Cell Diversity and Cell Parts
Essential Standard
Bio..1.1 Understand the relationship between the structures and
functions of cells and their organelles.
Cell Diversity
• Human body contains over 200 different types
of cells
• Size – cells are limited in size by ratio between
surface area and volume
• Cells grow larger, more nutrient demand
• Shape – cells shape reflects diversity of
different functions
Cell Types
• Prokaryotic Cells – “before nucleus”
• Unicellular
• Contains cell membrane, ribosomes, circular DNA (plasmids).
• No nucleus or membrane bound organelles
• Ex. Bacteria
Cell Types
• Eukaryotic Cells – “good nucleus”
• Unicellular or Multicellular
• Contains cell membrane and membrane bound organelles
• Has nucleus – contains DNA
• Ex. Plants, Animals, Protists, Fungi
Cell Parts
• Organelle – cell part that performs vital functions for the cell
• Some are membrane-bound
• All Cells have
• Cytoplasm – fluid that keeps organelles in place
• Cytosol
• Cell membrane
• Ribosomes
• DNA
Cell Membrane
• Semipermeable membrane
• Composed of phospholipid bilayer
• Polar phosphate head (hydrophilic)
• 2 nonpolar, fatty acid tails (hydrophobic)
• Fluid Mosaic Model
• Membrane Proteins
• Peripheral Proteins
• Integral Proteins
• Carbohydrates
• Steroids
Mitochondria
• Powerhouse of the cell; produces ATP (energy)
• Has double membrane
• More cristae (inner membrane folds) = more ATP production
• Has DNA
Ribosomes
• Protein Production
• Has no membrane
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
• Rough ER – studded with
ribosomes; prepares proteins for
export
• Has membrane
• Smooth ER – synthesizes steroids,
regulates calcium levels, and breaks
down toxins
• Has membrane
Golgi Apparatus
• Processes and packages substances produced by cell
• Vesicles
• Has membrane
Lysosome
• Digests molecules, old organelles, and foreign substances
• Contains enzymes
• Has membrane
Cytoskeleton
• Network of long protein strands in cytosol; support movement and
division
• Made up of microfilaments and microtubules
• Has no membrane
Cilia, Flagella, and Pseudopods
• Cilia – hair-like extensions that aids in movement and feeding
• Flagella – long, whip-like tail that propels cell through environment
• Pseudopods – cytoplasmic extensions that aid in movement and
capturing food
Nucleus
• Stores DNA, manufactures ribosomes and RNA
• Nucleolus – where ribosomes are synthesized
• Has nuclear envelope = double membrane
Cell Wall
• Supports the structure of and protects the cell
• Made of carbohydrates
Vacuole
• Central Vacuole – in plant cells; stores
water
• Food Vacuole – in animal cells; stores
food and waste
• Contractile Vacuole – in animal cells;
maintains water balance
Plastids
• Stores food or pigments
• Chloroplasts – transfers light energy into organic compounds
• Thylakoids –within chloroplasts and stores chlorophyll
• Double membrane