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Chapter
3.1 Notes
-e.s
ATOM S: All matter is made of atoms, tbe...s ~ (11..1\
tnit
of matter that cannot
be further
K "LV\ down. Atoms consist of a nucleus cootaining
.
(+cbartc)aOd l:\.:t.....
(no charge-neutral) surr-ounded
by a cloud of orbiting e.. R-C±r O.n.5.--.. (- cbarge).
-hro
~ r:o:\:6""$
ELEMENTS:
.t+ro"'.f
I'
arc substances made of only
atoms.
o eo V\
re..
kind of atom. Neon is made of only
t.
MOLECULE - IY\ [)
~an one atom, can be the SUo (Y\
or different,
and is the smalles,t lI.umber of a. 0 cv-..
of a substance that still has the
-\d.. \"'0 ~("+\~ofthat
substance. Ex. Water molecule (2 bydrogens and 1 oxygen)
ran oxy en molecule (2 oxygens = 02)
ft
COMPOUND
- 2 or more
S
dM'-£.Cf::.,(\,
+
atoms covalently bonded.
e..-\
The electrons fill 5 \'\
\5 that orbit the nucleus in a particular way: .;z..in the
first,
in the ~
~
in the next, ~
in the next and so Oil. The electrons in the outer
Ilell are caVed _
(]
electrons and they determine how all atom wiII
.J 0 V\ 0. with other atoms. T re reason the bond is all attempt to£
\ \
their
outer shells and become more
\0 \
. How ~
\"
the
element is and\what kind of
it forms is determined by the
Ij IfV\. 'Q ~_
0 valence e ectroos.
2-
c.. ~
_
e
_1\
Atoms will gain or lose
e..,\ e....chO{'lS
to become more
h~
\€.....
noS
5
(tilled
outer shells). This makes th em unequally charged and they become " ()
(charged
atoms). Normally, the protons
in the nude~s equal re 11 umber of electrons
ill the
shells, making atoms electrically ~
LA. -r-fh
.
ti:r
THREE
c::J
=e
TYPES OF BONDS:
COVALENT
BOND:
where atoms
~
\"\
o.V'-e.
electrons
[" fill the ourcr shell.
[~x"mple: holds a wafer molecule togetllc,-,
ION\C BONU:
~
-±vv~~_
where one element
electrons frum the other element
electrons to it, becoming an ion. The opposite charges then
0'-
~~~~.
h'-\ c\
HYDROGEN
BONDS: a weakly charged bond between
\0
oxygen, nitrogcn or fluor-ine, Hydrogen bonds hold one w"te~nolecuie
~.eJ\
t
atoms and
another.
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Chemistry of Life
3.2 Notes
Properties of Water:
1. Good Solvent - water is the best solvent because many other
substances are
. (polarity)
2. Capillary Action - Water rises against
in a tiny. polar tube without using energy. (polarity)
3. High Specific Heat - Water can
heat without raising its
_
a lot of
much.(H bonds)
4. High Heat of Vaporization and Fusion - water does not
___________
or
easily. (H bonds)
5, Strong Surface Tension - due to
with
bydrogen bonds, water's surface is like a
(H bonds)
6. Expands and is less dense when frozen - due to hydrogen
bonds, when water freezes it
and forms
a crystal structure that is
dense than water, so
it
. (H bonds)
'