Internat. J. Math. & Math. Sci.
VOL. 20 NO. 3 (1997) 443-450
443
CONVERGENCE IN MEAN OF WEIGHTED SUMS
OF {a,,}-COMPACTLY UNIFORMLY INTEGRABLE
RANDOM ELEMENTS IN BANACH SPACES
M. ORDOIEZ CABRERA
lepartment of Mathematical Analysis
University of Sevilla.
Sevilla. Spain.
(Received October 23, 1995 and in revised form March 14, 1996)
ABSTRACT. The convergence in meaaa of a veighted sum k a.k(Xk EXk) of random
elements in a separable Banach space is studied under a new hypothesis which relates the random
elements with their respective weights in the sum: the {a.. }-compactly uniform integrability
of {X. }. This condition, which is implied by the tightness of {X,,} and the {a,,k }-uniform
integrability of {[IX,, II}, is weaker than the compactly miform integrability of {X,,} and leads
to a result of convergence in mean which is strictly stronger than a recent result of Wang, Rao
and Deli.
KEYWORDS AND PHRASES: Weighted sums, random elements in separable Banach
spaces, compactly uniform integrability, {,,, }-compactly uniform integra.bility, tightness, {an, }uniform integrability, convergence in mean.
1991 AMS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION CODES: 60B12, 60F05.
1.
INTRODUCTION.
Let (f, A, 7’-) be a probability space, and let {X,, }, n
in a. separable Ba.nach space
(X, [[.[[), i.e.,
N[, be a sequence of random elements
a sequence of flinctions from
A-metwa.ble with respect t() the Borel subsets of X.
Let {a,,},k,n e N, be an array of real numbers with sup
In this paper,
S,,
we
]a,[ <
into Xwhich e
.
deal with the convergence in mean of the sequence of weighted sums
EX ).
a.(X.
Habitually, this problena of weak convergence, m well as the problem of strong convergence,
ha been studied by considering epa,rately the c()nditi(ms on the sequence
{X. (relying more
and more the initial hyl)ot, h(.sis of independence mad identical distribution) and the conditions
on
the array {a,,. ).
Ord6fiez
for weighted
([1]) obtains esults ,,f convergence in mean and convergence in r-mean (r (0, 1))
sulns
of random variables (random elements in ) by requiring a condition whi
{a,, }-uniform integrability
integrability of {X,} and leads to the
rela.tes the random variables .k’ to their respective weights a,,: the
of
{X,,}.
This c,ndition is weaker than the uniform
444
M. 0. CABRERA
Ceshro uniform integra.bility (see
result of convergence in
me,’m
[2])
as a particular case.
does not hold,
A counterexample shows that the
sta.ted, for weighted sums of random elements
a,
in a separable Bana.ch space.
In this paper,
we obtain such a
result, under
concerning their respective weights in S,,:
{X,,}
a new condition on
is required to be
the random elements
Xk
{a,k }-compactly uniformly
integrable. This requeriment is weaker than the requirement of compactly uniform integrability
used by Hoffmann-.]orgensen and Pisier
Wang and Rao ([5]); consequently,
Theorem 3.2).
2.
([3])
([4]),
and characterized by
our result extends the result obtained
by Wang et al. ([6],
and Dafter and Taylor
PRELIMINARIES.
In the proof of the main result, the embedding of a. separable B.’mach space X in
space with a Schauder basis xvill be used as in Taylor
A sequence b. },.
fi
NI, in X
unique sequence of rea.l numl)ers
z
Banach
([7]).
is a Schauder basis for
{t. } such that
a
X if for each
X there exists
x
a
Z t.b..
When a Banach spa.cc X has a Sclmuder basis b. }, a sequence of continuous linear functionals
{.f,,
on
X
by f,,(x)
can be defined
IN; these are called the coordinate functionals
t,,, n
for the basis b,, }.
The paxtiM sum operator U,, on X is defined by U,,(.’)
Z fk(x)bt, and the residual
k--1
U. (.:), for every x e X. U.
operator Q,, on X by Q,, (x)
:r
continuous linear operat,,rs on
X satisfying lim U,,(x)
and Q. axe two sequences of
and lim Q.(x)
x
0 for every x fi X.
A sequence {X,, of rndm elements in a Banach space X is said to be tight if for each
e > 0 there exists a cnnpact subset K of X such that
sup P [X,,
t K] < e.
Let p > 0. A sequence {X,, }, n G N, of random elements in a, Bh.nach space X is said to be
compactly uniformly p-th orler integrnble if for every e > 0 there exists a compact subset K of
X such that
,,p EllX, ll"Z[X.l,-]
< :.
(IA denotes the indicato: of the event A).
If p 1, {X,, is said t, be compactly uniformly intcgrable.
For the characteriztion
,,f this concept, we refer t,,
rang and Rao ([5])
and Cuesta d
Matrn ([8])" Let {.,,
elements in a separable Bach space, d let
p > 0. Then, {X,, is c,,mpactly uniformly p-th order integrable if, and only if, {X.} is tight
be a sequence ,,f rand,,m
and
{[IX,,I]"}
is uniformly integrable.
For the relation bet:veen the notions of tightness, uniform integrability, boundedness of
xnoments and domina.tion in probability, we refer to Taylor
([7]).
CONVERGENCE IN MEAN OF WEIGHTED SUMS
445
COMPACTLY UNIFORMLY INTEGRABLE RANDOM ELEMENTS CONCERNING AN ARRAY.
3.
([1]) introduces the folloving concept:
Ord6fiez
DEFINITION 3.1. Let {a,,},k,n E N, be
sup
Z [a,d
<
an m’ra.y of real constants
satisfying
cx.
A sequence {X,} of integrable random viables is said to be {a,}-unifoly integable
(or uniformly int.egrable concerning the axray a }) if
[o,. [E[X [I[Ix I>,,]
lim sup
O.
The following msertion is easy to check:
PROPOSITION 3.1. Let {X,,} be a sequence of uniformly integrable rdom vabl.
Then, {X,,} is {a,, }-uniformly integrable for all m’ra.ys {a,,k sud that sup
[ak [<
.
k
A sequence of rmdom elements in
a
separable Bana.ch space being compactly uniformly
integrable is the natural extension of a. sequence of random variables being uniformly integrable
(both definitions are equiva.lent when the Ba.nach spa.ce is finite dimensional). To this effect, we
introduce the following notion"
DEFINITION 3.2. Let {a,,t.},k,n E N, be an re’ray of real constants satisfying
sup
[o.,,[ < o. Let p > 0. A sequence {X,,}, n e N, of random elements in a sepable
Z
Banach space X is said
to
be
{a,,a }-cmapactly uniformly p-th order integrable if for eve > 0
there exists a. compact subset K of X such that
k
{a,, }-compactly uniformly integrable.
The following theorem provides a sufficient condition ff,r the {a,, }-compactly uform p-th
order integrability of X,, }:
THEOREM 3.1. Let {a,,}.k,n
N, be
array of real constts with
and let p > 0. Let {X,, }, n fi W, be a sequence of rdom elements in a se
sup
[a, <
1, {X,, is sa.id
If p
t,, be
,
arable Sanach space X, which is tight, and such that the sequence
{[[X,,[[ v}
is
{an}-unifoly
integrable.
a
Then, {X,, is {a,, }-c,,xnpa,’tly mfiformly p-th order integrable.
PROOF. By Theoen 2 in [1], given > 0, there exists > 0 such that whenever {Ak} is
sequence ,.,f events satisfying sup
]a,,IP(A) < 6, then sup
[a,,[E[[X[["IA, < e.
-
k
k
The tightness of {X,} implies the existence of a. cmpact subset K of X such that
P IX,
I(] < C
Then sup
fi,r ,,very
[",kiP [X
,
N, where C > 0 is any constant such tha.t sup
[a,[
k
I(] <
$, and therefore:
k
C.
446
i.e.,
M.O. CABRERA
{X,,
is
{a,,k }-compactly uniformly v-th order integra.ble.
It is easy to check the following
PROPOSITION 3.2. Let {X, be a sequence of compactly uniformly p-th order (p > 0)
integrable random elements in a. separable Banach space. Then, {X,, is as in Theorem 3.1,
and so {X, is {a,,k }-c,mpactly uniformly p-th order integrable for all arrays {a,, } such that
sup
E
k
REMARK. The characterization of {a,, }-compactly unifo.rn p-th order integrability of
X,, in terms of tightness of {X,, a.nd a,, }-uniform integrability of {ilX,, ’ is not available
(i.e. the condition in Theoren 3.1 is not necessary), as is shown by considering the sequence of
rmdom elements in
Ix,,I < oo} defined by X,, e,, with probability
{.’ I" II.’ll
E
1, where e, } is the standard basis of
,’rod the ,’u’ra.y
a,,=
ifl<k<n
ifk>n.
0
Givene>0, taken ENsuchtha.t & <,andlet the compact K={e
e2,
,era} Then
k>
Therefore, {X,,} is {a,,t.}-compactly uniformly p-th order integra.ble (p > 0), but
{X,,}
is
not tight.
4.
CONVERGENCE IN MEAN.
Ord6fiez
([1])
obtains the h,lloving result of convergence in mean for weighted sums of
random variables:
N, be a.n array of real
THEOREM 4.1. Let ta,,},Ic,
constants satifying:
k
b) hm sup a, 0.
Let {X, }, n N, bca equence of pairvise independent and {a, }-uniformly integrable
random va.riables.
Then S,
a,,(Xt.
This theorem does
(see
[1]). Now,
n(t
EX
hold,
0
as
in mean.
stated, for random elements in separable Bach spaces
in Theorem 4.2, we prove that such a.n extension is possible for a sequence of
raadom elements {X,, being {a,,}-c(,mpactly unifornfly integra.ble. Previously, we prove the
fl)llowing lemma"
LEMMA
4.1.
Let X bc a Ba.nach space with
a Schauder basis
[a,,k <
be an array of real consiants such that sup
.
{b,}. Let {a,},k,n q N,
k
Let {X,,}, 1, 1,e a. sequence ,,f random elements in X which is {a,}-compactly unifi,rml p-th order integrable flr some p 1.
CONVERGENCE IN MEAN OF WEIGHTED SUMS
447
T hen:
la.lElIQ(X
limsup
PROOF. Given
> 0, there exists
sup
a compact subset/t- of
n
X such that
{b, }.
E N"
W,,
t;,
The compactness of It" implies (see
[71) that
c- for every
O.
E Io.,lEIIXll"Zixm < 2-2V(M + 1)-"
where M is the basis constant of the Schauder basis
Ve define, for each
EX)II"
X,,
X,,I[x.tq
W,.
to E N such that IIQ,(W,)ll <
k N and > to, vhere C > 0 is a constant such that sup
la’’:! < C.
there exists
E
k
N"
Then, for evex3" k
EI4)]["
EIIQ,(Wk
EllQ,(Wk)
< 2"-’ (EIIQ,(W)[I" + E"IIQ,(W)II) <_ 2"EllQ,(W)I]" < 2-"6
On the other hand:
-
k
< 2"(M + z)" Io.,,IEIIYII" < s2-".
k
Therefore, for every >
sup
0"
Z la.,,IEIIQ,(X
EX,)II" < 2"-(2 -’’ + 2 -v)
.
k
In
a simila,r manner, the
folloving lemma, where the restriction/ > 1 is omitted, can be
proved:
LEMMA 4.2. Let X, {a,,} and {X, be a. in Lemma 1, with p > 0. Then:
limsup
THEOREM 4.2. Let, X be
()f real constants
a) sup
Z ]a,,/,.
a
Z la,IEIIQ(X)II"
o.
separable Bana.ch space. Let {a,},k,n
N, be
an array
satisfying:
<
cx
b) linsup la.l 0.
k
Let {X }, n N, be
a,
sequence ,,f pairwise independent and
integrable random elem,nts in X.
{a, }-compactly ifoly
M.O. CABRERA
448
Then
Ell
Z a,,k(X.
EXk)]I
0
as
oc.
n
PROOF. The {a,,. }-compactly uniform integrability of {X, }, the consideration of boundedness of the con’esponding compact K and the condition a) yield
I=,IEIIX EX,, < o
Z
k
for each n ( N, and so the almost sure convergence of S, for each n
Since
X
(
N.
can be isometrically embedded in a Banach space with a Schauder basis, it can
be assumed, without loss of generality, that X has a Schauder bmis
{b,,}; let M be the
basis
constant.
For each fixed
N, and for every
According to Lemma 4.1, given
E][Q,
We fix such
a
There exists
a
N"
N such that
> 0, there exists
Z a,,(X,
EX,)
I1<
fo-.ve-y ,e2v.
]V: let m
1<i<
compact subset If of X such that:
sup
We define, for each
W,,
n
Z la"lEIIX*’ll-rtxzq <
4m.t
N:
Y;,
X,,ltx,,etcl
X.I[x.,.]
X.
W,,.
We have:
f,(Wk- EWe,)}, k
.
N, is, fl,r each
N, a sequence of pairwise independent random variables
with mean O, and, consequently"
E
o.,,(W.
by the boundedness of K (A is
EWe)
a
Ile,,ll
constant).
E1/2
Z a,,,.f(W
EWe,)
CONVERGENCE IN MEAN OF WEIGHTED SUMS
E lan’12 -< (sup la,, I) E la’kl
As
0 when n
449
o, we cam choose
no E N such that for
k
every n
_> no and
1
E
On the other hand:
lib, _< 2m
E la,,k]EI]Y]I-
Therefore
Ell
+ 2m... +
EX)II <
a.(X
k
for every n
e.
_> no.
EXAMPLE
4.1. The folloving example (suggested by another one in
[9]) shows that the
conditions in Theorem 3.1, and therefore the {a,k}-compactly uniform p-th order integrability,
are weaker thaz the compactly uniform p-th order integrability.
So, our Theorem 4.2 is strictly
,stronger than Theorem 3.2 in [6]:
Consider the separable Banach space
and let
{e,
be the standard basis.
Let {X, }, n E N, be the sequence of independent random elements in
X,
If K is any compact sult of
set
{=t=ne,,n e g},
and so
2,
he,
with probability
-he,
with probability
,
with probability 1
0
defined by
then K contains a.t most finitely many elements of the
supEIIX,,[lI[x.lq
1 which implies that
{X,,}
is not compactly
uniformly integrable.
Now, given : > 0
xve choose n0
1,2,...,n0}.
K is
a
compact subset of
,
N such that
1
0
and let K
{0,:kne,
Then, for every n
N"
<
n
and
P[X,, It’]=
l0,
ifn_<n0
>
if
n0
Thus, {X, is tight.
Let {ank} be
an m]ay of real
constants, and let
a
>
n0.
k
k
,,d o
{ilX.ll}
i {a.}-unif,,nnly integrable for any array
kl.l < ;’
{a,,k} such that sup
k
for _ns_ance, a.
0
.<n
ill <lc
if 1," >
M. 0. CABRERA
450
Therefore, {X, is {a,,k }-conpactly uniformly integra.ble for such an array {ank }.
Note that the sequence {X, does not verify the hypothesis of compactly uniform integra-
[6], Theorem 3.2; nevertheless
{ank in the example.
bility in
array
our
Theorem 4.2 shows that the thesis is true for the
REMARK. The definitions and results of this paper can be formulated by considering an
a.lTay {X,k, 1 < k <_ k, < cxz, n > 1} of random elements, and, basically, nothing would be
changed in the proofs. We have preferred the formulation for a sequence {X,,},n E N, in order
to stay within the framework of the classical WLLN and make easier the comparison of our
results with the clmsical ones in the literature.
For recents results
on
the WLLN for arrays of rasadom variables we refer to Gut
([10])
and
Hong and Oh ([11]).
ACKNOWLEDGMENT. The author is gratefifl to the referee for his comments and
his suggestions. This work is supported in pa.rt by DGICYT grant PB93-0926 and Junta de
Andalucla.
REFERENCES
ORDONEZ
CABRERA.
of weighted sums of random variables and uniM.,
"Convergence
[1]
form integrability concerning the weights", Collect. Math. 45
[2] CHANDRA, T.K.,
"Uniform integrability in the Cesha’o
numbers", Sankhya. Set. A 51 (1989), 309-317
(2) (1994), 121-132
sense and the weak law of
large
[3] HOFFMANN-JORGENSEN, J. and PISIER, G., "The la.w of large numbers and the central
limit theorem in Ba.nch spa.ces", Ann. Probab. 4 (1976), 587-599.
[4] DAFFER, P.Z. and TAYLOR, R.L., "Tightness and strong laws of large numbers in Banach
spaces", Bull. In.,t. Math. Acad. Sin,ca 10 (1982), 251-263.
[5] WANG, X.C. and RAO, M.B., "Some results on the convergence of weighted sums of
random elements in separable Banach spaces", Studia Math. 86 (2) (1987), 131-153.
[6] WANG, X.C., RAO, M.B.
and DELI, L., "Convergence in the r-th mean of weighted sums
of random elements in Banach spaces of type p", Northea.,t Math. J. 8 (3) (1992), 349-356.
[7] TAYLOR., R.L., "Stochastic Convergence of Weighted Sums of Random. Elements
Spaces ", Lecture Notes in Ma.thematics, 672, Springer Berlin, 1978.
[8] CUESTA, J.A.
and
MATR/N, C., "Strong
in Linear
convergence of weighted sums of random elJ. Multivariate Anal. 25
ements through the eqtfivalence of sequences of distributions",
(1988), 311-322.
[9] ADLER, A., ROSALSKY, A. and TAYLOR, R.L., "Some strong laws of large numbers for
sums of random elements", Bull. In.t. Math. Acad. Sinica 20 (4) (1992), 335-357..
[10] GUT, A.,
"The weak law of large numbers for arrays", Star. Probab. Left. 14
[11] HONG, D.H.
(1992), 49-52.
and OH, K.S., "On the weak la.w of large numbers for arrays", Star. Probab.
Left. 22 (1995), 55-57.
Journal of Applied Mathematics and Decision Sciences
Special Issue on
Decision Support for Intermodal Transport
Call for Papers
Intermodal transport refers to the movement of goods in
a single loading unit which uses successive various modes
of transport (road, rail, water) without handling the goods
during mode transfers. Intermodal transport has become
an important policy issue, mainly because it is considered
to be one of the means to lower the congestion caused by
single-mode road transport and to be more environmentally
friendly than the single-mode road transport. Both considerations have been followed by an increase in attention toward
intermodal freight transportation research.
Various intermodal freight transport decision problems
are in demand of mathematical models of supporting them.
As the intermodal transport system is more complex than a
single-mode system, this fact offers interesting and challenging opportunities to modelers in applied mathematics. This
special issue aims to fill in some gaps in the research agenda
of decision-making in intermodal transport.
The mathematical models may be of the optimization type
or of the evaluation type to gain an insight in intermodal
operations. The mathematical models aim to support decisions on the strategic, tactical, and operational levels. The
decision-makers belong to the various players in the intermodal transport world, namely, drayage operators, terminal
operators, network operators, or intermodal operators.
Topics of relevance to this type of decision-making both in
time horizon as in terms of operators are:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Before submission authors should carefully read over the
journal’s Author Guidelines, which are located at http://www
.hindawi.com/journals/jamds/guidelines.html. Prospective
authors should submit an electronic copy of their complete
manuscript through the journal Manuscript Tracking System at http://mts.hindawi.com/, according to the following
timetable:
Manuscript Due
June 1, 2009
First Round of Reviews
September 1, 2009
Publication Date
December 1, 2009
Lead Guest Editor
Gerrit K. Janssens, Transportation Research Institute
(IMOB), Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Building D, 3590
Diepenbeek (Hasselt), Belgium; [email protected]
Guest Editor
Cathy Macharis, Department of Mathematics, Operational
Research, Statistics and Information for Systems (MOSI),
Transport and Logistics Research Group, Management
School, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel,
Belgium; [email protected]
Intermodal terminal design
Infrastructure network configuration
Location of terminals
Cooperation between drayage companies
Allocation of shippers/receivers to a terminal
Pricing strategies
Capacity levels of equipment and labour
Operational routines and lay-out structure
Redistribution of load units, railcars, barges, and so
forth
Scheduling of trips or jobs
Allocation of capacity to jobs
Loading orders
Selection of routing and service
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
http://www.hindawi.com