You may work in pairs, with one person
acting as a researcher and one person
acting as a recorder. All of the answers can
be found either in the PowerPoint itself or
on the websites provided.
 Rational
human thought emerged for the
first time in the Western world around the
6th century B.C. in the Mediterranean.
 Athens, Greece is known as the first
world center of philosophy.
 You will be able to answer questions 3- 9
using the following website:
• http://www.historyguide.org/ancient/lecture8b.html
 The
Pre-Socratic Philosophers
 The Sophists
• According to Protagoras (c.485-c.411 B.C.), "Man
is the measure of all things." Everything is
relative and there are no values because man,
individual man, is the measure of all things.
Nothing is good or bad since everything
depends on the individual.
 Socrates
– for questions 11 - 13
 Plato – for questions 14 - 16
 Aristotle – for questions 17 - 20
 Copernicus
– for questions 21 - 22
 Newton – for questions 23 - 24
 Machiavelli – for questions 25 - 27
 Francis Bacon – for questions 28 - 29
 Hobbes – for questions 30 - 31
 Epistemology
– for questions 34 - 35
 Logic
• Logic is the study of the principles of valid inference and
correct reasoning. Today the subject of logic has two broad
divisions: mathematical logic and philosophical logic.
 Metaphysics
• Metaphysics is the study of the most general features of reality,
such as existence, time, the relationship between mind and
body, objects and their properties, wholes and their parts,
events, processes, and causation. Traditional branches include
cosmology and ontology.

Moral Philosophy
• Ethics or "moral philosophy", is concerned primarily with
the question of the best way to live, and secondarily,
concerning the question of whether this question can be
answered. The main branches of ethics are meta-ethics,
normative ethics, and applied ethics. Meta-ethics
concerns the nature of ethical thought, such as the origins
of the words good and bad, and origins of other
comparative words of various ethical systems, whether
there are absolute ethical truths, and how such truths
could be known. Normative ethics are more concerned
with the questions of how one ought to act, and what the
right course of action is. This is where most ethical
theories are generated. Lastly, applied ethics go beyond
theory and step into real world ethical practice, such as
questions of whether or not abortion is correct. Ethics is
also associated with the idea of morality, and the two are
often interchangeable.
 Political
Philosophy
• Political philosophy is the study of government
and the relationship of individuals (or families
and clans) to communities including the state. It
includes questions about justice, law, property,
and the rights and obligations of the citizen.
Politics and ethics are traditionally inter-linked
subjects, as both discuss the question of what is
good and how people should live
 Aesthetics
– for questions 42 - 43
 Please
choose two of the following
philosophers to complete questions 44 45.
• Descartes
• Locke
• Voltaire
• Rousseau
• Marx
• Nietzsche