The Life Science of Creation
Section 2-1
Chemical Compounds in Cells
What’s the difference between:
Studying God’s World (Science)
in the Light of God’s Word (Scripture)
Mr. Galloway
Chapter Two
Cell Processes
& Energy
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Plant Cell (3-D view)
• Cells are the basic building blocks of living
things.
• Cells are made of chemicals (elements
and compounds).
– How can these chemicals live, function, and
reproduce?
– Information (DNA) from an intelligence (God)
makes it possible.
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• Element = any substance that cannot be broken
down into simpler substances.
– Examples are 5O2, or O2, or H2, etc.
– Note each is only one type of letter.
GOOGLE Search plant cell diagrams
• Atom = the smallest unit of an element
Remember the Harvard VIDEO
showing the complexity of molecular
machinery inside a single cell:
• Compound = two or more elements combined
– Examples are one atom of C, or H, or O, etc.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B_zD3NxSsD8
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Four important organic
compounds in living things:
1. Proteins
2. Carbohydrates
3. Lipids
4. Nucleic Acids
• Pile of chemicals that is a ROCK?
• Pile of chemicals that is a ANIMAL?
chemically. (Has 2 or more letters)
– Water - H2O - is a compound made up of H & O.
• Molecule = the smallest unit of most chemicals
– Examples are sugar C6H12O6, water H2O,
oxygenO2, hydrogen H2, etc.
– C6H12O6 and H2O are also compounds. O2 and
H2 are not compounds.
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• Inorganic Compounds = do not contain
the element carbon
• Organic Compounds = contain the
element carbon.
• A SPIRITUAL application about Carbon:
– Carbon can form diamonds (like coal under both high
pressure and heat).
– Pressures in your own life can make you more like
Jesus, if you respond to them with humble obedience
to His will. (Rom 8:28-29)
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1. Proteins
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GOOGLE Search
Protein Examples
• Proteins = large organic compounds
made of (C, H, O, N, and S)
– bird feathers, spider’s webs, your muscles are
made of proteins
– cell membranes, and many organelles are
made of proteins
– proteins are made up of smaller molecules
called Amino Acids.
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Feathers
Muscles
Feathers
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• Amino Acids = the building blocks of
proteins.
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– there are only 20 common amino acids, but
cells can combine them
– in many ways to form thousands of different
proteins.
– they are like the letters in an alphabet, which
form different words
– the kind of and order of amino acids
determine the type of protein
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• How can 20 AA form 100’s of proteins?
– Order
• Why does one metal key work in only one
kind of lock?
– Shape, not the fact it is metal
• Why does only one protein …..?
– Shape based on order of AA
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Enzymes
• Enzymes – are a type of protein that
speed up a chemical reaction.
– Saliva (“spit”) contains enzymes to help
break down food
Metal Key Analogy
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2. Carbohydrates
2. Carbohydrates = energy-rich organic
compounds made of (C, H, O)
– Sugars and starches are examples of
carbohydrates.
– Cell walls of plants are made of
carbohydrates.
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3. Lipids
3. Lipids = fats, oils, & waxes, are also
energy compounds of (C, H, O)
– lipids contain more energy than
carbohydrates.
– cells store energy in lipids for later use, like
cold winters.
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4. Nucleic Acids
– They contain coded instructions that cells need
to form and function.
– Two kinds of nucleic acids:
(plays a role in producing proteins)
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©
Designed Not Accidental
© Sid Galloway 2000
1. DNA = Deoxyribonucleic Acid
(Designed Not Accidental)
(genetic material which directs cell function and is
passed from parent to offspring)
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DNA =
4. Nucleic Acids = very large organic
compounds of (C, H, O, N, P)
2. RNA = Ribonucleic Acid
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Information
Always originates
from
Intelligence
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Fig. 13.2, p. 215
2
Water
– Water makes up two thirds of your body.
– Water is necessary for most chemical
reactions in cells to take place.
– Water helps cells keep their size and shape
(like a water balloon).
– Water changes temperature slowly, so it helps
in homeostasis.
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Snowflakes – Why?
GOOGLE SEARCH
Snowflakes
GOOGLE SEARCH
IMAGES FOR:
Water of Life
• Water and Living Things:
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Wolverine:
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Section 2-2 –
The Cell in Its Environment
made of protons, neutrons, electrons
• Beautiful?
• Art?
• What produces beautiful art? Artist
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•
•
Cell Membrane (Gatekeeper) is
selectively permeable. This means it
lets some substances pass through it
and not others.
Two Kinds of Transport
1. Passive, which does NOT use energy.
2. Active, which does use energy
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Cell Membrane
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Passive Transport
•
•
is the movement of materials through a
cell membrane without using energy.
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Google Search:
Passive cell transport
Two kinds of passive transport:
1. Diffusion – a form of passive transport
without energy
2. Osmosis – water diffusion
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1. Diffusion = process by which molecules tend to move
from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration.
Google: Diffusion Animation
– This is the main method which small molecules move in and out.
– This is how perfume spreads across a room when a bottle is
opened.
– Molecules are always moving, and bump into each other,
pushing each other away until they are spread out evenly.
– Like beach balls bouncing in the hall & through the door.
Diffusion Animation
Click the websites to see animated examples of
diffusion of particles.
•
http://www.biosci.ohiou.edu/introbioslab/Bios170/diffusion/Diffusion.html
•
http://zoology.okstate.edu/zoo_lrc/biol1114/tutorials/Flash/Osmosis_Animation.htm
• * One-celled organisms in pond water need oxygen.
Their cell membrane lets oxygen molecules in easily, so
when there are more oxygen molecules in the fluid
around the cell, these oxygen molecules diffuse from the
area of higher concentration (pond water) to the lower
(inside the cell).
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2. Osmosis = Diffusion of water molecules
through a selectively permeable
membrane. Just like the oxygen
molecules, the water molecules move from
an area of higher concentration to an area
of lower concentration.
– * If cells are in a solution of salt water, where
there is a higher concentration of water
molecules inside the cell than there is outside
the cell, then water will diffuse out of the cell
and the cell will shrink. (See the picture of red
blood cells on p. 58)
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Why are cells so small?
• When a cell gets so big that it cannot get
bad things (wastes) out and good things
(water, nutrients) in to the middle of the
cell, then they must divide.
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• Active Transport = is the movement of
materials through a cell membrane using energy.
The cell must use energy to make the molecules
pass through the membrane and from a lower to
a higher conc. during active transport.
– There are many ways cells move materials by active
transport.
– Transport Proteins pick up molecules carry them
inside or outside.
– Engulfing is another way of active transport.
– The cell membrane surrounds (engulfs) a particle,
then pinches off the engulfed particle and forms a
vacuole around it inside the cell.
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Section 2-3 Photosynthesis
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Google Search:
Active cell transport
images
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Two-Stages of Photosynthesis:
• It’s similar to a Solar Powered Calculator
1. Capturing the sun’s energy.
• Photosynthesis = process by which a cell
captures the energy in sunlight and uses it
to make food. Plants, algae, and some
bacteria use this process.
2. Producing sugars from water and carbon
dioxide (CO2).
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Google Search:
Photosynthesis
images
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Stage 1 of Photosynthesis
1. Capturing the sun’s energy.
– Plant leaves have chloroplasts.
– Chloroplasts are filled with chlorophyll.
– Cholorophyl (a green pigment or colored
chemical) which captures energy from the
sunlight, similar to solar cells.
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Photosynthesis Equation
(Using light energy)
• CO2 + H2O produces Sugar +
O2
• Below is a more complex and detailed
equation, but you do NOT need to know
this one for your quizzes and tests.
+ 6H2O → C6H12O6
• 6CO2
carbon dioxide + water
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“yields
glucose
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Photosynthesis and Life
(Environmental Science)
• Nearly all living things obtain energy from
the sun’s light because of photosynthesis
Stage 2 of Photosynthesis
2. Producing sugars from water and carbon
dioxide (CO2).
• * Water through the roots.
• * CO2 through stomata openings on the
underside of the leaves.
• * Water and CO2 move to the chloroplasts.
• * Complex chemical reactions there, powered by
sunlight produce oxygen (O2) and sugars like
glucose (C6H12O6).
• * Cells then use the energy in the sugars
(carbohydrates) to function.
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LAB Review Animation
Plant Cell Osmosis
– either directly (like plants / autotrophs)
– or indirectly (like heterotrophs).
+ 6O2
+
oxygen
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Spiritual Analogy &
Application:
• Elodea’s common name is “Anacharis” meaning
“increased GRACE / GIFT (charis)” in Greek. Just as
our Creator God gave plants to continually provide lifegiving air (oxygen) to His nephesh (thinking / feeling)
creatures, God has also given us the Holy Spirit as the
source of new, eternal life through the second birth
spiritually when a person is “born-again”. By the way,
the New Testament Greek word for spirit is pneuma,
which means air or wind. Therefore, without the new,
spiritual, second birth, no person can have eternal
life. Jesus said the choice is yours (John 3). The Good
News (Gospel) is that Jesus did all the work necessary
for us, through His sinless life, sacrificial death, and
resurrection. None of our tainted “good” works are of
any value to earn
buy eternal life.
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Section 2-4 Respiration
• The food we eat is broken down into molecules our cells
can use for energy.
• Storing and Releasing Energy:
– Like a bank account, plant and animal cells store energy to use
later.
– The cells later “withdraw” this stored energy when needed.
– Plants use photosynthesis to build and store sugars for energy.
– When the plant cells break these sugars break down, it releases
energy they can use to function.
– Animals cells take and store the sugars eaten and absorbed in
food.
– If animal cells need energy, they break down the stored glucose.
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• Respiration is the process of
“withdrawing” energy from glucose.
– This is also called “cellular respiration”
because it takes place inside the cell.
– It is not the same kind of respiration as
breathing oxygen.
– However, oxygen is needed for cellular
respiration.
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Google Search:
Cell Respiration
The Respiration Equation =
• The respiration equation is the opposite
of the Photosynthesis Equation
– Glucose + oxygen “yields
+ water + energy
Two Stages of Respiration
• Step One – occurs in the cytoplasm, where glucose is
broken down into smaller molecules in the cytoplasm.
– No oxygen is needed in this step.
– It only give a little energy.
carbon dioxide
• Step Two – occurs in the mitochondria, where these
small molecules are broken down even more.
– These reactions require oxygen and release a lot of energy.
– This is why the mitochondria are called “powerhouses”.
– Animals breathe out carbon dioxide and water as products.
– C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
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Comparing
Photosynthesis and Respiration
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• Since these processes are opposite,
they form a cycle that keeps the
levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide
fairly constant in the atmosphere.
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Fermentation
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•
Cells cannot continue to grow bigger and
survive, so they divide in a cycle.
• Cell Cycle = regular sequence of growth
to maturity and then division.
• Three Stages of the Cell Cycle:
1. Interphase
2. Mitosis
3. Cytokinesis
– Some single-celled organisms live where there is no oxygen,
such as deep in the ocean or in swamp mud.
– Fermentation only releases less energy than respiration.
• Alcoholic Fermentation = a type of fermentation by
yeast, which is bakers use to make bread. The process
produces carbon dioxide which makes the bread rise.
• Lactic Acid Fermentation = occurs in your body when
you overwork your muscles and use up your oxygen.
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Section 2-5 Cell Division
Google Search:
• Fermentation is a process providing energy for cells
without using oxygen.
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a. Growth of the cell to mature size
• one copy of the DNA is distributed into
each of two daughter cells.
b. DNA Replication = the doubling or
copying of the DNA
• Four phases of Mitosis:
c. Prepares to divide into two cells.
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Four Stages of Mitosis
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• b. Metaphase – chromosomes line up at center of the cell,
with each chromosome attached to a spindle fiber at its
centromere.
• c. Anaphase – centromeres split and the two chromatids
separate. Each is pulled by its spindle fiber to opposite ends
of the cell.
• d. Telophase –two new nuclear membranes begin to form
around each group of chromosomes at the ends of the cell.
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3. Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis = the cell membrane pinches
in around the middle of the cell, until it
eventually pinches into two daughter cells.
Each new cell has the same number of
chromosomes as the original cell, but only
half the organelles. More organelles grow
later.
– Chromosomes = doubled rods of condensed chromatin with a
centromere at the center holding together each identical rod of a
chromosome. Each rod is called a chromatid.
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– Prophase
– Metaphase
– Anaphase
– Telophase
* Pro met Ana on the Telo -phone
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• a. Prophase – nuclear membrane begins to breakdown as
the chromatin in the nucleus condenses into chromosomes.
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2. Mitosis
1. Interphase
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• DNA Replication: = a process which ensures
that each daughter cell will have all of the
genetic information it needs to carry out its
activities.
• DNA Unzips and the cell reads and copies the
codes inside of the DNA, in order to get
instructions for all of the functions and activities
of the cell.
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Google Search:
– DNA is a Double Helix ladder – with information
codes made from 4 nitrogen bases
– Four Nitrogen Bases = A, T, C, G
(Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine)
– Only A and T link together. (AT)
– Only C and G link together. (CG)
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Google Search
DNA molecule diagrams
Memorize “DNA”
Organic
Molecules are not
enough to
produce life. God
designed DNA
and created
“nephesh”
creatures that can
think and feel.
• Deoxyribonucleic Acid
= Chemical name
• “Designed Not Accidental”
= Mr. Galloway’s reminder that the coded
information has to come from a source of
super intelligence: GOD our Creator.
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Why did God Create Creatures?
• So that His “nephesh” creatures could
receive and share His love with one
another for all eternity
• “Nephesh” is the Old Testament Hebrew
term for “soul” and is used for both
humans and animals.
• Humans are unique, however, because
Scripture says God created (term = “bara”)
man as personally as something new.
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