ANTIBODIES TO SNARE COMPLEX PROTEINS
Antibodies to
SNARE Complex Proteins
Synaptophysin
VAMP/Synaptobrevin
SNAP-25
Syntaxin
CDCrel-1
Synaptotagmin-1
Munc18-1
Synapsin-1
INTERNATIONAL VERSION
www.cedarlanelabs.com/SNARE
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Antibodies to SNARE Complex Proteins
SNARE proteins are a large protein superfamily consisting of more than 60 members in yeast and mammals. The
primary role of these proteins is to mediate fusion of vesicles with their target membrane-bound compartments
(such as lysosomes). The most well studied SNARE proteins are those involved in mediating synaptic vesicle docking
at the pre-synaptic membrane of neurons. During this process, syntaxin-1, SNAP-25 and munc18-1 associate and
form a complex at the pre-synaptic membrane. This complex interacts with synaptobrevin-2 and synaptotagmin-1
located in synaptic vesicles and initiates docking, priming and fusion at the membrane. This fusion event leads to
release of the vesicle's cargo into the synaptic cleft, where it can ultimately interact with the post-synaptic neuron.
Antibodies to:
Synaptophysin
Synaptophysin is a 38 KDa synaptic vesicle (SV) glycoprotein containing four
transmembrane domains. It is present in SVs of the neuroendocrine system, brain, spinal
cord, retina, adrenal medulla and at neuromuscular junctions. Synaptophysin acts as
a marker for neuroendocrine tumours and has been used to study the distribution of
synapses within the brain due to its ubiquity at these regions.
Although the exact function of synaptophysin is still unknown, several lines of evidence
suggest it may have many important roles in SV exo and endocytosis. These include
regulation of SNARE assembly, fusion pore formation initiating neurotransmitter
release, and activation of SV endocytosis. Additionally, it is thought that synaptophysin
may have an important role in SV biogenesis. Several gene mutations in synaptophysin
have been seen in families affected by X-linked intellectual disability, suggesting that
dysfunction of this protein may play a role in the disease.
Purified Anti-Human Synaptophysin
(CL2702AP)
Staining of paraformaldehyde-fixed
paraffin-embedded human cerebellum
sections at 200x (A) and 400x (B)
magnification with DAPI counterstain.
Mouse anti-human Synaptophysin
(CL2702AP) 1:500; Alexa Fluor 488 Goat
anti-mouse 1:500 (Molecular Probes) and
Normal Goat Serum (blocking).
VAMP/Synaptobrevin
Synaptobrevins are highly conserved, small integral membrane proteins that are part of
the vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP) family. They are present in abundance
on synaptic vesicles and peptidergic secretory granules, as well as on secretory granules
of endocrine cells. Synaptobrevins, along with syntaxins and SNAP-25, are all proteins
involved in the formation of SNARE complexes.
Alterations in gene expression and mutations of synaptobrevin have been observed in
various neuropsychiatric disorders including ADHD, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and
major depressive disorder. In addition, synaptobrevin is cleaved and inactivated by the
light chain of the tetanus toxin (TeNT); this affects stability of the SNARE core complex,
thereby inhibiting neurotransmitter exocytosis.
SNAP-25
Synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP-25) is a membrane-bound protein localized
to the cytosolic face of the pre-synaptic membrane. SNAP-25 is one component of the
SNARE core complex, which also includes syntaxin-1 and synaptobrevin-2. Through
interactions with these proteins and synaptotagmin, SNAP-25 regulates vesicle
docking and fusion, and subsequently neurotransmitter release. SNAP-25 exists as two
alternatively spliced isoforms, SNAP-25A and SNAP-25B, that are differentially expressed
in neurons and neuroendocrine cells respectively.
Recent studies have shown that some mutations in SNAP-25 may predispose humans to
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). These findings are consistent with the
fact that SNAP-25 reduces Ca2+ responsiveness at glutamatergic synapses. Alterations in
gene expression levels of SNAP-25 have also been observed in other neuropsychiatric
disorders, including schizophrenia and epilepsy.
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Syntaxin
Syntaxin-1 is a 35 KDa integral membrane protein that possesses a single C-terminal
transmembrane domain, a SNARE domain (H3) and an N-terminal regulatory domain
(Habc). Two isoforms of syntaxin 1 have been identified, syntaxin-1A and syntaxin-1B.
Syntaxin-1A localizes to nerve terminals of sensory neurons and nerve fibres reaching
small blood vessels; syntaxin-1B is localized to motor end plates and muscle spindles.
Deficits in syntaxin-1 phosphorylation by CK2 were observed in several cases of
schizophrenia. Lower levels of phosphorylation were shown to reduce binding of
syntaxin-1 to SNAP-25 and Munc18-1, leading to decreased SNARE complex formation.
Also, the expression level of syntaxin-1A was seen to correlate with intelligence in
individuals with the neurodevelopmental disorder Williams syndrome.
CDCrel-1
CDCrel-1/Septin-5 (Sept5) belongs to the septin family of nucleotide binding GTPases.
Septins were originally described in yeast as cell division cycle regulatory proteins
involved in cytokinesis and the regulation of cytoskeletal organization. Sept5 is
expressed in cells of the nervous system and is seen to associate primarily with vesicles
and membranes through its interaction with the SNARE domain of syntaxin-1A. Through
its interaction with syntaxin-1A, Sept5 acts to inhibit exocytosis, possibly by regulating
vesicle targeting and/or fusion. Recently it was shown that Sept5 is phosphorylated
by cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5)–p35, decreasing its binding to syntaxin-1A. This
suggests that Cdk5 can modulate synaptic vesicle release by regulating the interactions
between Sept5 and syntaxin-1A.
Purified Anti-Human Syntaxin
(CL2706AP)
Staining of paraformaldehyde-fixed
paraffin-embedded human cerebellum
sections at 200x (A) and 400x (B)
magnification with DAPI counterstain.
Mouse anti-human Syntaxin (CL2706AP)
1:500; Alexa Fluor 488 Goat anti-mouse 1:500 (Molecular Probes) and Normal
Goat Serum (blocking).
Synaptotagmin-1
Synaptotagmin-1 is a synaptic vesicle membrane protein that belongs to the
synaptotagmins family; it is characterized by an N-terminal transmembrane region
(TMR), a variable linker, and two C-terminal C2-domains. Synaptotagmin-1, the first
synaptotagmin studied, is an abundant synaptic vesicle protein that binds Ca2+ and
phospholipids via both of its C2 domains and is essential for fast Ca2+-triggered
neurotransmitter release.
Munc18-1
Syntaxin-binding protein 1 (STXBP1) or munc18-1 is an abundant neuronal protein
that tightly binds to synaptic fusion protein syntaxin, and functions in synaptic vesicle
docking and fusion. Munc18-1 modulates neurotransmission through its interaction with
syntaxin 1 and is thought to help restrict fusion of vesicles to specific sites of the plasma
membrane. Deletion of munc18-1 leads to defects in secretory vesicle docking and the
absence of neurotransmitter release. Defects in munc18-1 are the cause of epileptic
encephalopathy early infantile type 4 (EIEE4). Affected individuals have neonatal or
infantile onset of seizures and suppression-bursts.
Purified Anti-Human Syntaxin
(CL2707AP)
Staining of paraformaldehyde-fixed
paraffin-embedded human cerebellum
sections at 400x magnification with DAPI
counterstain. Mouse anti-human Syntaxin
(CL2707AP) 1:500; Alexa Fluor 488
Goat anti-mouse 1:500 Molecular Probes)
and Normal Goat Serum (blocking).
Purified Anti-Human
CDCrel-1/Septin 5 (CL2708AP)
Staining of paraformaldehyde-fixed
paraffin-embedded human cerebellum
sections at 400x magnification with DAPI
counterstain. Mouse anti-human
CDCrel-1/Septin 5 (CL2708AP) 1:500;
Alexa Fluor 488 Goat anti-mouse 1:500
(Molecular Probes) and Normal Goat
Serum (blocking).
continued on next page
ANTIBODIES TO SNARE COMPLEX PROTEINS FROM CEDARLANE – www.cedarlanelabs.com
3
Antibodies to SNARE Complex Proteins
Synapsin-1
Synapsin-1 plays a key role in synaptic plasticity in brain. This effect is due in large part to the ability of the
synapsins to regulate the availability of synaptic vesicles for release. In addition to its role in plasticity,
the expression of synapsin-1 is a precise indicator of synapse formation. Thus, synapsin-1 immunocytochemistry
provides a valuable tool for the study of synaptogenesis. The role of synapsin in synaptic plasticity and in
synaptogenesis is regulated by phosphorylation.
Immunostaining of cultured rat
caudate neurons with anti-synapsin-1
(CLN254AP) and anti-MAP showing
punctate distribution of synapsin (green)
and MAP (red).
Western blot of hippocampal (Hipp) lysate
(10 μg) showing specific immunolabeling
of the ~78 KDa synapsin I doublet protein.
Specificity
Format
Clone
Isotype
Species Reactivity
Applications
Size
Synaptophysin
VAMP/Synaptobrevin
SNAP-25
Purified
Purified
Purified
Biotin
FITC
Purified
Biotin
FITC
Purified
Biotin
FITC
Purified
Biotin
FITC
Purified
Purified
Biotin
HRPO
Antiserum
Purified
SP15
SP10
SP12
SP12
SP12
SP6
SP6
SP6
SP8
SP8
SP8
SP18
SP18
SP18
Polyclonal
1B9
1B9
1B9
Polyclonal
Polyclonal
Mouse IgM
Mouse IgM
Mouse IgG1
Mouse IgG1
Mouse IgG1
Mouse IgG1
Mouse IgG1
Mouse IgG1
Mouse IgG1
Mouse IgG1
Mouse IgG1
Mouse IgG1
Mouse IgG1
Mouse IgG1
Rabbit IgG
Mouse IgG2b, κ
Mouse IgG2b, κ
Mouse IgG2b, κ
Rabbit serum
Rabbit IgG
Human
Human
Human
Human
Human
Human
Human
Human
Human
Human
Human
Human
Human
Human
Human
Human
Human
Human
Human, Mouse, Rat
Human, Mouse, Rat
WB, E, F
WB, E, F
WB, E, F
WB, E, F
F
WB, E, F
WB, E, F
F
WB, E, F
WB, E, F
F
WB, E, F
WB, E, F
F
WB
WB, E
WB, E
WB, E
WB
WB, IF, IP, P
200 µg
200 µg
200 µg
100 µg
100 µg
200 µg
100 µg
100 µg
200 µg
100 µg
100 µg
200 µg
100 µg
100 µg
100 µg
200 µg
100 µg
100 µg
50 µl
10 µg
Syntaxin
CDCrel-1
Synaptotagmin-1
Munc18-1 (STXBP1)
Synapsin-1
Cat. #
CL2702AP
CL2703AP
CL2705AP
CL2705B
CL2705F
CL2706AP
CL2706B
CL2706F
CL2707AP
CL2707B
CL2707F
CL2708AP
CL2708B
CL2708F
CL2709AP
CL2710AP
CL2710B
CL2710HP
CLN255
CLN254AP
Legend for Applications:
E
R
= ELISA
= RIA
For more information, contact:
F
= Flow Cytometry
WB = Western Blotting
IF
= Immunofluorescence
Distributed by:
IP
= Immunoprecipitation
P
= Paraffin-Embedded Sections