ESM Table 1 ul. Pszenna (P); description of sediments, local pollen assemblage zones (LPAZ), non-pollen
palynomorph zones (NPPZ), macrofossil assemblage zones (MAZ) and geochemical zones (GchZ)
Stratigraphic units
Depth (cm)
Sediment description according to the Troels-Smith system (1955)
1
0-87
2
3
87-113
113-143
4
143-169
5
169-182
6
182-213
Dark brown cultural layer (levelling) with fragments of wood, stones, bricks and
gravel
Dark brown matted straw with fragments of bricks and wood
Dark brown herbaceous peat with traces of fine sand, and fragments of wood; Th24
Gmin++ Dl++, nig. 4, strf. 0, elas. 2, sicc. 3, humo. 2, lim. Sup. 0
Light brown herbaceous peat with small proportion of silt in the bottom part; Th 24
asag++, nig. 3, strf. 0, elas. 2, sicc. 3, humo. 2, lim. Sup. 0
Dark-grey silt with traces of detritus gyttja and fine sand; asag4 Dh+++, nig. 2, elas.
1, sicc. 3, strf. 0, lim. Sup. 0
Light grey silt with small admixture of fine sand; asag4 Gmin++, nig. 2, elas. 0,
sicc. 3, strf. 0, lim. Sup. 0
LPAZ
Depth (cm)
Age
Description of local pollen assemblage zones
P-1
Alnus-QuercusPinus
212-182
P-2
Alnus-CarpinusQuercus
182-143
P-3
Pinus-PoaceaeFilicales
143-113
P-4
Poaceae-Cerealia
113-50
High values of Alnus (40 %), Quercus (max. 10.5 %) and Pinus (32 %); high pollen
proportion of Betula (15.5 %); herb pollen in low frequencies; meadow and
pasture taxa are the best represented among NAP; cereals and ruderal weeds are
present; Cyperaceae pollen and Filicales spores appear regularly; high frequency
of aquatic sporomorphs and algal remains
Limit: increase of Carpinus
Max. values of Alnus (48 %) and Carpinus (12 %); still high pollen proportion of
Quercus (9.8 %); lower representation of Pinus; meadow and pasture taxa in high
proportion among herbs; small proportion of cereals; continuous curve of
Artemisia; Cyperaceae pollen and Filicales spores occur numerously; higher
frequency of aquatic sporomorphs and algal remains
Limit: decline of Alnus, Carpinus and Quercus, increase of Pinus (hiatus at the
depth of c. 143 cm)
High concentration and percentage values of Pinus (72); pollen frequency and
concentration of other trees, except Betula and Quercus, is low; decline of Alnus
curve; rise of Poaceae (24); continuous curve of Secale cereale appears; high
proportion of Filicales spores and Cyperaceae pollen; lower representation of
aquatic taxa and algal remains; spores of coprophilous fungi appear regularly
Limit: Pinus decline, increase of human indicators
NAP pollen dominates; pollen frequency and concentration of trees is low; max.
values of Poaceae (62 %); rise of Ranunculus acris-t., Plantago lanceolata and
Trifolium repens; high proportion of cultivated plants (Secale cereale, Triticum-t.,
Hordeum-t., Fagopyrum, Vicia faba); field and ruderal weeds frequency and
diversity increase; decline of Cyperaceae and Filicales curves; Trichuris and
Ascaris ova are present
5th c.
481 ADca. 9th c.
881 AD-13th c.
13-15th c.
NPPZ
Depth (cm)
Age
Description of non-pollen palynomorph zones
P-a
NymphaeaceaePediastrum
kawraiskyi
212-182
P-b
NymphaeaceaePediastrum
kawraiskyiGloeotrichia
P-c
ConiochaetaSordariaCercophora
182-143
P-d
ChaetomiumSporormiella
113-50
High frequency of Nymphaeaceae sclereids; Ceratophyllum hairs are present;
Pediastrum remains are the best represented among algae; high frequency of P.
kawraiskyi and P. boryanum var. pseudoglabrum; low values of Gloeotrichia;
spores of coprophilous fungi Sporormiella and Sordaria-t. appear
Limit: increase of Pediastrum
Nymphaeaceae sclereids and Ceratophyllum hairs in high frequency; high values of
Pediastrum kawraiskyi; higher proportion of Gloeotrichia; continuous curve of
Spirogyra; coprophilous fungal spores Sporormiella and Sordaria-t. are better
represented
Limit: decrease of algae (hiatus at the depth of c. 143 cm)
Spores of coprophilous fungi (Coniochaeta cf. ligniaria, Cercophora sp.,
Podospora-t., Sporormiella and Sordaria-t.) appear regularly; significant
decrease of algae; Pediastrum kawraiskyi is the best represented among green
algae; Ascaris ova are present
Limit: decrease of Coniochaeta cf. ligniaria and Cercophora sp.
Algal remains occur occasionally; high frequency of coprophilous fungi
Sporormiella, Sordaria-t.; Chaetomium sp. Occur numerously; Trichuris and
Ascaris ova are present
5th c.
481 ADCa. 9th c.
143-113
881 AD
-13th c.
13-15th c.
MAZ
Depth (cm)
Age
Description of macrofossil assemblage zones
P-I
OstracodaDaphnia-Alnus
212-182
High content of aquatic taxa remains; the highest frequency of Ostracoda; Daphnia
and Spongiae occur regularly; diaspores of macrophytes (Potamogeton lucens, P.
alpinus, P. perfoliatus, Nymphaea alba, Nuphar lutea) are numerously present;
high proportion of Alnus and other taxa from wetlands and riverine habitats; other
plants in low proportion
Upper limit: rise of Salvinia natans and Stratiotes aloides
P-II
Salvinia natansStratiotes
aloides-Alnus
182-142
P-III
A - Carex distans
5th c.
481 ADCa. 9th c.
142-130
B- Ranunculus
130-110
sceleratusSchoenoplectus 881 AD
tabernaemontani -13th c.
The highest frequency of Salvinia natans and Stratiotes aloides; diaspores of other
macrophytes appear regularly; Alnus glutinosa occur numerously; max.
proportion of Spongiae; representation of Typha sp. and Alisma plantagoaquatica rises; Carex diaspores in higher frequency; taxa typical of meadows and
pastures appear
Upper limit: decline of Salvinia natans and Stratiotes aloides (hiatus at a depth of c.
143 cm)
Subzone a: diaspores of taxa from wet habitats (C. distans C. acutiformis, C. elata)
are very frequent; aquatics in lower proportion
Subzone b: high frequency of R. sceleratus and S. tabernaemontani; representation
of taxa typical of meadows and pastures (Ranunculus acris, Prunella vulgaris)
rises; lower proportion of Carex
Upper limit: decrease of Ranunculus sceleratus
P-IV
110-83
Juncus articulatusChenopodium
13-15th c.
Diaspores of Chenopodium album and Juncus articulatus occur regularly; remains
of Humulus lupulus and Sinapis arvensis in high frequency; higher representation
of ruderal and field weeds (Polygonum lapathifolium, Stellaria media, Fallopia
convonvulus, Agrostemma githago) as well as cultivated plants; absence of
aquatic taxa; taxa from wetlands still present
Gchz
Depth (cm)
Age
Description of geochemical zones
Psz-A1
213-182
5th c.
High proportion of mineral matter; low values of sodium and calcium; low
proportion of sulphur, nitrogen and carbon; higher proportion of phosphorus; low
values of Fe/Ca and Fe/Mn ratio; upper limit: increase of phosphorus
Psz-A2
182-169
5th c.
Decrease of mineral matter; higher proportion of phosphorus; increase of
lithophilous components eg. Potassium; rise of Fe/Ca ratio; upper limit: increase
of sulphur
Psz-A3
169-144
5 - ca. 9th c.
A further decline of mineral matter; increase of sulphur and iron; decrease of
manganese and phosphorus; higher values of Fe/Ca and Fe/Mn ratio; upper limit:
decrease of Fe/Ca and Fe/Mn ratio (hiatus at the depth of c. 143 cm)
Psz-B
144-113
881 AD - 13th c.
Lower proportion of mineral mater; decrease of potassium, sulphur and iron, rise of
nitrogen, carbon, calcium and manganese; gradual increase of phosphorus; lower
values of Fe/Ca and Fe/Mn ratio; upper limit: rise of heavy metals
Psz-C
113-83
13-15th c.
Higher proportion of mineral matter; significant increase of phosphorus and heavy
metals (lead, copper and zinc); higher proportion of manganese; very low
proportion of sulphur; low values of Fe/Ca and Fe/Mn ratio
ESM Table 2 ul. Żytnia (Z); description of sediments, local pollen assemblage zones (LPAZ), non-pollen
palynomorph zones (NPPZ) and macrofossil assemblage zones (MAZ)
Stratigraphic units
Depth (cm)
Sediment description according to the Troels-Smith system (1955)
Cultural layer with gravel and fragments of bricks
1
0-22
Dark-grey sand with admixture of silt, traces of coarse detritus and gravel,
fragments of wood and bricks; Gmin3 asag1 Gmaj+ Dh+, nig. 3, strf. 0, elas. 0,
sicc. 3, lim. sup. 0, (2,5Y 4/1)
2
22-39
Dark-brown peat with small proportion of fine detritus gyttja; Th 3 4 Ld+, nig. 3, strf.
0, elas. 2, sicc. 3, humo. 3, lim. sup. 0, (5Y 2,5/2)
Dark-brown peat with traces of silt; Th2 4 asag+ Dh+++, nig. 3, strf. 0, elas. 2, sicc.
3, humo. 2, lim. sup. 0, (2,5Y 2,5/1)
Dark-brown peat with small admixture of silt; Th2 4 asag++, nig. 4, strf. 0, elas. 2,
sicc. 3, humo. 2, (5Y 2,5/2)
3
39-50
4
60-68
5
68-110
Dark-grey silt with traces of fine sand; asag4 Gmin++, nig. 3, strf. 0, elas. 0, sicc. 3,
lim. sup. 0, (2,5Y 4/1)
LPAZ
Depth (cm)
Age
Description of local pollen assemblage zones
Z-1
Alnus-CarpinusQuercus
109-61
Z-2
Pinus-PoaceaeFilicales
49-22
Z-3
Poaceae-Cerealia
22-1
Max. values of Alnus (51 %); Carpinus pollen attains 9.6 %, Quercus 10.7 %; high
pollen proportion of Betula and Pinus; low values of human indicators; only
Poaceae, Artemisia and Ranunculus acris-t. are better represented; high
proportion of aquatic and wetland taxa
Technical gap
Pinus attains the highest concentration and percentage values (64 %); among other
trees only Betula, Alnus and Quercus are better represented; higher proportion of
Poaceae (31 %); rise of cereals and ruderal weeds; Filicales spores and
Cyperaceae pollen in high frequency; decreasing representation of aquatic
sporomorphs and algal remains; higher proportion and concentration of
coprophilous fungal spores
Upper limit: Pinus decline and rise of human indicators
Poaceae reaches 53 %; higher proportion of Plantago laceolata, Ranunculus acrist., Trifolium repens; pollen curves of cultivated plants are rising; weed frequency
and diversity increase; lower concentration and proportion of Pinus (23.5 %) and
other trees; decrease of Filicales and Cyperaceae; aquatic remains occur
occasionally; spores of coprophilous fungi still present
6–9th c.
937-1353 AD
14th c.
NPPZ
Depth (cm)
Age
Description of non-pollen palynomorph zones
Z-a
NymphaeaceaePediastrum
kawraiskyiGloeotrichia
109-61
High frequency of Nymphaeaceae sclereids especially in the bottom part of zone;
regular presence of Ceratophyllum hairs; high values of Pediastrum kawraiskyi,
P. boryanum var. pseudoglabrum and P. boryanum var. boryanum; peak of
Gloeotrichia in the middle part of zone; coprophilous fungal spores Sordaria-t.,
Coniochaeta cf. ligniaria and Cercophora sp. are present in low proportion
Technical gap
Spores of coprophilous fungi (Coniochaeta cf. ligniaria, Sordaria-t., Cercophora
sp., Sporormiella and Apiosordaria) appear in high frequency; decreasing
representation of algae; single Nymphaeaceae sclereids; Ascaris and Trichuris
ova are present
Limit: decrease of Sordaria-t., increase of Chaetomium sp.
High frequency of Chaetomium sp. spores; Sordaria-t. in lower frequency;
Pediastrum kawraiskyi, P. boryanum var. pseudoglabrum occur occasionally;
Ascaris ova are present
6–9th c.
Z-b
49-22
Coniochaeta-SordariaCercophora
937-1353 AD
Z-c
Chaetomium
22-1
14th c.
MAZ
Depth (cm)
Age
Description of macrofossil assemblage zones
Z-I
Salvinia natansStratiotes aloidesAlnus
110-60
Aquatics in high proportion; among plants Salvinia natans, Stratiotes aloides,
Batrachium sp. dominate; Nymphaea alba, Nuphar lutea, Potamogeton natans in
lower frequency; Spongiae, Daphnia and Turbellaria occur numerously; high
numbers of Alnus glutinosa, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Typha sp. and Carex (C.
distans, C. pseudocyperus, C. flacca)
Technical gap
6–9th c.
Z-II
A-Carex distansLythrum salicaria
50-39
B-Ranunculus
sceleratus
39-22
937-1353 AD
Z-III
Juncus articulatusChenopodium
22-0
14th c.
Subzone a: Carex (C. distans, C. flacca, C. acutiformis) and Lythrum salicaria are
the best represented; other taxa typical of wet habitats in lower frequency; single
megaspore of Salvinia natans, absence of other aquatic plants; remains of aquatic
animals (Daphnia, Spongiae, Turbellaria, Hirudinea) are present throughout the
zone
Subzone b: increase of Ranunculus sceleratus and Juncus articulatus, Carex in
lower frequency; absence of aquatic plants; animal taxa remains in lower
proportion
Upper limit: decrease of Ranunculus sceleratus, increase of Juncus articulatus
High proportion of Juncus articulatus and J. filiformis; increase of Chenopodium
polyspermum; diaspores of dry grassland taxa (Rumex acetosella, Hypericum
perforatum, Origanum vulgare) occur in higher proportion; regular occurrence of
ruderal and field weeds, as well as cultivated plants; diaspores of Lemna trisulca
and remains of Spongiae and Turbellaria are present; re-growth of Ranunculus
sceleratus in uppermost sample
ESM Table 3 ul. Jaglana (J); description of sediments, local pollen assemblage zones (LPAZ), non-pollen
palynomorph zones (NPPZ) and macrofossil assemblage zones (MAZ)
Stratigraphic units
Depth (cm)
Sediment description according to the Troels-Smith system (1955)
1
0-55
2
55-77
3
87-112
Dark-brown organic cultural layer with admixture of sand, gravel, wood and
fragments of bricks in the upper part of the layer
Dark-grey silt with small proportion of sand
Asag 4 Gmin++, nig. 2, elas. 0, sicc. 3, strf. 0, lim. Sup. 0, (5Y 5/1-3/1)
Dark-grey silt with admixture of coarse detritus and fine sand
Asag3 Dh1, nig. 3, elas. 1, sicc. 3, strf. 0, lim. Sup. 0 (5Y 4/1-5/2)
LPAZ
Depth (cm)
Age
Description of local pollen assemblage zones
J-1
Alnus- CarpinusQuercus
111-55
J-2
Pinus-PoaceaeFilicales
55-18
J-3
Poaceae-Cerealia
18-0
Alnus attains max. values (49.5 %); high pollen proportion of Carpinus (8.5 %) and
Quercus (8.8 %); high frequency of Betula and Pinus; Poaceae are the best
represented among NAP; single pollen grains of cereals; aquatic taxa and algal
remains are present
Upper limit: rise of Poaceae (technical gap at the depth 77-87 cm; hiatus at a depth
of c. 55 cm)
Max. concentration of Pinus (23 %); high values of Alnus (33.5 %) in the bottom
part of zone; gradual decline of tree curves; herb pollen in higher frequencies;
meadow and pasture taxa are important; Poaceae attains 22 %; sporomorphs of
aquatic taxa are still present; rise of Filicales and Cyperaceae; spores of
coprophilous fungi occur regularly
Upper limit: Alnus and Pinus decline, cereals increase
Low concentration and proportion of tree taxa; rise of cultivated plants (Triticum-t.,
Hordeum-t., Secale cereale, Avena-t., Fagopyrum, Vicia faba) and weeds; higher
proportion of meadow and pasture taxa; max. concentration of Poaceae (42 %);
wetland sporomorphs in lower proportion; only few aquatic remains; Trichuris ova
and spores of coprophilous fungi are present
7th c.
15th c.
16th c.
NPPZ
Depth (cm)
Age
Description of non-pollen palynomorph zones
J-a
NymphaeaceaePediastrum
kawraiskyiGloeotrichia
111-55
J-b
SordariaSporormiellaChaetomium
55-15
J-c
SordariaSporormiella-
15-0
High frequency of Nymphaeaceae sclereids; regular presence of Ceratophyllum
hairs; Pediastrum kawraiskyi, P. boryanum var. pseudoglabrum and P. boryanum
var. boryanum are the best represented among green algae; rise of Gloeotrichia in
the upper part of zone; coprophilous fungal spores Sordaria-t., Coniochaeta cf.
ligniaria and Cercophora sp. are present in low proportion
Upper limit: decline of Pediastrum, increase of Sordaria-t. (technical gap at the
depth 77-87 cm; hiatus at the depth of c. 55 cm)
Spores of coprophilous fungi (Sordaria-t., Sporormiella) appear in high frequency;
Cercophora sp. and Podospora-t. in lower proportion; Chaetomium sp. is well
represented; Nymphaeaceae sclereids and Pediastrum occur regularly, high
proportion of Spirogyra in the bottom part of zone; single Trichuris ovum is present
Limit: decrease of Sordaria-t. and Pediastrum
Sordaria-t. and Sporormiella are the best represented among coprophilous fungi;
absence of Pediastrum and Nymphaeaceae; Trichuris ova are present
MAZ
Depth (cm)
Age
Description of macrofossil assemblage zones
J-I
Salvinia natans-Alnus
112-55
Aquatics in high proportion; among plants Salvinia natans and Batrachium sp.
dominate; Nymphaea alba, Nuphar lutea, Potamogeton obtusifolius in lower
frequency; Spongiae, Piscicola geometra and Turbellaria occur numerously; high
numbers of Typha sp. and Juncus articulatus; among taxa typical of wet habitats
Alnus glutinosa, Ranunculus sceleratus, Lycopus europaeus and Mentha aquatica
are very frequent; other plant taxa in low frequency
Upper limit: increase of Chenopodium album, Alnus glutinosa decline (technical
gap at the depth 77-87 cm; hiatus at the depth of c. 55 cm)
High numbers of taxa typical of wet habitats (Juncus articulatus, Chenopodium
glaucum, Ranunculus sceleratus, Bidens cernua, Typha sp.); higher proportion of
meadow taxa as well as weeds and cultivated plants; dry grassland taxa (Rumex
acetosella, Arenaria serpyllifolia, Potentilla argentea, Hypericum perforatum) rises
in the upper part of zone; still high frequency of aquatic plants; Turbellaria,
Daphnia and Ostracoda remains occur numerously
7th c.
15th c.
16th c.
7th c.
J-II
Juncus articulatusChenopodiumRanunculus sceleratus
55-0
15-16th c.