Biology
2 Semester Final Exam Review
2016-17
nd
Photosynthesis (Chapter 8)
1. What are the reactants (inputs) and products (outputs) of photosynthesis? What is the source of those reactants
in the ecosystem?
2. Write the chemical equation for photosynthesis.
3. What are the two steps of photosynthesis? What is produced during each step.
4. How is energy transferred during photosynthesis? Trace its path.
5. What is ATP, and what role does it play during photosynthesis?
6. What variables can affect the rate of photosynthesis?
7. In what cell organelle does photosynthesis take place?
8. Define the following terms, and describe how they relate to each other:
a. Chlorophyll
e. Water (H2O)
h. Light Independent Reaction
b. Glucose (C6H12O6)
f. Oxygen (O2)
(Calvin cycle)
c. Light Energy
g. Chloroplast
i. Light Dependent Reaction
d. Carbon dioxide (CO2)
j. ATP
Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)
1. What are the reactants (inputs) and products (outputs) of cellular respiration? What is the source of those
reactants in the ecosystem?
2. What is the similarities and differences between cellular respiration and photosynthesis?
3. Why is cellular respiration important? In other words, what does it do for a cell?
4. What are the similarities and differences between anaerobic and aerobic respiration?
5. Why can a person live few weeks without food, a few weeks without water, but only a few minutes without
oxygen?
6. In what organelle does cellular respiration take place?
7. Define the following terms, and describe how they relate to each other:
a. Fermentation
d. Krebs Cycle
h. Carbon dioxide (CO2)
b. Glycolysis (sugar
e. Electron Transport Chain
i. Water (H2O)
breaking)
f. ATP
j. Oxygen (O2)
c. Pyruvic Acid
g. Glucose (C6H12O6)
Genetics & Cell Division (Chapter 10, 11, 12, & 13)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
What is a nucleotide?
What is DNA, and what function does it serve within a cell?
What the three molecules make up a nucleotide? (Be able to sketch and/or identify one)
How do nucleotides form a molecule of DNA?
What are the base pairing rules for the nitrogen bases (e.g. G pairs with ___)?
Why is DNA important? What role does it serve for a cell?
Define the following terms and describe how they relate to each other:
a. mRNA
e. amino acid
i. transcription
b. tRNA
f. protein
j. translation
c. chromosome
g. trait
k. protein synthesis
d. gene
h. mutation
l. codon & anticodon
8. How, when, and why does DNA replicate?
9. Briefly summarize the steps of protein synthesis.
10. What is a genetic mutation?
a. When and how do mutations occur?
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b. Give an example of a mutation that is positive, negative, and neutral to an organism.
11. What is the difference between a haploid cell and a diploid cell? What processes do each type go through to
divide?
Biological Evolution & Climate Change (Chapter 15 & 16. See my school webpage for climate change
resources)
1. What are the lines of evidence that support biological evolution?
2. How can one use the fossil record and phylogenic trees to form a conclusion about the common ancestors of a
specific species?
3. I can explain the greenhouse effect, the relationship between greenhouse gases, visible, & infrared radiation,
and how the greenhouse effect is increasing global surface temperatures.
4. I can summarize the evidence that supports global climate change
5. I can calculate the mass of carbon dioxide emitted by an automobile and the number of trees that would absorb
that amount of carbon dioxide.
6. Define the following terms and describe how they relate to each other:
a. Natural Selection
b. Adaptation
c. Descent with Modification
d. Transitional organism
e. Biological Evolution
f. Climate
g. Ocean acidification
h. Climate change
Additional practice questions
1. What organelle performs photosynthesis and what type of organisms have this organelle?
2. What are the reactants (inputs) and products (outputs) of photosynthesis? Words are OK here – but do
the chemical equation if you can.
3. What organelle performs cellular respiration and what types of organisms have this organelle?
4. What are the reactants (inputs) and products (outputs) of cellular respiration? Words are OK here –
but do the chemical equation if you can.
5. What is the function of the nucleus?
6. What is the function of a ribosome?
7. What is the purpose of mitosis (cell division)?
8. If a cell has 30 chromosomes and undergoes division (mitosis), how many cells will result and how
many chromosomes will each have? Will they be genetically identical or different?
9. What is the purpose of meiosis and in what type of cells does it happen?
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10. If a cell has 30 chromosomes and undergoes meiosis, how many cells will result and how many
chromosomes will each have? Will they be genetically identical or different?
11. ! Review diagrams and notes on DNA replication and Protein Synthesis! Then, using this section of
DNA, replicate it (make a new strand of DNA)…and then transcribe it to mRNA.
TAAGCGTTCGGACTTGCG
12. Translate the mRNA codons into the amino acids that make a protein.
13. Protein synthesis has two steps: transcription and translation. Where does each take place?
14. What is the basis for genetic variation in a population, and how does it lead to natural selection? Give
an example?
15. How does reproductive success play into natural selection and the increase of a particular helpful trait
in a population?
16. What is an adaptation? Can an individual organisms “adapt”, biologically speaking?
17. How do new species form and give an example (reproductive isolation – they can’t or won’t mate and
longer)
Use the phylogenic tree to answer the following questions:
18. Put an X where you’d find the
common ancestor of the Zebra
fish and Tilapia
19. Draw a circle where you’d find the
common ancestor of the Wallaby
and Human
20. Put a checkmark where you’d find
the common ancestor of the
elephant and Chinese brown frog
21. Put a star where you’d find the
common ancestor of the Spotted
catshark and Little skate
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22. Use the DNA gel electrophoresis diagram to answer the following questions (assume the wells, or
starting point, of the DNA are located just below the suspect numbers):
a. Label the smallest fragments in each lane.
b. Label the biggest fragments in each lane.
c. How do you know which fragments were the smallest and which were the largest?
d. If the wells are on the negative end of the gel box, what is the charge on DNA and how do you
know?
e. Which suspect matches the crime scene DNA?
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