peritubular capillaries into the proximal convoluted tubule.
D. proximal convoluted tubule into the peritubular capillaries.
6. In which kidney region are the majority of Bowman's capsules found?
A. Renal vein.
B. Renal pelvis.
C. Renal cortex.
D. Renal medulla.
7. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be found in the filtrate of a nephron?
A. Water.
B. Proteins.
C. Nutrients.
D. Nitrogenous wastes.
8. High solute concentration in the blood (hypertonic blood) is detected by the
A. glomerulus.
B. distal tubule.
C. hypothalamus.
D. posterior pituitary gland.
10. Which of the following would cause the kidneys to reabsorb more water?
A. Increased blood volume.
B. Increased cardiac output.
C. Decreased blood pressure.
D. Decreased ADH concentration.
11. Which of the following movements correctly describes the reabsorption of glucose?
A. From filtrate to blood.
B. From blood to filtrate.
C. From blood to intestines.
D. From intestines to blood.
12. If the pH of blood is too high
A. more hydrogen, sodium and bicarbonate ions are excreted.
B. the kidneys reabsorb increased amounts of water to dilute the pH.
C. more hydrogen ions are excreted, while less bicarbonate ions are reabsorbed.
D. fewer hydrogen ions are excreted, while more bicarbonate ions are reabsorbed.
13. In which blood vessel of the kidney can the highest concentration of metabolic wastes found?
A. Renal vein.
B. Renal artery.
C. Efferent arteriole.
D. Peritubular capillary bed.
18. If alcohol intake increases,
A. ADH secretion increases.
B. ADH secretion decreases.
C. aldosterone secretion increases.
D. aldosterone secretion decreases.
21. Increased blood volume would most likely result in
A. increased aldosterone secretion and increased ADH secretion.
B. increased aldosterone secretion, but decreased ADH secretion.
C. decreased aldosterone secretion, but increased ADH secretion.
D. decreased aldosterone secretion and decreased ADH secretion.
24. Which of the following is NOT related to the release and function of aldosterone?
A. Secretion.
B. Excretion.
C. Absorption.
D. Elimination.
25. At which of the following locations is reduced hemoglobin converted to oxyhemoglobin?
A. Liver cells.
B. Heart ventricles.
C. Lung capillaries.
D. Tissue capillaries.
2. The medulla controls the breathing rate by monitoring the concentration of
A. oxygen.
B. carbon dioxide.
C. oxyhemoglobin.
D. carbaminohemoglobin.
3. The transport process by which gases enter and leave the blood during internal and external
respiration is
A. osmosis.
B. diffusion.
C. active transport.
D. facilitated transport.
5. The release of oxygen from hemoglobin is MOST closely associated with which of the following
conditions?
A. Increased pH.
B. Decreased body temperature.
C. High amounts of oxygen in tissues.
D. Increased carbon dioxide concentration.
6. The process of inspiration is accomplished by
A. relaxation of the diaphragm.
B. reduced pressure in the chest cavity.
C. relaxation of the intercostal muscles.
D. increased pressure in the chest cavity.
7. The region of the respiratory and digestive tracts where both food and air passes is the
A. larynx.
B. trachea.
C. pharynx.
D. nasal sinus.
8. The breathing center is located in the
A. thalamus.
B. cerebrum.
C. hypothalamus.
D. medulla oblongata.
9. In which of the following locations does blood have the highest concentration of reduced
hemoglobin?
A. Systemic veins.
B. Pulmonary veins.
C. Systemic arteries.
D. Pulmonary capillaries.
10. The exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the air and the blood is called
A. breathing.
B. external respiration.
C. internal respiration.
D. cellular respiration.
11. Which of the following sequences correctly describes the passage of air out of the body?
A. Pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchioles, alveoli, bronchi.
B. Pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli.
C. Pharynx, trachea, bronchi, larynx, bronchioles, alveoli.
D. Alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx.
12. A decrease in CO2 in blood is MOST closely associated with
A. an decrease in blood pH.
B. contraction of the diaphragm.
C. an increase in plasma temperature.
D. increased bonding capacity of Hb for O2.
15. Before reaching the lungs, the air that enters the respiratory tract during inspiration will normally
be
A. cooled and dried out.
B. cooled and moistened.
C. warmed and dried out.
D. warmed and moistened.
16. As the plasma temperature decreases, the amount of CO2 carried by hemoglobin will
A. decrease.
B. remain the same.
C. increase slightly.
D. become 99 to 100%.
17. Cells use oxygen during the process called
A. breathing.
B. external respiration.
C. internal respiration.
D. cellular respiration.
18. Receptors in the respiratory center of the brain are stimulated by
A. low oxygen levels.
B. high oxygen levels.
C. low carbon dioxide levels.
D. high carbon dioxide levels.
19. When compared to the blood in the regions where hemoglobin releases oxygen, the blood where
oxygen bonds to hemoglobin to become oxyhemoglobin is relatively
A. acidic and cool.
B. acidic and warm.
C. basic (alkaline) and cool.
D. basic (alkaline) and warm.
21. A puncture or tear in the lining of the chest cavity would likely result in
A. collapse of both lungs.
B. decreased breathing rate and fainting.
C. collapse of the lung nearest the puncture/tear.
D. the leaking of gases (like oxygen) out of the chest cavity.
22. Oxygen passes into the blood capillaries through the walls of the
A. alveoli.
B. bronchioles.
C. pleural membranes.
D. pulmonary venules.
23. Which of the following correctly describes the muscle activity during exhalation?
A. Diaphragm relaxes; intercostal muscles relax.
B. Diaphragm contracts; intercostal muscles relax.
C. Diaphragm relaxes; intercostal muscles contract.
D. Diaphragm contracts; intercostal muscles contract.
24. In which form is most of the carbon dioxide transported in blood?
A. Dissolved gas.
B. Bicarbonate ions.
C. Reduced hemoglobin.
D. Carbaminohemoglobin.
25. The alveolar walls are moist so that
A. bacteria can be trapped.
B. water vapor can be inhaled.
C. water vapor can be exhaled.
D. gases can move freely through the membranes.
Use the following diagram to answer questions 1-3.
1. Which letter indicates a structure which contracts to help cause inspiration?
A. W
B. X
C. Y
D. Z
2. The structure labeled W is the
A. larynx
B. trachea
C. bronchi
D. pharynx
3. The structure labeled Z is
A. a lung
B. the pharynx
C. a bronchiole
D. the diaphragm
4. Where does gas exchange take place in the lungs?
A. alveoli
B. trachea
C. bronchi
D. bronchioles
5. Urine leaves the bladder through the
A. ureter
B. urethra
C. loop of Henle
D. collecting duct
6. Blood entering the kidney is filtered by the
A. glomerulus
B. distal tubule
C. loop of Henle
D. collecting duct
7. The glomerulus is located between the
A. efferent arteriole and renal vein
B. renal artery and afferent arteriole
C. afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole
D. efferent arteriole and peritubular capillaries
8. The process that moves glucose from the proximal convoluted tubule into the peritubular
capillaries is
A. osmosis
B. tubular secretion
C. pressure filtration
D. selective reabsorption
9. Which of the following would cause the kidney to produce a more concentrated urine?
A. increased blood volume
B. increased alcohol intake
C. decreased blood pressure
D. decreased ADH secretion
10. Pleural membranes
A. line the alveoli
B. surround the lungs
C. prevent the collapse of the trachea
D. collapse the lungs between breaths
11. The function of the cilia lining the trachea is to
A. secrete mucus
B. move air in and out of the lungs
C. move mucus away from the lungs
D. increase the surface area for gas exchange
12. Blood supply to an arm is cut off. Blood in the arm is sampled after five minutes and
analyzed. Which of the following would occur?
Concentration of HHb
Concentration of HbO2 Concentration of HCO3A.
Low
High
Low
B.
Low
Low
High
C.
High
Low
High
D.
High
High
Low
Use the following figure to answer question 13.

13. The above graph represents the levels of oxygen in the blood as it flows through the body. At
point X the blood is flowing in a/an
A. artery
B. venule
C. arteriole
D. capillary
14. Which of the following is excreted by the lungs?
A. urea
B. ammonia
C. bile pigments
D. carbon dioxide
Use the following diagram to answer questions 16-19.
15. Structure X in the diagram represents the
A. ureter
B. kidney
C. urethra
D. bladder
16. Which arrow indicates the structure which stores urine until it is released?
A. W
B. X
C. Y
D. Z
17. In the diagram of the human excretory system, the arrow labeled W indicates the
A. ureter
B. kidney
C. urethra
D. urinary bladder
18. Structure Z in the diagram represents the
A. ureter
B. kidney
C. urethra
D. urinary bladder
19. Where does external respiration take place?
A. alveoli
B. trachea
C. bronchi
D. bronchioles
20. The part of the brain that controls the rate and depth of breathing is the
A. cerebrum
B. cerebellum
C. hypothalamus
D. medulla oblongata
21. Which of the following is a valid comparison between the composition of plasma and urine?
A. In plasma, the insulin concentration is lower, while in urine it is higher.
B. In plasma, the glucose concentration is lower, while in urine it is higher.
C. In plasma, the carbon dioxide concentration is lower, while in urine it is higher.
D. In plasma, the metabolic waste concentration is lower, while in urine it is higher.
Use the following graph to answer question 23.
22. The graph above shows the percentages of H2O in the filtrate within various structures of the
nephron. Which structure is likely the collecting duct?
A. W
B. X
C. Y
D. Z
23. Which of the following occurs during expiration?
A. diaphragm and rib muscles contract
B. diaphragm contracts and rib cage lifts
C. diaphragm relaxes and rib muscles contract
D. diaphragm relaxes and rib cage moves down
24. High concentrations of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) in the blood will result in
A. increased excretion of H2O
B. decreased pressure filtration
C. decreased reabsorption of glucose
D. increased solute concentration of the urine
25. Which of the following describes the tissues surrounding the loop of Henle?
A. low water concentration, low salt concentration
B. low water concentration, high salt concentration
C. high water concentration, low salt concentration
D. high water concentration, high salt concentration
26. Which capillaries are enclosed by Bowman’s capsule?
A. distal
B. proximal
C. peritubular
D. glomerular
27. Which of the following symptoms might be an indication of kidney failure?
A. amino acids in the urine
B. urea in the urine
C. protein in the urine
D. uric acid in the urine
28. Where in the nephron does pressure filtration of the blood occur?
A. loop of Henle
B. collecting duct
C. proximal tubule
D. Bowman’s capsule
29. The concentration of glucose in the glomerular filtrate is greater than in the urine because
glucose is
A. secreted
B. reabsorbed
C. a large molecule
D. used to provide energy for reabsorption
Use the following table to answer question 32.
30. Where in the nephron could the conditions indicated in the table above be found?
A. distal tubule
B. loop of Henle
C. proximal tubule
D. Bowman’s capsule
31. The function of the ureter is to
A. produce urine
B. reabsorb water
C. transport urine from the kidney
D. store urine until it can be released
32. A build-up of fluid in the lungs will result in a reduced amount of oxygen in the blood
returning to the heart from the lungs because
A. the bronchioles have dilated
B. there is less hemoglobin in the blood
C. the surface area for external respiration has been reduced
D. the permeability of the lung capillaries has been increased
33. Alveoli would not be characterized as
A. muscular
B. thin-walled
C. vascularized
D. secreting a lipoprotein
34. Consider the following reaction:
CO2 H2O H2CO3
An enzyme found in red blood cells that catalyzes this reaction is
A. nuclease
B. peptidase
C. dehydrogenase
D. carbonic anhydrase
35. The formation of carbaminohemoglobin occurs in the
A. veins
B. arteries
C. arterioles
D. capillaries
36. In a healthy person, Bowman’s capsules are found in the renal
A. vein
B. pelvis
C. cortex
D. medulla
37. The composition of the filtrate in the Bowman’s capsule is determined by
A. pH
B. enzymes
C. temperature
D. molecular size
38. The pleural membranes begin to expand and stretch when
A. both the diaphragm and rib muscles relax
B. both the diaphragm and rib muscles contract
C. the diaphragm contracts and the rib muscles relax
D. the diaphragm relaxes and the rib muscles contract
39. Which of the following is not a function of the kidneys?
A. maintaining a constant blood pH
B. producing urea from protein metabolism
C. removing metabolic wastes from the blood
D. regulating the amount of water in the body
40. The sequence of structures that urea passes through in the nephron is
A. glomerulus, proximal tubule, distal tubule, loop of Henle
B. glomerulus, proximal tubule, capillary network, renal vein
C. proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, collecting duct
D. proximal tubule, distal tubule, loop of Henle, collecting duct
41. Most of the blood glucose entering the nephron returns to the plasma by the process of
A. osmosis in the loop of Henle
B. tubular secretion in the distal tubule
C. active transport in the proximal tubule
D. facilitated transport in the distal tubule
Use the following diagram to answer questions 45 - 46.
42. In a healthy person, the sequence of structures through which most glucose molecules pass is
A. U, X, Y
B. U, W, Z
C. W, Z, X
D. W, X, Y
43. The presence of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) affects which structure labeled above?
A. V
B. W
C. Y
D. Z
Use the following diagram to answer question 48.
44. The process of gas exchange that takes place in the structures above is referred to as
A. breathing
B. cellular respiration
C. internal respiration
D. external respiration
45. Increased concentrations of which gas are sensed by the brain and result in increased rate and
depth of breathing?
A. water
B. oxygen
C. nitrogen
D. carbon dioxide