ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT, ECOSYSTEMS, DEVELOPMENT and LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
Emissions of NOx and CO2 produced by the Mobile Military Vehicles in the
Army of the Czech Republic
HANA GAVENDOVA
Civil Protection Department
University of Defence
Kounicova 65, 662 10 Brno
CZECH REPUBLIC
[email protected] whttp://www.vojenskaskola.cz
Abstrakt: The paper deals with emissions that are produced by military vehicles in the Army of the Czech Republic.
Emissions of nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxides are calculated from fuel consumption of mobile military vehicles
and emission factors according to approved measurements. The monitoring of emission levels in the Army of the
Czech Republic is estimated at the present time and the described method put more precisely estimation of the total
emissions originating from mobile pollution sources in the Czech Republic.
Key-Words: Emissions, Emission Factors, Military Vehicles, European Emission Standard, Fuel Consumption.
-
System for Monitoring of Atmospheric
Deposition,
- Register of Emissions and Air Pollution
sources.
As above mentioned, one of the tools of air
protection by the state is Register of Emissions and Air
Pollution sources [3]. Register among others contain
so-called “other mobile sources”, but the emission
level from this vehicles is till now only estimated. The
followed chapters described way, how to put precisely
estimation of emissions of chosen pollutants
originating from mobile military vehicles.
1 Introduction
Army of the Czech Republic, together with the other
sectors, is concerned in emission balance of mobile
sources, especially by the special military vehicles.
The Czech Army integrated the air not only by the
“classical” vehicles, that are also used in the civil
sector such as passenger cars, lorry transport etc, but
also “special” military vehicles typical for every army,
such as tanks, infantry fighting vehicles, armored
personnel carriers etc.
Vehicles have been powered by internal
combustion engines which operate on fossil fuels, e.g.
gasoline and diesel. The combustion process produces
CO2 and H2O as the main products. Unfortunately,
combustion also produces several by-products which
either originates from incomplete fuel oxidation – CO,
particulate matter - or from the oxidation of noncombustible species present in the combustion
chamber – NOx [1].
The pollution entails a lot of negative effects
causing environmental and human risks and that is the
monitoring is necessary. The monitoring and
measurement of pollutants is steadily developing and
leading up to superior data for air quality assessment
[2].
2.1 Register of Emissions and Air Pollution
sources
For the purpose of air quality monitoring is used
REZZO – Register of Emissions and Air Pollution
sources. Pursuant to the legislation (Lw No. 86/2001)
which came into force in 2002 air pollution sources are
divided into several categories to carry out emission
inventories [4]. Complying with this categorization,
the Air Quality Information System (ISKO) operated
by CHMI (Czech Hydrometeorological Institute)
includes REZZO database which serve for archiving
and presenting data on stationary and mobile air
pollution sources. The REZZO serves for the national
emission inventory and the emission sources are
divided into four categories (table 1) for which
individual REZZO 1-4 databases have been introduced
[5].
Extra large, large and medium-sized air pollution
sources are monitored individually as point sources,
small sources at regional and local level as area
sources and mobile sources as line sources (road
2 Emissions Monitoring
For the purpose of air quality monitoring, the
following tools are used in the Czech Republic:
- Emission level account from the air pollution
source,
- Imission Monitoring Stations,
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transport in sections controlled by vehicle census) and
as area sources at regional level (other mobile sources)
[6], [7].
Inventories of emissions from mobile sources are
processed by the Transport Research Centre (CDV)
Brno (road and other transport) and VÚZT Prague
(agricultural and forestry vehicles) based on the
reported statistical data (Czech Statistical Office) and
the respective emission factors [8].
Information on emissions of pollutants obtained
from REZZO 4 sources include road, railway, inland
water and air transport and, since 1996, also
information on emissions from mobile sources of
agricultural and forest machinery prepared by VÚZT
in Prague [9], [10]. The emission balance of so-called
other mobile sources containing building machine,
internal transport and military vehicles are only
estimated [11].
From the time of commencement REZZO is
completed by sources categories and the groups are
more detailed. The significant changes have passed in
declaration of basic pollutants. First, the solids
pollutants, SO2, NOx, CO, VOC, NH3 were monitored.
In the present time, further pollutants such as heavy
metals, persistent organic substances and specific
fraction of solids pollutants (PM10 and PM2,5) are
monitored [12].
Till now, the emissions from military vehicles are
not monitored, and thank to the suggested method is
possible to calculate the emission level.
Tab. 1: Sources according to the Register of Emissions and Air Pollution sources
Source type
stationary
source
mobile source
Pollution Source
Type
extra large sources - REZZO 1
large sources - REZZO 1
medium-sized sources - REZZO 2
small sources - REZZO 3
mobile sources - REZZO 4
2.2 Methodology MESED and
emission standards
point
point
point
surface
line
50 MW and higher
5 – 50 MW
0,2 – 5 MW
less than 0,2 MW
-
Method of
recording
individually
collectively
emissions of new vehicles that are sold in EU member
states. The EES are defined in a series of European
Union directives staging the progressive introduction
of increasingly stringent standards.
The competent and regulation organ in the area of
emission regulation is Motor Vehicle Emission Group
(MVEG). MVEG is a working group under the
auspices of the European Commission, DirectorateGeneral Enterprise Unit Automobile Industry. The
objectives of the MVED are especially completing,
adapting and simplifying the Internal Market
regulatory framework, promoting globalization of the
technical regulatory framework through the United
Nation [14].
The regulations are labeled EURO + the number of
revision. The EURO 1 – EURO 6 mentioned emission
limits for given type of vehicles. The EES regulate
emissions of nitrogen oxide (NOx), hydrocarbons
(HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter
(PM) for most vehicle type, including cars, lorries,
trains, tractors and similar machinery, but excluding
seagoing ships and airplanes. [15].
European
The method works with categories and emission
factors from the methodology MESED (Methodology
of determination of air polluting emissions from
transport). MESED was elaborated by Transport
research Centre in Brno and it is used for calculation
of regional and local emission level in the Czech
Republic [13]. For distribution of the vehicles into
categories are used these criteria:
- accomplishment of EURO standard,
- vehicles type,
- used fuel.
After 1992, Euro-related standards became
mandatory in all European member states and a new
type-approval test was introduces: EURO1-Euro6. At
the present time, the EURO5 is valid. The time
schedule of European Emission standard and year
when they came or will come into force is described
for passenger cars, commercial vehicles, lorries and
buses in table 2.
The European Union defines in European emission
standards (EES) the acceptable limits for exhaust
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Heat input/output
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ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT, ECOSYSTEMS, DEVELOPMENT and LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
Table 2: Time schedule of European Emission Standard
EURO Regulation
EURO 1
EURO 2
EURO 3
EURO 4
EURO 5
EURO 6
Passenger cars
1992 (1.7.)
1996
2000
2005
Commercial vehicles
1994
1998
2002
2006
2009 (1.9.)
2014 (1.9.)
The methodology MESED is based on distribution
of vehicles into 17 categories, for the Army of the
Czech Republic, are relevant 12 of them (table 3).
The categories have attached emission factors
according to available measurements and are put in
g.kg-1 of fuel. The emission factors are reviewed with
a help of special tests at most used Czech and foreign
cars.
Lorries and buses
1992
1996
2000
2005
In the table 3 there are described categories of the
military vehicles and their labeling. Every category
contains emission factor of CO, NOX, CO2 and other
pollutants according to available measurement. The
emission factors for chosen pollutants are contented in
the table 2. Emission factors are put in g.kg-1 of fuel.
The emissions factors are reviewed with a help of
special tests at the most used Czech and foreign cars.
Table 3: Emissions factors for chosen pollutants
No.
Labeling
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
A
B11
B12
B13
B21
B22
B23
C11
C12
C13
D11
D12
Description of category
Motorcyclist
Petrol passenger and light duty vehicles, conventional
Petrol passenger and light duty vehicles, EURO 1 or EURO 2
Petrol passenger and light duty vehicles, EURO 3 and higher
Diesel passenger and light duty vehicles, conventional
Diesel passenger and light duty vehicles, EURO 1 or EURO 2
Diesel passenger and light duty vehicles, EURO 3 and higher
Diesel heavy duty vehicles, conventional or EURO 0
Diesel heavy duty vehicles, EURO 1 or EURO 2
Diesel heavy duty vehicles, EURO 3 and higher
Buses EURO 2 a older
Buses EURO 3 a newer
3 Emissions of NOx and CO2 from Czech
Army Vehicles
s k.
In the Army of the Czech Republic there is the
computation of fuel computation monitored with the
help of Logistics Informational System (LIS) which
serves for planning of operations, maintenance and
repairs of vehicles. Thank to LIS is possible to
monitored the fuel consumption of every vehicle and
eventually for every category. The total emissions are
calculated according to formula 1.
E 
z
12
s
k 1
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k
. b .Ef
z
k
k
ρb
Efzk
Ez
Emission
f actors
[g.kg - 1 ]
NOx
CO2
36,89
3183
45,09
3183
3,21
3183
1,07
3183
18,24
3183
8,49
3138
4,25
3138
93,39
3138
18,47
3138
10,26
3138
35,41
3138
11,34
3138
Fuel consumption for vehicle of the
category k [dm3],
Number
of
categories
of
military
vehicles,
Fuel density b [g.dm-3],
Emission factor for chosen pollutant z
[g.kg-1],
Total emission pollutant z from chosen
military vehicles [g.rok-1].
Whereas b, k Є N, where N is the symbol for the set of
natural numbers and s,ρ < 0;∞) [2].
(1)
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ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT, ECOSYSTEMS, DEVELOPMENT and LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
3.1 Calculation of fuel consumption
Total
According to the formula (1) were acquired the total
emissions. First, the calculation of fuel consumption
for year 2005, 2006 and 2007 was performed. The
values are illustrated in the table 4. From the table 4 is
it evident that the largest fuel consumption was in year
2007, concretely 9,4.103 tone of fuel. The most high
consumption was in categories B21 - Diesel passenger
and light duty vehicles, conventional and C11 - Diesel
heavy duty vehicles, conventional or EURO 0.
274,7
300,1
From the table 5 it is apparent that maximum
emission of carbon monoxide was in year 2007. For all
periods, the largest quantity of CO was produced by
category C11 - Diesel heavy duty vehicles,
conventional or EURO 0. It is the category where the
highest emission factor for pollutant CO is.
3.3 Emissions of CO2
Further, from the fuel computation were calculated
total emissions of CO2. In the table 6, there are the
total emissions for every category and the total
emissions for year 2005, 2006 and 2007.
Table 4: Fuel consumption for categories of vehicles
in particulate years
Fuel consumption in particulate
years [t]
Cat.
2006
2007
2 007
A
10,3
52,9
11,0
B11
425,4
494,2
30,8
B12
836,1
641,9
581,1
B13
589,6
754,0
947,7
B21
1289,4 1336,5
2192,7
B22
565,9
442,8
339,4
B23
414,7
963,7
1113,9
C11
1775,7 1949,2
2108,8
C12
423,1
480,4
487,5
C13
709,4
755,6
660,8
D11
737,6
425,4
559,7
D12
131,6
121,4
105,8
Total
7908,8
8417,9
9409,9
Table 6: Total emission of carbon dioxide
Emissions of CO2 in chosen years [t]
Cat.
2005
2 006
2 007
A
33
168
35
B11
1 517
1 572
1 075
B12
2 91
2 043
2 071
B13
2 458
2 400
3 378
B21
4 104
4 254
6 979
B22
1 801
1 409
1 080
B23
2 350
3 024
3 495
C11
5 660
6 214
6 722
C12
1 348
1 531
1 553
C13
2 226
2 370
2 073
D11
2 314
1 334
1 756
D12
413
381
331
Total
24515
26700
30548
The maximum emissions of CO2 was in year 2007
and the largest quantity of CO2 was produced by
category B21 Diesel passenger and light duty vehicles,
conventional and the second highest were emission of
CO2 in category C11 - Diesel heavy duty vehicles,
conventional or EURO 0 in year 2007. The maximum
emissions of CO2 in year 2005 and 2006 were in
category C11 - Diesel heavy duty vehicles,
conventional or EURO 0. They are the categories
where the highest emissions factors for pollutant CO
and the highest fuel consumption are.
3.2 Emissions of NOx
From the fuel computation were calculated total
emissions of NOx for every category of military
vehicles. In the table 5, there are the total emissions
for every category and the total emissions for year
2005, 2006 and 2007.
Table 5: Total emission of nitrogen oxide
Emission of NOx in chosen years [t]
Cat.
2005
2 006
2 007
A
0,4
2
0,4
B11
21,5
22,3
15,2
B12
3
2,1
2,1
B13
0,8
0,8
1,1
B21
23,5
24,4
40
B22
4,8
3,8
2,9
B23
1,8
4,1
4,7
C11
165,8
182
196,9
C12
7,8
8,9
9
C13
7,3
7,8
6,8
D11
26,1
15,1
19,8
D12
1,5
1,4
1,2
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4 Conclusions
On the ground of continually increasing amount
pollutant presenting in the air, it is necessary to solve
problems of air pollution also for the sources which
are not monitored at the present time. Among these
sources belong military vehicles especially vehicles
such as tank, infantry fighting vehicles or armored
personnel carriers.
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For the calculation of emission level were used
emission factors according to the MESED
methodology developed by Transport Research Centre
in Brno and data from Information Logistic System,
where the fuel computation monitored is.
In the paper there was presented method for the
calculation of emissions of chosen pollutants - NOx
and CO2 - that serves for Register of Emissions and
Air Pollution sources, mobile sources REZZO 4. The
calculation emission of military vehicles, so-called
“other mobile sources”, put more precisely estimation
of the total emissions produced Czech Army that were
up to this day only estimated.
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