Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky
• Zone of Proximal
Developmentdifference between
what a child can do w/
help and w/o
• Scaffolding- use of
shaping to wean
student off of support
and shrink the “zone of
proximal development
Authoritarian Parents
• Often degrading,
mean, controlling,
rejecting .
• They set strict
standards of conduct.
• Are very critical of
children for not
meeting those
standards.
• They tell children what
to do.
• They usually do not
provide children with
choices or options.
•
Their
Children
Kids who live with
authoritarian parents tend
to be more anxious, more
withdrawn and unhappier
than other kids.
• They often are successful in
school because they tend
to be cooperative and don’t
challenge authority.
• However, when they get
frustrated, it sometimes
leads to anger.
• Tend to act out more later
in life and are “sneaky”
Authoritative Parents
also known as Democratic Parents
• Parent is warm,
attentive, sensitive to
the child’s needs and
interests
• Children learn to be
responsible for themselves
and to think about the
consequences of their
behavior.
• Parents do this by providing
clear, reasonable
expectations for their
children
• Very effective
Their Children
• These children tend to
be very well-adjusted,
• They accept
challenges readily.
• They are independent
and cooperative with
others.
• They stick to tasks
longer than other kids
their age.
• They have excellent
communication skills.
Permissive Parents
• Set few rules and those
they make are usually not
consistently enforced
• Caring, but give too much
decision making
responsibility to the child.
• They do not set clear
boundaries or expectations
for their children's behavior
• They tend to accept in a
warm and loving way
however the child behaves.
• Not the most effective for
healthy development
Their Children
• Because these children are
forced to decide things for
themselves at a very young
age, they may make many bad
decisions.
• These are the children you see
throwing temper tantrums in
the grocery store.
• They are often quite
demanding, immature and
rebellious.
• Many defy authority, lack
interest in school and become
underachievers.
• Due to unconditional support,
they become “blamers”
Uninvolved Parents
• Emotionally
detached,
withdrawn,
inattentive
• Indifferent to
children and
shows very little
emotion toward
them.
Their Children
• This group of children have the most problems
dealing with the world
• They have little emotional control and often
have trouble forming attachments.
• They are easily frustrated.
• They have more academic problems and
delinquency issues.
• Can result in inhibited (avoid relationships) or
disinhibited attachment disorder (mistake
level of intimacy in relationships)
Parenting
Styles
Gender Differences in Socialization
Females
• Girls’ friendships are
characterized by having
higher levels of intimacy
with an emphasis on
closeness with their friends.
• Friendships are formed in
small groups.... usually 2-3
individuals
• Have a physical component
Males
• Boys express themselves
intimately through shared
activities such as playing
basketball …not through
sharing intimate
conversations
• Groups are hierarchical in
structure
• Friendships form in larger
groups than females