HybridSolarPhotovoltaic(PV)−DieselSystem
withBatteryStorage&EnergySystemsUpgrade
forNadlehWhut’enOrmondeLakeReserve
April2016
KohoPowerCorporation
Suite#508–503W16thAve,Vancouver,BC,V5Z4N3
www.kohopower.com
[email protected]
Disclaimer:
ThisreportwaspreparedbyKohoPowerandreflectsthebestjudgmentoftheauthorsinthelight
oftheinformationavailabletotheauthorsatthetimeofpreparation.Anyusewhichathirdparty
makesofthisreport,oranyrelianceonordecisionstobemadebasedonit,aretheresponsibility
ofsuchthirdparties.KohoPoweracceptsnoresponsibilityfordamages,ifany,sufferedbyany
thirdpartyasaresultofdecisionsmadeoractionsbasedonthisreport.Costestimatesandprices
aretofeasibilitylevelonlyandshouldbeconfirmedbytheclientproceedingtotheinvestment
stage.
i
ExecutiveSummary
NadlehWhut’enOrmondeLakeReserve(theReserve)isofftheBCHydropowergridand
providesallitsownelectricityfromdieselandgasolinegenerators.TheReserveis
populatedfor7monthsoftheyear(April–Oct)andthefacilitiesareleasedbytheCarrier
SekaniHealthAuthority(CSHA).CSHApaysforthediesel,gasoline,andpropaneusedon
theReserve,whileNadlehWhut’enFirstNationownsthegeneratorsandpaysforthe
regularmaintenance.
KohoPowerwascommissionedbyNadlehWhut’enleadership(Nadleh)toinvestigate
furthertheoptiontodisplacedieselwithsolarenergy.Inaddition,Kohohasprovideda
designandcostestimateforelectrificationofseveralbuildingsontheReserve.
Beforedesigningthesolarsystem,itwasnecessaryto:(1)understandthecurrent
electricityusageandpeakpowerdemand;(2)estimateadditionaldemandfromnew
equipmentandtheelectrificationofthebuildings;(3)identifyenergysavingsopportunities
withenergyefficiencymeasuresandconvertinganyelectricalappliancesthatcreateheat
topropane.WhilethisstudyhasbeenunderwayandindiscussionwithKoho,therenterof
thebuildingsonReserve(CHSA)hasdecidedtoconvertthestovestopropane.Whenthisis
carriedout(whichisrecommendinthisreport)thenthedemandandpeakpowerwill
reducesubstantially–necessitatingchangingtheexistingdieselgeneratorwithasmaller
unit.
Pre-conversionofstovestopropane,thedailyelectricityconsumptionwasestimatedtobe
at77kWh/daywithamaximumpeakdemandof16kW.Thiswasmostlyprovidedbya50
kWStamforddieselgeneratorthatpowersonlythecookhouse.
Thisreportinvestigatesthecosttoconnectallsevencabins,theworkshop,theshedand
thebunkhousetothecookhouse,creatingasinglemicrogrid.A$34,000buriedcable
distributionsystemisrecommended.TheCHSAalongwithNadlehplantoaddnew
equipment(e.g.waterpump,waterpurifier)forthe2016season.Thenewequipment,
combinedwithadditionaldemandcreatedbytheelectrificationofthebuildings,will
requireanadditional15kWh/dayand4kWofpower.
Energysavingsopportunities(e.g.replacelightbulbswithLED’s,repairfridgeandswitching
appliancesthatproduceheattopropane)willsave60kWh/dayinelectricitydemandand
reducepeakby10kW.However,theinvestmentbytheCSHAdescribedabovewillreduce
thedemandfromthedieselgeneratorfrom30%ofitsfullcapacitytolessthan20%.This
willdamagethegeneratorandincreasemaintenancecosts.Thereforealongwiththe
propaneconversionandenergyefficiency,thereisacaseforCHSAtocovertheadditional
maintenancecostsorreplacethedieselwithasmallerunitatacostofaround$20,000
(installed).
ii
Evenwhenconsideringthecostofdownsizingtheexistingdieselgeneratorto18kW,the
propaneconversionandenergyefficiencyworkisrecommendedasitpaysforitselfin
sevenyears.
Assumingthatallenergysavingsmeasuresareimplemented,thenewequipmentinstalled
andtheelectrificationcompleted,thedailyelectricitydemandwilldropto30kWh/day
withapeakdemandof10kW.
ASolarHotWatersystemwasalsoinvestigated,butwithapaybackofover25years,itis
notrecommended.Additionally,thesesystemsrequiremaintenance,winterization,and
don’tageaswellassolarPVpanels.
KohoPowerinvestigatedahybridsolarphotovoltaic(PV)–dieselsystemwithbattery
storage(TheSolar-DieselSystem)to:(1)provide24hourpowertotheReserve;(2)reduce
noisepollutionbyrunningthegeneratorlessthan2hoursaday;and(3)offsetinaverage
overtheyears,about75%ofthedieselconsumption.Therecommended$96,000system
includes6kWofsolarpanels,40kWhofindustrialgradelead-acidbatteriesandtwo7kW
inverters.Batteriesandinverterswouldbelocatedinsideamodifiedseacontainer(the
enclosure).Thesolarpanelscouldbeinstalledontopofthecookhouseand/orontopof
theenclosure.Thesystemshouldlast15yearswithoutmajorrepairwithproper
maintenanceandwinterization.
Thefuel(diesel)savingsalone(approximately$2,000/year)arenotenoughtomakethe
Solar-Dieselsystemeconomical,asthepaybackis30years(longerthanthelifeofthe
equipment).However,thesystemprovidesotherbenefitssuchasreducedenvironmental
damage,reducednoiseandreducedairemissions.Basedonthis,werecommendNadleh
attempttosecure$48,000(50%ofthecost)insubsidiesorgrantbeforegoingaheadwith
theproject.
Thisreportidentifiedandrecommendedatotalof$153,000additionalinvestments(tothe
conversionsandenergyefficiencyworkcompletedalready)fortheOrmondeLakeReserve
summarizedinthefollowingtable.
InvestmentCategories
EnergyEfficiency,DomesticHotWatertoPropaneand
DownsizingtheDieselGeneratorto18kW*
ElectrificationofCabins
Solar-DieselSystem
TotalInvestment
Value
$23,000
$34,000
$96,000
$153,000
*Duetothepropaneconversionproject
iii
TableofContents
Disclaimer:........................................................................................................................i
ExecutiveSummary..........................................................................................................ii
1.
Introduction................................................................................................................1
2.
Methodology...............................................................................................................4
2.1
EstimationofCurrentEnergy/ElectricityDemand..............................................4
2.2
EvaluationofAdditionalEnergy/ElectricityDemand..........................................6
2.3
EvaluationofEnergySavingsfromEnergyEfficiencyandFuelSwitching
Measures.........................................................................................................................6
2.4
EstimationofFutureEnergy/ElectricityDemand................................................6
2.5
DesignandEconomicEvaluationoftheSolar-DieselSystem..............................6
3.
EnergyUse...................................................................................................................8
3.1
EnergySystems−Summer2015.........................................................................8
3.2
AdditionalElectricityDemand.............................................................................9
4.
EnergyEfficiency(EE)andFuelSwitchingtoPropane..............................................12
4.1
EnergySavings&CapitalCosts..........................................................................12
4.2
AdditionalPropaneCosts..................................................................................13
4.3
BusinessCase,GHGReductionandFunding.....................................................13
4.4
SolarHotWatertoDisplacePropaneConsumptionfromShowerandDomestic
HotWater......................................................................................................................16
5.
DemonstrationofSolarPVSystemwithBatteryStorage.........................................17
6. DesignandEconomicEvaluationofaHybridSolarPV-DieselSystemwithBattery
Storage(“Solar-DieselSystem”)........................................................................................18
6.1
DesignAssumptions..........................................................................................18
6.2
SystemComponents&PrincipleofOperation..................................................19
6.3
SystemLifeExpectancy.....................................................................................21
6.4
SystemCost.......................................................................................................21
6.5
RevenuefromSystem.......................................................................................21
iv
6.6
BusinessCaseDescription.................................................................................21
6.7
BusinessCaseResults........................................................................................21
Conclusions,Recommendations&NextSteps................................................................24
Appendix1–Solar-DieselSystemDetails.......................................................................26
v
1.
Introduction
NadlehWuth’enFirstNationhasresidentialbuildingsontheOrmondeLakeReserve(the
Reserve)onthenorthshoreofOrmondeLake.Itisa30mindrivefromFortFraser(Nadleh
Wuth’en’smainreserve)andisusedbythebandasaculturalcamp.TheReserveis
surroundedbypristinewildernesswithabeautifullakeview.TheReserveisofftheBC
Hydropowergridandprovidesallitsownelectricityfromdieselandgasolinegenerators.
Hotwaterforshowersisprovidedbyapropaneboilerandsomebuildingsareheatedby
woodstoves(thecabinsarenotheatedatall).TheReserveispopulatedfor7monthsofthe
year(April–Oct).Thereare7cabins,abunkhouseandamaincookhouse/classroom(See
Figure1foramapofthecamp).
TheCarrierSekaniHealthAuthority(CSHA)currentlyleasesthebuildingsthroughthe
summer.CSHApaysforthediesel,gasolineandpropaneusedonthereserve,whileNadleh
ownsthegeneratorsandpaysfortheregularmaintenance.
Thetranquilitywouldbeincredible,ifthegeneratorwerenotrunning,(itoperatesfor
about50%ofthetime).Thedieselgeneratorhasseveralseriousnegativeimpacts:
a)
b)
c)
d)
highcostofenergy(approximately$0.45-$0.55/kWh)
loudandincessantnoise(itissituatednexttothecookhouseandclassroom)
generationofgreenhousegases(CO2emissions)
unavoidableoilspillswhentransferringoilfromthegasbarinFortFrasertothe
dieselgenerator)
ApreviousCommunityEnergyPlan(CEP)report,preparedbyKohoPowerin2014,
reviewedalternativestodieselgeneratorandrecommendedtoinvestigatefurtherthe
productionofelectricityfromsolarphotovoltaic(PV)systemtoreducerelianceonthe
diesel.
Thedieselgeneratorcurrentlyonlypowersthecookhouse.NadlehWuth’enleadership
(Nadleh)askedKohoPowertoinvestigatethecostofdistributingelectricityfromthe
Cookhousetothecabinsandbunkhousefromthedieselgenerator.
AninitialsitevisitsbyKohoPowerfoundthatpowerconsumingappliances,suchasstoves
andadomestichotwatertank,couldbeconvertedtopropaneandconsiderablyreduce
theloadonthedieselgenerator.IndiscussionswithKohoPower,CSHAdecidedtoconvert
theirappliancestopropanefuelintheWinter2015/2016.
Thisstudypreparesdesignsandcostestimatesforahybridsolar-dieselsystemwithbattery
storage(the“Solar-DieselSystem”)alongwithadistributionsystemfortheReserveand
thenanalysestheeconomicfeasibilityoftheSolar-DieselSystem.
Aspartofthisstudy,asmall1.5kWdemonstrationsolarsystemwithbatterystoragewas
designedandinstalledduringtheSummer2015toprovidethecampuserswithafeelfor
theoperatingandmaintenanceneedsofafull-scalesolarsystemwithbatterystorage.
1
Tosummarize,thereportobjectivesareto:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Designandinstallademonstration1.5kWsolarPVsystemwithbatterystorage
(shortnamedthe“DemoPVSystem”)
EvaluatecurrentenergydemandsfortheReserve
Forecastimpactondemandfromtheelectrificationofthecabinsandnew
equipment
Forecastimpactondemandduetoswitchingappliancestopropaneandenergy
efficiencymeasures
Establishdesignandaccuratecoststoconvertoftheexistingdieselgeneratortoa
hybridsolarphotovoltaic(PV)-dieselsystemwithbatterystorage(shortnamedthe
“Solar-DieselSystem”)
EvaluatethebusinesscasefortheenergyefficiencyandtheconversiontotheSolarDieselSystem
2
4.3m
Bunkhouse
17.0m
22.0m
5.7m
Cabin 1
6.5m
Cabin 2
11.0m
5.0m
4.6m
Cabin 5
5.0m
Cookhouse
2.0m
3.0m
7.0m
2.0m
Shed
Shower
Diesel
4.6m
Workshop
6.5m
5.7m
Cabin 7
5.3m
5.8m
Client: Nadleh Whut en
6.0m
Koho Power
Corporation
Drawn by: AV & NH
Ormonde Lake Site Plan
SIZE
Created
DWG NO
2014-11-28
SHEET
Figure1:OrmondeLakeReserveSitePlan
REV
1.1
1 OF 1
3
2.
Methodology
Figure2belowsummarizesthe5-stepprocessusedtodesignandevaluatethebusinesscase
fortheSolar-DieselSystem.Themethodologyforeachstepisdescribedbelow.
Steps
Output
1.EstimationofCurrent
Energy/ElectricityDemand
CurrentEnergy/Electricity
Demand
2.EvaluationofAdditional
Energy/ElectricityDemand
ElectrificationofCabins
NewEquipment
Propaneconversions
- Additional Energy/
ElectricityDemand
-CostofElectrification
Input
FuelBills
Listingofappliances
&powereddevices
Discussions with
Nadleh leadership &
maintenancestaff
-
CurrentEnergy/Electricity
Demand
Additional Energy/Electricity
Demand
FutureEnergy/Electricity
Demand
Current&Future
MaintenanceCosts
3.EvaluationofEnergy
SavingsfromEnergy
EfficiencyandFuelSwitching
Measures
Energy/ElectricitySavings
&Business Case
4.EstimationofFuture
Energy/ElectricityDemand
FutureEnergy/Electricity
Demand
5.Design&Economic
EvaluationofanHybrid
SystemwithBatteryStorage
Designof&Business Case
forSolar-Diesel System
Figure2:MethodologyChart
2.1
EstimationofCurrentEnergy/ElectricityDemand
Energydemandcouldonlybeassessedfromfuelbillsandtheassessmentofallenergy
consumingdevicesattheReserve,sincethereisnoenergymeteringcapability.In2013&2014,
theReservespent$7,300/yearondieseland$300/yearonpropane.Fueldeliveredcostswere
estimatedat$1.1/Lfordieseland$0.69/Lforpropane.Dataongasolineexpensesdidnotexist,
andsincetheamountwaslikelyverysmallitwasignored.
4
DemandoverGeneratorCapacity(%)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0.6
28%
0.55
FuelEfficiency
26%
24%
0.5
22%
20%
0.45
18%
0.4
16%
14%
Inefficent Zone
IncreaseMaintenance
12%
10%
0
10
0.35
Optimum FuelEfficiencyZone
20
30
40
DirectElectricityCosts($/kWh)
30%
0.3
50
Typical50kWDieselGeneratorPowerOutput(kW)
Figure3:FuelEfficiencyandDirectElectricityCostsforatypical50kWgenerator(Data
shownassumeddeliveredfuelcostofdieselat$1.1/L)
DieselUse/ElectricityDemand:Toconvertdollarvaluestoenergyvaluesfordiesel,thefuel
efficiencyofthedieselgeneratorwasestimated.Efficiencydependsondemandanddropsas
loaddrops(seeFigure3).Figure3showsthatdieselgeneratorfuelefficiencyisbestwhenthe
demandisover50%offullload(50kW).Theefficiencyispoorwhentheloadislessthan20%of
itsfullloadsomorefuelisrequiredperkWh.Operatingageneratorcontinuouslybelow20%
capacitywillincreasemaintenancecostandshortenthelifespan.
Method1:TwositevisitsoccurredinMarch2015&August2015toidentifyallelectrical
appliancesandequipment.Theenergyconsumptionandpowerrequirementforeachitemwas
estimatedusingwebbasedinformationfromBCHydroPowerSmartandbyconsultingexperts
inthefield.AverageelectricityconsumptionkWh/dayandkWh/yearfortheReservewas
calculated,alongwithestimateddailyaverageandpeakloads(inkW).
Method2:Asthiswasaroughestimateasecondmethodwasusedtoconfirmenergyusage:
UsingFigure3,theefficiencyofthedieselgeneratorwasestimatedfortheaveragedailyloads
(calculatedabove).TheenergyuseinkWhcouldthenbebackcalculatedfromtheknownfuel
bills.
Thetwoestimateswerecomparedandthehighestwasusedinordertokeepconservative
calculationsandensuretheSolar-DieselSystemwouldbelargeenough.
5
PropaneDemand:Propaneismainlyusedforboilerstoheatingwaterandthesehavegood
energyefficiency.Weassumedthatthepropaneboilerwas100%efficienttoobtaina
conservativenumber(highervalue)ofpropanerequirement(Dividingpropaneexpenditureby
thepropanedeliveredcost(in$/L)andmultiplyingbytheheatingvalueofpropane(inkWh/L)).
2.2
EvaluationofAdditionalEnergy/ElectricityDemand
NadlehleadershipaskedKohoPowertoevaluatethecostofelectrifyingallsevencabins,the
workshopandthebunkhousetothecookhousetocreateamicrogrid.Newenergydemanddue
tothecreationofthismicrogridwasalsoevaluated.
KohoPowerdiscussednewequipmentplanswithNadlehleadershipandtheReserveoperator.
Wheredatawasnotprovided,thenewdemandwasestimated.
2.3
EvaluationofEnergySavingsfromEnergyEfficiencyandFuelSwitching
Measures
Thecostsavingsfromenergyefficiencyandfuelswitchingmeasureswerecalculatedusing
Method1.Fuelswitchingtopropanewillincreasethepropanedemandandthatextrademand
isestimatedbasedonthecurrentenergydemandoftheappliances(Method1).
Itisimportanttobeawarethattheloadonthedieselisalreadylowandwhenitisreducedthe
efficiencywilldecreasefurther,thecylinderswillplugupandglazedamagingthepistonrings
requiringincreasedmaintenanceandreducinggeneratorlife.Therefore,thebusinesscase
includesthecostofresizingthedieselgenerator.
2.4
EstimationofFutureEnergy/ElectricityDemand
Thefutureenergy/electricitydemandwasevaluatedusingtheequation:
CurrentDemand+AdditionalDemand(Cabins,newequipment)–EnergySavings(Propane
conversionandEnergyEfficiency)=FutureDemand
2.5
DesignandEconomicEvaluationoftheSolar-DieselSystem
The“FutureDemand”wasusedtodesigntheSolar-Dieselsystem.The“FutureDemand”implies
thattheelectrificationofthecabinsandotherbuildingshavebeencompleted,allnew
equipmenthasbeeninstalled,allrecommendedpropaneconversionandenergysavings
measureshavebeenimplemented.
Thesystemcomprisesprimarilyof:solarpanels,inverters/charger,batteriesanddiesel
generator.Thesolarpanelsweresizedtoprovideabout75-80%oftheelectricityconsumption
forthe7-monthusageperiod,thebalancebeingprovidedbythedieselgenerator.Theratio
solar/dieselelectricitygenerationwaschoseninordertooptimizethecapitalcostvstheenergy
savings.Thebatteriesweresizedto:(1)storeenoughenergytocompensateforthemismatch
betweenthetimingofthedemandforelectricity(breakfast/noon/evening)andthesolarPV
electricitygeneration(daytime),and:(2)lastapproximately15yearsundernormaloperation
andcontinuousmaintenance.Theinverter/chargerwassizedtomeetthepeakpowerneeds
andtominimizethetimeforchargingthebatteries.
6
Theexistingdieselgeneratorwillneedtobereplaced(withsmaller)becauseoftheload
reductionfromthepropaneconversionwork.Forthebusinesscasecalculations,weassumed
thatthisreplacementhadoccurred.Thecostofthedownsizedgeneratorshouldbefunded
throughthesavingsgeneratedfromthefuelswitchingandenergyefficiencymeasures,and
thereforeisnotincludedintheSolar-Dieselsystemcapitalcostevaluation.
Oncethesystemwasdesigned,thevariouscomponentswerepricedalongwiththenecessary
controls,hardware,installationlabourandenclosure.
Retscreensoftware(fromNaturalResourceCanada)wasusedtoestimatetheenergy
generationfromthesolarpanelandthedieselgenerator.Theseresultswereusedtoobtainthe
dieselconsumptionoperatingcosts.
7
3.
EnergyUse
3.1
EnergySystems−Summer2015
Table1liststheequipmentthatsuppliedelectricitytothebuildingsin2015,andthesourceof
energytoprovidebuildingservices.
Table1:ElectricalSupplyperBuildingsandSourceofEnergyforBuildingServices–
Summer2015
Building
CurrentElectrical SpaceHeating* HotWater Appliances& Drinking
Supply
Lighting
Water
Cookhouse
Bunkhouse
Shower
Sheds
Cabins
50kWStamford
DieselGenerator
Backup5kW
Generator
1.5kWsolarpanel,
(installedSummer
2015)
9kWGasoline
Generator
N/A
Wood
(Woodstove)
Electricity
Electricity
Gravity
(shippedin
andstoredina
1250galtank)
Propane
N/A
Electricity
N/A
N/A
N/A
Gravity
N/A
Wood
(Woodstove)
Propane
(Boiler32,400
BTU/h)
N/A
N/A
N/A
*Noneofthebuildingsareinsulated
Table2showsthecalculationsofelectricityandheatconsumedperyear.Table3breaksdown
theenergyandpowerdemandsforthevariousappliances/devicespoweredbyelectricity.
Appliances/devicesmarkedinbolditalichavehigherelectricitydemandandarecandidatesfor
energyefficiencyand/orfuelswitchingmeasures.
Table3predictsthat77kWh/daywitha16kWpeak(pluspropaneforshowers)wasused
duringtheSummer2015.Thisshowsthatthecurrentdieselgeneratorisoversized,and
operatedatamaximumof30%load(SeeFigure3).Thesamecouldbesaidforthebunkhouse
gasolinegenerator,anditssmallloadcouldbeeasilysupportedbythe50kWdieselgeneratorif
alineweretoconnectthebunkhousetothecookhouse.
8
Table2:FuelExpensestoEnergyConsumptionEstimate(valuesrounded)
Fuel
Diesel
Propane
Expenses
per
season
($/year)
FuelHigh
Energy
Fuel
Fuel
Heating Assumed Consumed
Delivered Consumption
Value
Fuel
peryear
Costs
(L/year)
(kWh/L) Efficiency (kWh/year)
7300
300
1.1
0.69
6600
435
10.4
6.9
24%
100%
16,000*
3,000**
*energyaselectricity,**energyasheat
Table3:ElectricityDemand−Summer2015(powerhungrydevicesinbolditalics)
Energy
Power
Demand Demand
ElectricityPoweredAppliances&Devices
kWh/day
kW
Cookhouse:Poweredby50kWDieselGenerator
Stove:2units-3kWeach
DomesticHotWater:1tank
Coffeemachine:1unit
Toaster:1unit
Microwave:1unit
Lights:16bulbs-60Weach,8TubesT12,20Weach
Fridge:1unit,pumprepair
Freezer:1unit
Fans:2units-100Weach
Projector/laptop/stereo
Cellbooster/charging/VHFRadios
SubTotalCookhouse(rounded)
Bunkhouse:Poweredby10kWGasolineGenerator
Lights(6bulbs-60Weach)
TotalDailyDemand-Diesel&Gasoline(rounded)
25
6
22
4
2
3
1
1.5
1.5
12
2
1
2
2
1.2
75
1.5
1.1
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.5
0.1
15
1.8
77
0.4
16
3.2
3.2.1
AdditionalElectricityDemand
NewEquipmentandIncreasedusageofexistingequipment
Forthe2016season,Nadlehleadershipplannedtoaddawaterpurifierandapumptotake
freshwaterfromthelakeandafumehoodforthestove.Whereelectricalspecificationsforthe
newequipmentwerenotavailabletheywereestimated(seeTable4below).
9
3.2.2
ElectrificationofBuildingsandConnectiontotheMicrogrid
Thescopefortheelectrificationwastoconnectallsevencabins,theworkshop,theshedand
thebunkhousetothecookhouse,creatingasinglemicrogridpoweredbythedieselgenerator
ortheSolar-DieselSystem.Toestimatethecostoftheelectrificationandtheadditionalenergy
andpowerdemandonthemicrogrid,thefollowingassumptionshavebeenmade:
Todeterminethecostoftheelectrification
• Thebunkhouseiswiredtocodeanddoesnotrequiremodification
• Allcabins,workshopandshedwillhaveasingle4outletsocketandaswitchedceiling
lightfitting
• Allwiringinsidethecabinswillbeinconduitpinnedtothewalls.Allwiringbetween
cabinswillbedirectburiedTeckcable
Toestimatetheadditionalenergyandpowerdemand
• NOheatingdeviceswillbeconnectedtothesocketsincabins−onlycomputersand
phonechargerswouldbeallowed
• Lightinginthecabinswillbeprovidedby8WLEDbulbs
• TheBunkhouseheatingwillcontinuetobebypropane
• CookhouseandCabinheatingwillcontinuetobebywoodstove.
Twoquotesweresoughtforthedistributionsystemandcabinwiring.Theywere$20,000and
$34,000.Thelowerquoteappearstobefullyacceptable,howeverwerecommendallocating
thelargeramountforpurposesofestimate.
10
3.2.3
FutureElectricalDemandSummary
AllnewelectricaldemandislistedinTable4.Itisestimatedthatanadditional15kWh/dayand
4kWofelectricitywillbeneededtopowertheadditionalbuildingsandnewequipment.
Table4:AdditionalElectricalDemandonMicrogrid
AdditionalElectricalDemandItems
Cookhouse-newequipment
Waterpurifier*
FumehoodforStove*
Others-newequipment
Lakewaterpump
Cabins,Workshop&Shed-Afterelectrification
Laptop/Phonechargers/LEDBulbs
Bunkhouse-Afterconnectingtothemicrogrid
Laptop/Phonechargers/LEDBulbs
Energy
Demand
kWh/day
Power
Demand
kW
5
1
1
0.3
2
0.7
4
1.2
3
0.9
TotalNewDailyDemand(rounded)
15
4
*Estimatedvalues,actualdatanotavailableatthetimeofwritingthereport
11
4.
EnergyEfficiency(EE)andFuelSwitchingtoPropane
4.1
EnergySavings&CapitalCosts
BestpracticeistominimizethesizeandcostoftheSolar-DieselSystembyreducingenergy
demand.ThiscanbedonethroughEnergyEfficiency(EE)measuresandconvertingany
electricalappliancesthatcreateheattopropane.
A.EnergyEfficiency:Table5listsallenergyefficiencymeasuresthatshouldbeimplemented.By
switchinglightbulbstoLEDs,repairingthefridgeandreplacingthecoffeemakerwithahigh
efficiencymodel,areductionof14kWh/dayand1kWfrompeakloadcanbeachieved.
B.PropaneConversion:Byconvertingtheelectricstovetopropane,a25kWh/dayand6kW
reductionhasalreadybeenachievedbyCSHA.Inaddition,byconvertingthesmallkitchenhot
watertanktopropane,anadditional22kWh/dayand3kWofelectricitycouldbesaved.
C.DownsizingtheDieselGeneratorfrom50kWto18kW:AsstatedinSections2.5and4.3the
propaneconversionpresentlybeingcarriedoutnecessitatesareplacementofthedieselwitha
smallerunit(unlessNadlehispreparedtoshouldertheincreasedmaintenancecosts).Currently
an18kWdieselgeneratorisrecommendedandwillcost$20,000(installed).
Table5:EnergySavingMeasures&Costs–EnergyEfficiencyandFuelSwitchingtoPropane
Savings Savings Estimated
Energy
Power
Capital
Demand Demand
Costs
EnergySavingMeasures
kWh/day
kW
(Installed)
A-EnergyEfficiency(EE)
Lighting:ReplaceincandescentlightstoLEDsinCookhouse
&Bunkhouse
Repairfridge
ReplacecoffeemakertoHighEfficiencymodel,with
insulation
SubtotalElectricitySavingsbyEE
B-FuelSwitchingtoPropane
Switchelectricstovestopropane-powertoelectronics
only
Switchdomesticcookhousehotwatertanktopropane–
electricitytopoweronlyelectronics&vent
SubtotalElectricitySavingsbyPropaneSwitching
C-DownsizeDieselGeneratorfrom50kWto18kW
Total(rounded)
10
1.0
0.6
0.0
$500
$1,000
3
14
0.5
1
$200
$1,700
25
5.8
$8,000
22
46
60
2.9
9
10
$2,000
$10,000
$20,000
$32,000
12
4.2
AdditionalPropaneCosts
Thefuelswitchingtopropanewillincreasethecurrentpropaneconsumption.Table6estimates
thepropanedemandbeforeandafterfullpropaneconversion.Switchingtheappliancesto
propanehasalreadyrequiredCSHAtorentastoragetankforpropaneandtheirtotalpropane
costswouldincreasefrom$300/yeartoabout$1,500/yearbyconvertingstovesandthe
kitchenhotwatertopropane.
Table6:PropaneDemandBeforeandafterFuelSwitching
PropaneDevices/Service
Energy
kWh/day
Propane
L/day
BeforeFuelSwitching(Summer2015)
Shower&Bunkhouse
14
2.0
AdditionalConsumptionAfterFuelSwitching
CookhouseHotWater
22
3.2
Stoves
25
3.6
StorageTankRental
N/A
N/A
Subtotal–Additional
Demand&Costs
47
7
Total
60
9
Propane
L/year
Propane
Cost
$/year
435
680
775
N/A
$300
$470
$530
$180
1450
1900
$1200
$1500
Itshouldbenotedthatfuelswitchingtopropanewillreducedieselloadsbeyondthat
recommendedbytheindustry.Thiswillincreasemaintenancecostsandshortenthelifeofthe
dieselgenerator.Therefore,theincreasedmaintenancecostsorthecostofdownsizingthe
dieselshouldbeapartofthepropaneconversionproject.
4.3
BusinessCase,GHGReductionandFunding
TheCSHAhasalreadydecidedtofundandimplementthepropaneconversionofthestovesand
repairthefridge.Thisinvestmentwillreducethedemandfromthedieselgeneratorfrom30%
ofitsfullcapacitytolessthan20%.Itisnotrecommendedtorundieselgeneratorbelow40%
capacityasthiscausesglazing,pluggingandpistonringdamage.KohoPowerrecommendsthat
thedieselbereplacedwithasmallerunitimmediately(assumingthepropaneconversionof
thestoveshasoccurred).
Inordertoevaluatethebenefitofcompletingthepropaneconversiontwobusinesscaseshave
beencalculated(pre-Sola-Dieselbusinesscase).Thefirstcaseisthe“Do-Nothing(more)”,the
secondis“CompletetheConversionIncludingGeneratorDownsizing”.
13
1. “Do-Nothing(more)”:
PartialimplementationofenergysavingmeasuresbyCSHA,the“Summer2016Case”.The
measuresincludeonlythepropaneconversionofthestovesandtherepairofthefridge.The
savingsarecalculatedfromtheSummer2015operatingandmaintenancecosts.Itisassumed
followingdiscussionswiththeCHSA,thattheexisting50kWdieselgeneratorisnotbeing
replaceduntiltheendofitslifespan(4-5years),buttheelectricitycostisexpectedtoincrease
from$0.45/kWhto$0.50/kWhduetolowerfuelefficiency.Maintenancecostswillincrease
duetopistonringreplacementneedsbutinordertobeconservative,thesearenotincludedin
ourbusinesscase.
2. “CompletetheConversionIncludingGeneratorDownsizing”.
“Fullimplementationofthepropaneandenergysavingmeasures.Alltheremainingmeasures
fromTables5areimplemented.Thesavingsarecalculatedfromtheoperatingand
maintenancecostsofthe“2016Season”.Theadditionalcapitalinvestmentincludesanew18
kWdieselgeneratorthatwillrunatoptimalfuelefficiency,withelectricitycostsdownto
$0.40/kWh.
Table7summarizesenergyrequirementsandcapitalcostsforeachbusinesscase,Table8lists
alltheassumptions,andTable9presentstheresults.
Bothbusinesscases1and2showapaybackof7yearsbasedonenergysavingsrealizedinthe
firstyear.Businesscase2willgenerateadditionalsavingsover10years,sincethediesel
generatorisreplacedandefficiencyishigher.
Therenter,CSHA,willsaveanestimated$1,300/yearwiththeinvestmentsalreadymade.An
extra$3,300/year(lesstheincreaseddieselmaintenancecosts)couldbesaved,by
implementingalltheenergysavingsmeasures.Ifthegeneratorisdownsized,theincreased
maintenancecostswillalsobesaved.
Theenergysavingsmeasureswillreducegreenhousegasemissions(GHG)ofatotalof13
TonneCO2e/year,ortheequivalentofalmost3carsofftheroads.
14
Table7:EnergySavingMeasures–EnergyConsumptionandAdditionalCapitalCostsfor
eachCase
BaseCase
asSummer
2015
Assumptions
1.DoNothing
(more)*
2.Complete
the
Conversion**
EnergyConsumption
75
49
14
Electricity−DieselGenset(kWh/day)
14
39
61
Heat−Propane(kWh/day)
AdditionalCapitalCosts
N/A
$9,000
$23,000
*Propaneconversionforstovesisimplementedandthefridgehasbeenfixed
**AllotherenergysavingmeasuresofTable5areimplementedandanew18kWdieselgeneratoris
installed
Table8:EnergySavingMeasures–AssumptionsforCalculatingBusinessCases
Assumptions
Values
Operation
ReserveOperatingDayPerMonth(day/month)
ReserveOperatingMonthPerYear(month/year)
HoursofOperationperday(hour/day)
HoursofOperationperSeason(hour/year)
EnergyCosts–Diesel
DieselCost-delivered($/L)
DieseltoElectricityCost-existing50kWgenset–Summer2015load($/kWh)
DieseltoElectricityCost-existing50kWgenset–Summer2016load($/kWh)
DieseltoElectricityCost-withdownsized18kWdieselgenset($/kWh)
EnergyCosts–Propane
PropaneCost-delivered($/L)
PropanetoHeatCost($/kWh)
MaintenanceSchedule&Fees
MajorServiceCallEstimatedSchedule(hr)
EstimatedRemainingLifespanExisting50kWGenset(hr)
New18kWGensetLifespan(hr)
Costofoilchange&regularmaintenanceseason($/year)
CostofMajorServiceCall
Financial
InflationRate
GreenhouseGasCalculation
DieselFuelDirectGHGEmissions(kgCO2e/L)
PropaneFuelDirectGHGEmissions(kgCO2e/L)
*Source:2014B.C.BestPracticesMethodologyforQuantifyingGHG
30.5
7
12
2,600
1.1
0.45
0.50
0.40
0.69
0.10
6,000
10,000
30,000
600
1,500
1%
2.68
1.54
15
Table9:EnergySavingMeasures–BusinessCasesResults
BaseCaseas
Summer
2015
Assumptions
AnnualOperation&MaintenanceCosts(Year1)
AnnualSavings(Year1)
SimplePayback(basedonYear1Savings)
10yearsNetSavings
(includingDieselGensetReplacementwhenneeded)
GHGReduction(TonneCO2e/year)
$8,100
1.DoNothing
(more)
2.Completethe
Conversion
$6,800
$1,300
7
$3,500
$3,300
7
$5,900
4
$26,700
9
4.4
SolarHotWatertoDisplacePropaneConsumptionfromShowerandDomestic
HotWater
Solarhotwatersystemstopre-heatdomesticwaterusagehasbeenaroundformanydecades.
Theytypicallycanreplace50to75%ofthefossilfuelconsumption.Threesolarcollectors(4.2
m2each)woulddisplaceabout70%oftheshowerandkitchenhotwaterconsumptionandsave
about$525/year.Theinstalledsystemwouldcostaround$15,000,withasimplepaybackof
over25years.Sincethosesystemsrequiremaintenance,winterization,anddon’tageaswellas
solarPVpanels,KohoPowerdoesnotrecommendtheinstallationofsolarhotwatermodules.
InsteadKohorecommendstheconversionofthekitchenhotwatertanktoanon-demand
propaneheatedsystem.
16
5.
DemonstrationofSolarPVSystemwithBatteryStorage
Inlatesummerof2015,apilotsolarPVsystemwithbatterystorage(“DemoSolarSystem”)was
installedonthecookhouseinorderdemonstratetheviabilityofalargersystem.Thedemo
solarsystemwasdesignedtoprovidethecampuserswithafeelfortheoperatingand
maintenanceneedsofasolarsystemwithbatterystorage.Thesystemrequiresusersto
monitorthebatterypowerlevelsandturnonthedieselwhenthebatterieswerelow.Thesolar
panelsprovidedasmallamountofpowertodisplacesomedieselfuel.
SolarPilotSystemComponents:
•
•
•
•
•
SolarPanels–sixSharpunitsof250Wpeach(Totalof1.5kWp)(The“p”inWporkWp
referstothenameplatecapacityofthePVpanels,testedatStandardConditions)
Inverter–oneMagnumunitof4.4kW
Batteries–eightL16deepcycleunitsof370AmpHours,6Volt(Total17.8kWh)
Panelmountingframe
Controlsystem
ThepilotequipmentwascommissionedonAugust30thandoperateduntilthecampclosedfor
winteronSeptember16thforatotaloftestperiodof17days.Thesolarpanelsarestill
maintainingbatterychargethroughthewintertopreventbatteryfreezing.Generationstatistics
willberetrievedinthespringof2016.Inthe17daysofcampoperationthepanelsoperated
smoothlyandsafely.Thecampoperatorsweretrainedinthemaintenanceandwinterizationof
thesystem.Feedbackobtainedfromtheoperatorswaspositive.Figure4showsafrontviewof
thecookhouseafterinstallingthesolarpanels.
Figure4:CookhouseFrontViewafterDemoSolarSystemInstallation
17
6.
6.1
DesignandEconomicEvaluationofaHybridSolarPV-DieselSystemwith
BatteryStorage(“Solar-DieselSystem”)
DesignAssumptions
TheSolar-DieselSystemwasdesignedassumingthatadditionaldemand,summarizedinTable
4,wouldbeneededandalltheenergysavingsmeasures,listedinTable5,wouldbe
implemented.Thedailyelectricityfuturedemandusedforthesystemdesignisdetailedin
Table10below:TheSolar-DieselSystemwillprovidetothemicrogrid30kWh/dayandsupport
apeakloadof10kW.
Table10:DetailedFutureEnergyandPowerElectricDemandforSolar-DieselSystem
ElectricityPoweredAppliances&Devices
Cookhouse
Stove-propane/powertoelectronicsonly
FumehoodforStove
KitchenHotWaterHeater-Propane/powerto
electronics&ventonly
NewCoffeeMaker-insulated,withhigh
efficiency
Toaster:1unit(sameasbefore)
Microwave:1unit(sameasbefore)
Lights:LEDs
Fridge:1unit,pumprepaired
Freezer:1unit(sameasbefore)
Fans:2units(sameasbefore)
Projector/laptop/stereo(sameasbefore)
Cellbooster/charging/VHFRadios(sameas
before)
Waterpurifier(purchasedWinter2016)
SubtotalCookhouse
Bunkhouse(gridconnected)
LightstoLEDs&Laptop/Phonechargers
Cabins,Workshop&Shed(gridconnected)
Laptop/Phonechargers/LEDBulbs
Others(GridConnected)
Lakewaterpump
Total(rounded)
0.3
1
0.2
0.4
0.5
0.1
1
2
1.5
2.0
1.0
1.0
2.0
2.0
0.5
1.5
1.5
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.5
1.3
5
21
0.1
1
7
3
0.9
4
1.2
2
30
1
10
Energy
Power
Demand Demand
(kWh/day)
(kW)
18
6.2
SystemComponents&PrincipleofOperation
TheenergyrequirementsinTable9wereprovidedtoanexpertinoff-gridSolar-DieselSystem
toprovideadesignandaquotation.WesummarizedthekeycomponentsinTable11,and
moredetailsareprovidedinAppendix1
Table11:Solar-DieselSystemComponents
Components
Amount Unit
Description
Total
Functionality
Enclosure
1
20ftupgraded
seacontainer
1unit
Hostthebatteries,the
20
inverter/charger/controller
systemandhaveenough
extraspaceforadiesel
generator
SolarPanels
24
250Wp**
6kWp Mountedontheroofof
**
thecookhouse*andon
theroofofthesea
container
Life
Expectancy
(year)
25
Inverter/charger/ 2
controller,
“brain”system
7kW-Schneider 14kW Remotecontrolcapability,
ElectricXW
avoidingexpensiveservice
call
20
Batteries
2V,833
AmpHours,
Industrial&
deepcycle
grade,lead-acid
15
24
40
kWh
Needmonthlywatering
maintenanceand
winterization
*AftersiteinspectionintheSummer2015,thecabinswerenotjudgedsuitabletosustaintheweightof
solarpanels.Ifadditionalsolarpowercapacityisrequireditcouldbeinstalledonpolesonthelakeshore
oronthesouthfacingside/topoftheenclosure.
**The“p”inWporkWpreferstothenameplatecapacityofthePVpanels,testedatStandard
Conditions
ThecomponentsysteminteractionisillustratedonFigure5.Thesystemisdesignedtominimize
theuseofthedieselgenerator.Onsunnydays,thesolarpanelwillprovideenoughenergyfor
thedailydemandandextraelectricityproductionwillbestoredinthebatteries.Sincethesun
leveldoesnotnecessarilymatchtheelectricityconsumption,thebatteriesarealsousedasa
buffertoclosermatchdailyproductionandconsumption.Oncloudydays,thestoredenergyin
thebatterypackwillbeusedfirstuntilthechargelevelbecomestoolow.Atthatmoment,the
dieselgeneratorwillstartupandrechargethebatteriesuntiltheyarefull,thencutoutand
returntoPV/Batterypower.Thisway,thedieselgeneratorcanoperatewithbetterfuel
efficiencyforlessthanacouplehoursaday,comparedtothecurrentsituationof12hours/day
(morethan80%ofusagereductionperday).
19
Onaverage,theSolar-DieselSystemshoulddisplace75%ofthedailydieselconsumption
(providing23kWhofthedailytotalof30kWh).Figure6presentsfewimagesofthe
componentsofthesystem.
DieselGenset
ACBus
DCBus
Inverter/
charger/
Controlleror
System“Brain”
SolarPanels
=
Appliances&
PoweredDevices
Batteries
Figure5:SimplifiedSchematicoftheSolar-DieselSystem.
A
B
D
C
Figure6:ImagesoftheSolar-DieselSystemComponents
FinalDesign&Installationmaychange.A.Enclosure–Modifiedseacontaineroutsideviewwith
solarpanelsontop;B.Enclosure–Modifiedseacontainerinsideview;C.Batteryenclosure;D.
Inverter/charger/controller,orthesystem“Brain”.
20
6.3
SystemLifeExpectancy
Solarpanelsaregenerallybuilttolast25years,whilelead-acidbatterieshaveamuchshorter
lifespan.However,forthisdesignwechooseindustrialgradebatteriesthatcouldlast15yearsif
maintainedproperly.Theinverter/charger/controller“brain”systemhasmanufacturer
warrantyofonly2-5yearshoweverthesystemdesigneradvisesthattheyusuallyhavea
lifespanof20years.Therefore,Nadlehcouldexpecttoneedtofixorreplacesomepartswithin
20years.Tominimizethefinancialriskoftheinvestment(e.g.ensureitispaidoffbeforeit
needsmajorwork),webelievethatthesystemshouldpayforitselfwithin15years.
6.4
SystemCost
Thetotalsystem,describedinTable11,wasestimatedtocostbetween$80,000and$115,000,
includingmaterial,installationandengineeringfees.Forbusinesscaseevaluationpurposes,we
setthetotalsystemcostat$96,000.Costswereevaluatedwithanassumedexchangerateof
$0.70US:$1.00CAN(thiswillnotremainconstant).
6.5
RevenuefromSystem
CSHAwouldpaytheaverageannualdieselsavingstoNadleh.Weestimatedthedieselsavings
initiallyat$2000/year.Thisamountwouldhavetobeindexlinkedtothepriceofdiesel,sothat
whendieselpriceschange,theCSHApaymentalsochanges,accountingforinflationanddiesel
fluctuations.
6.6
BusinessCaseDescription
BaseCase:ThebasecasescenarioassumedthatallelectricitydemandinTable10(30
kWh/day,10kWpeakpower)wouldbeprovidedbyan18kWdieselgenerator(installedwhile
completingtheenergyefficiencyandpropaneconversionmeasures).
ProposedCase:TheelectricitydemandinTable10isprovidedbytheSolar-Dieselsystem
describedinTable11.
Itisimportanttonotethatthedieselsavingsof$2000/yearrepresentanaveragevalueover
thesystemlifespan.Itisbasedoncurrentdeliverypriceofdiesel,andontheaveragesolar
insolationdataatFortFraser.Seasonswithmorerainandcloudcoverswillnegativelyimpact
thesavings,whiledry/sunnyseasonswillincreasethesavings.Dieselpricefluctuationswillalso
influencethesavings.
AllbusinesscaseassumptionsarelistedinTable12.
6.7
BusinessCaseResults
Thefuel(diesel)savingsalonearenotenoughtomaketheSolar-Dieselsystemeconomical,as
thepaybackis30years(longerthanthelifeoftheequipment).Theproposedhybridsystemis
noteconomicallyviableifcompletelyself-fundedbyNadleh.
21
Nadlehwouldneedtoseekfundingforabout45%oftheinitialcostofthesystem(about
$43,000)tobringthepaybackperiodwithin15yearsandreducethefinancialriskofthe
investment.
TheSolar-DieselSystemwillreduceGHGemissionsbyabout5TonneCO2e/year,orthe
equivalentofonecar.
Table12:Parameters&AssumptiontoEvaluatetheBusinessCaseoftheSolar-Diesel
HybridSystem
Parameters/Assumptions
CapitalCostInvestment
Operations
ReserveOperatingDayPerMonth(day/month)
ReserveOperatingMonthPerYear(month/year)
NbrofHoursofOperationperday
NbrofHoursofOperationperSeason
ElectricityProduction
SolarPV(kWh/day)
DieselGenset(kWh/day)
AdditionalEnergyFeesChargedtoTenant
EnergyCosts-Diesel
DieselCost-Delivered($/L)
DieseltoElectricityCost-18kWDieselGenset($/kWh)
MaintenanceSchedule&ReplacementFees
DieselGenset
MajorServiceCallEstimatedSchedule(hr)
New18kWGensetLifespan(hr)
CostofOilChange&RegularMaintenance($/year)
CostofMajorServiceCallonDieselGenset
Costnewdieselgenset(18kW)
SolarPV,Inverter/charger/controller
Add.CostSystemMaintenanceFeesYear1&2($/year)
Add.CostSystemMaintenanceFeesYear3&After($/year)
Battery
BatteryReplacementCosts(installed)
BatteryReplacementSchedule(year)
FinancialAssumption
InflationRate
$-
$96,000
30.5
7
12
2600
2
400
N/A
30
N/A
23
7
$2,000
1.1
0.40
6,000
30,000
$600
$1,500
$20,500
$400
N/A
N/A
$1,000
$600
N/A
N/A
$14,000
15
1%
BaseCase
Solar-DieselSystem
(ifdifferentfrom
BaseCase)
22
6.7.1
Sensitivity
Asthisprojectisnotbasedonprofitabilitythesensitivityanalysisdoesnotevaluatechangein
returnoninvestment.Insteaditanalysestheimpactofpossiblechangesonthesubsidy
requiredtomaintainthepaybackat15years.Table13lookedatthreeplausiblescenariosthat
couldaffectthepaybackperiodoftheSolar-DieselSysteminvestment.
Table13:SensitivityAnalysis:Minimumsubsidyrequiredtokeeppaybackperiodat15
years(BaseCase:$43,000)
Scenarios
%Change
-5%
+20%
-10%
+10%
-15%
+15%
Solar-DieselSystemCosts:($96,000)
DieselPrice($1.1/L)
NewDieselGeneratorCost($20,500)
%Subsidy
Impact
Subsidy
Required
-14%
+42%
+5%
-7%
-12%
+7%
$37,000
$61,000
$45,000
$40,000
$38,000
$46,000
Solar-DieselSystemCosts:Therangeof-5%and+20%waschosenasthisisapossible
fluctuationduetoexchangerates.Theprojectismostsensitivetothisvariable(10%change
impactscostby21%).Therefore,afirmfixedpricequoteinCanadiandollarsmustbeobtained
beforeproceeding.
DieselPrice:Dieselpricefluctuationshavethesmallestimpactontheproject,(10%change
impactsprojectby6%).Reducingdieselcostsmaketheprojectlessviable,requiringincreased
subsidy.Fromrecentdieselfluctuationswebelievethata+/-10%variationispossible.Though
over15yearsitisonlylikelytoincrease,whichisbeneficialtotheprojecteconomics.
NewDieselGeneratorCost:Thebasecasescenariowillrequireanewgeneratorafter12years.
Generatorpricescanbeexpectedtovary+/-15%fromourestimates.Alowercostworsensthe
casefortheSolar-Dieseloption.A10%changeinpriceaffectsthesubsidyneedsby8%.
Basedonthissensitivityanalysis,werecommendNadlehhave$48,000(50%ofthecost)
securedinsubsidiesorgrantbeforegoingaheadwiththeproject.Oncefundsaresecuredthe
firmfixedpricequoteshouldbesoughtandifnecessary–increasedfunds.
23
Conclusions,Recommendations&NextSteps
Table14summarizesallrecommendedinvestmentsmentionedinthisreport.Weidentified
$153,000ininvestmentfortheOrmondeLakeReserve(dividedinto3parts)toensurethat:
•
•
•
Thebestenergyefficiencyisobtainedfromthefuelconsumed
Mostbuildingsareconnectedtoamicrogrid
ASolar-DieselSystemisinstalledtoprovidereliable24hours’powertothemicrogrid
withlittlenoisegeneration,reduceddieselfuelspillsandfarlessairemissions.
Table14:SummaryofRecommendedInvestments
InvestmentCategories
EnergyEfficiency,DomesticHotWatertoPropaneand
DownsizingtheDieselGeneratorto18kW*
ElectrificationofCabins
Solar-DieselSystem
TotalInvestment
Value
$23,000
$34,000
$96,000
$153,000
*Duetothepropaneconversionproject
Basedontheassumptionsandresultsofthisstudy,werecommendthefollowing:
•
•
•
•
AllenergysavingmeasuresidentifiedinTable5shouldbeimplemented.Astherenteris
isthebeneficiaryofthesavings,thereisagoodcaseforthemtocoverthecostsof
downsizingthediesel.
Nadlehtogoaheadwiththeelectrificationprojectiftheadministrationdesiresto
improvethelevelofserviceforthetenant.
Basedoneconomicalevaluation,wecan’trecommendbuildingtheSolar-DieselSystem
withoutgrantandsubsidies.However,thesystemcouldbebuiltforotherreasons:
o noisereduction
o pollutionreduction
o reducedenvironmentaldamage(spills)
o betterbuildingservices
o 24h/daypower
Nadlehseekfundingtocoveratleast50%ofthecapitalinvestmentofthe$96,000
Solar-DieselSystem(or$48,000)andproceedwiththeprojectaftergrantsaresecured.
Thefollowingnextstepscouldbetaken:
1. EnergyEfficiencyandFuelSwitchingandDownsizingoftheDieselGenerator(SpringSummer2016)
NegotiatewithCSHAtohavethemimplementallremainingenergyefficiencyandfuel
switchingmeasureslistedinTable5,andsimultaneouslyfundthedownsizingofthediesel
generatorto18kW(orcovertheadditionalmaintenancecosts).
24
2. Securefunding&CouncilApproval(Spring&Summer2016)
Seekgranttocoveratleast50%ofthecapitalinvestmentor$48,000.ObtainChiefand
Councilapprovalforconditionalfinancialcommitmenttofundtheremaining50%.
3. Electrificationofcabinsandcreationofmicrogrid(Spring&Summer2016)
ObtainChiefandCouncilapprovalandproceedwithelectrificationproject.
4. TenantCommitment(Afterfundingissecured)
NegotiatewithCSHAtorewritethetenantagreementtoincludeacostforelectricity
savingsandhelpreimburseNadleh’sinvestment.Thetenantwillkeeppayingthe(reduced)
dieselandpropanebills.
5. ProcureServicesandEquipment(Spring-Summer2017)
WorkingwithKohoPower,enterintoagreementstopurchaseandinstalltheSolar-Diesel
Systemandconnectthecabins&bunkhousetocreateasinglemicrogrid.
25
Appendix1–Solar-DieselSystemDetails
Thissystemisbasedonafield-provendesignthatisusedatnumerousremotecommunitysites.This
systemisfabricatedandtestedatthemanufacturer’swarehouse.Itisdeliveredready-to-goonce
offloadedandconnectedelectrically.
Enclosure:
-
-
Enclosureisanew20'seacontainer,withaninsulatedinterior(helpsmoderatetemperatures
andabsorbsound),sheathedwith1/2"GoodOneSideplywoodandpainted.Outsidecolouris
beige;customcolourscanbeobtainedforadditionalcost(communitymembercouldpaintit
withdesigns).
Enclosurehasafulllightingpackagewithmotion-detectinginteriorlights,exteriorlight,plugs
andstorageshelving.
Safetypackageincludinghearingprotection,fireextinguishers,eyeprotectionandwashstation
Alarmsystemtonotifyviabellandstrobeofserioussystemmalfunction.
Externalemergencypoweroffswitchtoinstantlypowerdownthesystem.
Containerissecuredwithtamper-proofsecuritylocks.
InverterSystem:
-
-
-
-
SystembrainistheSchneiderElectricXWInvertersystem.Thisisapremiuminvertersystem
thatoffersmanyfeaturesthataredesiredinremotesites.Specifically,thisinverterhasahigh
surgecapacity,whichallowstheinvertertooperatewithnovisiblelightflickerwhenlargeloads
suchaspumpsorpowertoolsused.Lesserqualityinverterswillhaveanoticeablelightflicker
whenstartinglargeloads.
Twoinvertersof7kWcapacityeachgivesatotalof14kWcontinual,25kWsurgeload.Dual
invertersallowsystemredundancyincaseofasingleunitfailure,canrunononeunitatlower
capacityuntilthedefectisrepaired.
XWInverterhasdualACinputs,allowingforaprimaryandbackupgeneratortobeconnectedto
thesystemwithoutanyneedtoreprogram.Typically,externalplugsareprovidedforthebackup
generatorsoanyportableunitofsufficientcapacity(6kW)canbeused.
XWsystemcomponentsareallintegratedandcommunicatewitheachother.Inverter,solar
controller,generatorcontrolleralltiedintoaneasy-to-usesystemcontrolpanel.
InadditiontotheSystemControlPanel,agraphicaltablet-basedinterfacealsoexiststhatgives
averycleardailygraphofpowerconsumed,generatorhours,solarinput,etc.
RemoteControl
-
ByconnectingthiscontrolsystemtoasuitableInternetconnection,itenablesthesystemto
sendoutstatusreports(daily,weekly,monthly),aswelltoalertonsystemissuesorfaults.
Italsoallowsatechniciantomonitorthesystemandadjustanysettingsremotelywithout
havingtoattendthesite.Thisentiresystemcostislessthanasingleservicecallsomakesgood
economicsense.
26
Batteries&WateringSystem
-
-
Batteriesare2Vindustrialbatteries,40kWhtotalstorage,enclosedinasteelcase,complete
withasinglepointwateringsystem.Thewateringsystemsimplifiesmonthlybattery
maintenance,andmakesitmuchsaferbynothavingtoopenupeachbatteryandcarefullyadd
distilledwater.Thistakesthemonthlymaintenancefromacouplehrstoabout10minutes.
2Vbatteriesareidealforasystemlikethisasthereisonlyonestringofbatteries-24x2Vcells=
48Vsystemvoltage.Thisallowsforthebatteriestobechargedveryevenly,whichresultsin
longerlife.WiththeL16configurationtherewouldbe4parallelstrings,whichischallengingto
maintainallbatteriesatthesamelevelofchargeandtheytendtodeterioratefasterwhennot
properlycharged.
SolarPanels&MountingLocation
-
6kWofpeaksolarpower,foranestimateddailypowerproductionof30-40kWh,dependingon
theintensityofthesunshinefallingonthesolarpanels.
thesesolarmodules(24total)canbelocatedontheroofoftheexistingcookhouse,similarto
existingbutlarger.
DieselGenerator
-
18kWdieselbackupgenerator,withfullautostartandremotediagnosticsinstalled.570L
integratedfueltankinsidethecontainer.
Costofthisnewgenerator$16,500,includinggenerator,fueltank,wiring,installation,etc.To
installthisinthefieldatalatertimewouldestimatecostinganadditional$4,000inlabour,due
tohavingtoinstallinaremotefieldsetting.
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