Change Over
Time
Chapter 15
Religious versions on the origin of life
• Judeo-Christian: Bible - Creation – God –
Yahweh- Creator of the universe and all in it
• Hindu: Bhagavad Gita. Brahma Creator of the
universes, human beings and all life.
• Muslim: Quran – Allah - Allah Creates what He
wills: for sure Allah has Power over all things.
EVOLUTION
15.1 The Puzzle of Life’s diversity
1. What is Evolution
– Change over time
– how modern
organisms have
descended from
ancient organisms
2. It is a scientific theory
because:
– It is a well-supported
testable explanation of
phenomena that have
occurred in the natural
world.
Change Over
Time
Chapter 15
EVOLUTION
15.1 The Puzzle of Life’s diversity
• What is Evolution
– Change over time
– how modern
organisms have
descended from
ancient organisms
• It is a scientific theory
because:
– It is a well-supported
testable explanation of
phenomena that have
occurred in the natural
world.
Darwin’s Voyage of the Beagle
The Galapagos Islands
What was Charles Darwin's contribution
to science?
1.
During his travels, Darwin
made numerous
observations:
a. plants and animals were
well suited to their
environments
b. The characteristics of
animals and plants varied
noticeably from island to
island
c. he wondered if animals
living on different islands
had once been members of
the same species
What was Charles Darwin's contribution
to science?
2. He collected evidence:
the preserved remains
of ancient organisms,
called fossils.
What was Charles Darwin's contribution
to science?
3. He proposed a
hypothesis about the
way life changes over
time.
• That hypothesis is the
Theory of Evolution.
Common Descent
from a common ancestor
15.1 HOT Questions
1. Define Evolution.
2. Explain why Evolution is a theory.
3. Using the map on p. 369, sequence the stops of the HMS
Beagle starting and ending in the British Isles.
4. Conclude what Darwin wondered after making numerous
observations.
5. Create a creature that could have come from a common
ancestor, but show how the species changed over time.
(look at slide # 11for an idea)
6. Persuade me to believe why the change occurred in this
way. (the change must be related to an inherited trait
that helped the organism survive the environment).
Religious versions on the origin of life
• Judeo-Christian: Bible - Creation – God –
Yahweh- Creator of the universe and all in it
• Hindu: Bhagavad Gita. Brahma Creator of the
universes, human beings and all life.
• Muslim: Quran – Allah - Allah Creates what He
wills: for sure Allah has Power over all things.
STANDARD
15.1,15.2
Natural selection acts
on the phsyical
Characteristics
rather than the genes
of an organism.
OBJECTIVE
a) I will define
Evoluton
b) I will explain why
evolution is a theory
c) I will state the
reason that an
organism’s traits
appear different from
each other
d) List 4 scientists
who influenced
Darwin’s thinking,
AND their theories
ANSWER
STANDARD
15.3
2) How did Darwin
use comparative
embryology to show
probable
evolutionary
Relationships?
OBJECTIVE
f) I will state Darwin’s
explanation for evolution
g) How is artificial
selection different from
natural, inherited
variation?
h) Using the bulletin
board, I will list the 4
steps of Natural Selection
i) I will list AND DESCRIBE
Darwin’s 4 pieces of
evidence for natural
selection
ANSWER
Name____________________________
SUBHEADINGS:
Turn each subheading into a
question
The Voyage of the Beagle
Chapter Section # & Title 15.1 The Puzzle of Life’s Diversity
After reading the paragraphs
Answer the question
Describe each
picture/graph/table
Figure15-1
What happened during
the voyage of the Beagle?
Darwin’s Observations
Evolution –
Theory –
Figure 15-2
Fossil -
What did Darwin
observe?
The Journey Home
Define key Vocabulary
(write & underline word)
Figure 15-3
What did he experience
on the way home?
Figure 15-4
HW: p. 372 # 1, 2, 3, 4
15.2
The Ancient Changing Earth
•
Darwin’s understanding of geology suggested:
a) If the Earth could change over time,
b) life might change as well.
• 3 scientists who influenced Darwin’s
thinking about evolution:
1. Lyell
2. Lamarck
3. Malthus
How did Hutton and Lyell describe
geological change? They suggested:
1. The Earth is many millions of years old
2. the processes that changed Earth are the
– same for past and present
3. Hutton said: these geological forces operate
very
– slowly
4. Lyell explained that:
– geological features could be built up or torn down
over long periods of time.
• Darwin’s understanding of geology therefore
suggested:
• If the Earth could change over time,
– life might change as well.
• It would have taken many years for life to
change as Lyell suggested.
• This would have been possible only if the Earth
were
– extremely old.
According to Lamarck, how did species
evolve?
•
1.
2.
3.
4.
Lamarck’s Theory of Use and Disuse: “USE IT
OR LOSE IT”
by use or disuse of organs
living things acquired or lost certain traits
during their lifetime.
These traits could then be passed on to their
offspring.
Over time, this process led to change in a
species
EXAMPLE OF LAMARK’S
HYPOTHESIS:
1) A male fiddler crab uses its front claw
to fight predators and to attract mates.
EXAMPLE OF LAMARK’S
HYPOTHESIS:
2) Because the front claw is used
repeatedly, it becomes larger.
EXAMPLE OF LAMARK’S
HYPOTHESIS:
3) This characteristic (large claw) is passed
onto its offspring.
•
What Lamarck did not know:
– how traits are inherited.
– that an organism’s behavior has no
effect on its inheritable characteristics
• However, he paved the way for the
work of later biologists.
How did Malthus influence Darwin’s
thinking?
• Malthus figured that if the human population
continued to grow unchecked,
– sooner or later there would be insufficient living space
and food for everyone.
• So Darwin thought:
– If all the offspring of any species survived for several
generations, they would overrun the world.
• This information was central to Darwin’s
explanation of evolutionary change.
How Darwin was influenced
Lyell
LaMark
Malthus
Geological Geological “Use it or lose Sooner or
features
it” theory.
forces
later, there
were built
Acquired
operate
won’t be
very slowly up or torn characteristics
enough
down over
could be sent
food or
long periods
to next
space for
of time
generation
everyone
If all
Darwin Then life The earth
How are
must be
members of
might
traits
thought
extremely
just 1
change
old, and life inherited
species
might
very
then?
survived,
change over
they could
slowly
long periods
overrun the
over time of time too
world
Hutton
as well
15-3 Darwin Presents His Case
Name____________________________
SUBHEADINGS:
Turn each subheading into a
question
Publication of On the
Origin of Species
15.3 DARWIN PRESENTS HIS CASE
Chapter Section # & Title_________________________________________
After reading the paragraphs
Answer the question
Describe each
picture/graph/table
15-9
15-10
Inherited Variation &
Artificial Selection
15-11
15-12
Evolution by Natural
Selection
15-13
15-14
Evidence of
Evolution
15-15
15-16
Summary of Darwin’s
Theory
15-17
Strengths &
Weaknesses of
Evolutionary Theory
15-18
Define key Vocabulary
(write & underline word)
Darwin Presents His Case
• In 1859, Darwin
published his book, On
the Origin of Species
with his ideas about
species diversity and the
evolution process. His
ideas:
– gave an explanation for
evolution called natural
selection.
– presented evidence that
evolution (change) has
been taking place for
millions of years—and
continues in all living
things.
Inherited Variation Vs. Artificial Selection
• Inherited Variation
• Members of each
species may vary
from one another
NATURALLY in
important ways. For
example:
– Size
– Color
– Mating patterns
Inherited Variation vs. Artificial Selection
• Artificial Selection
• Darwin created the
name artificial
selection
(hybridization,
inbreeding ch. 13):
– when plant and animal
breeders would breed
only
• the largest hogs
• the fastest horses
• or the best fruit
• to get the BEST traits
Inherited Variation
German Shepherd – dark brown, brown eyes
Natural Inherited Variation
Alaskan Huskie – blue eyes
Artificial Selection – G. Shepherd w/blue eyes
How is natural variation used in
artificial selection?
• Natural Variation creates the traits
resulting from the sexual combination of
genes.
• Humans select these traits in Artificial
Selection when breeding organisms.
• Darwin thought that this occurred in nature
as well.
This picture represents the natural variation in neck
length inherited by giraffes
So, since giraffes eat trees…
• Which one will survive…
• Which one will mate…
• Which one will send its genes to the next
generation?
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
•
•
•
Includes Natural Variation AND Selection
It is called Evolution by Natural Selection
Natural Selection suggests:
A. Struggle for Existence - Organisms are forced to
compete for resources:
1. Food
2. Shelter
3. Mates
B. Survival of the Fittest - The ability of an individual
to survive and reproduce in its specific
environment.
– This is called fitness.
– Example:
– a predator catches enough food to survive or
– a prey successfully camouflages itself not to be eaten
Survival of the fittest: Predator
catching food to survive
Survival of the fittest: Prey successfully
camouflaging (hiding) itself
How do organisms become fit?
• Darwin proposed that fitness is the result of
adaptations.
• An adaptation is any inherited trait that
increases an organism's chance of survival.
• Successful adaptations enable organisms to
survive and reproduce.
So these adaptations allow organisms to
survive & reproduce what are they?
• Long necks
• Ability to catch
food
• Camouflage
Survival of the Fittest = Natural Selection
1. Individuals with traits that are not well suited to their
environment either die or leave few offspring.
2. Individuals that are better suited to their environment
survive and reproduce more successfully.
Darwin’s evidence for his theory of Natural
Selection

Darwin argued that living things have been
evolving on Earth for millions of years. His
evidence of evolution could be found:
1.
2.
3.
4.
in the fossil record
In the geographical distribution of living species
in the homologous structures of living organisms
and in the similarities of vertebrate embryos,
called embryology.
1. The Fossil Record
• Darwin saw fossils as a record of the
history of life on Earth.
• By comparing fossils from older rock
layers with fossils from younger layers,
scientists could document that life on
Earth has changed over time
2. Geographic Distribution of
Living Species
• Darwin decided that all Galápagos finches
(birds) could have descended from a common
ancestor.
• They each had inherited certain varied traits
that enabled them to live and eat what they
were exposed to in the islands.
Common ancestor - they look alike
Varied traits - different beaks
Descent with Modification
3.) Homologous Body Structures
• Structures that have different mature
(adult) forms but develop from the same
embryonic tissues
• Ex: There are striking similarities among
the body parts of vertebrates.
• Arms, wings, legs, flippers all made of the
same basic structure.
• This indicates relationship.
Relationship: all have 1 upper arm bone
2 lower arm bones
• vestigial organs - homologous structures that
serve no important functions.
• Example: human appendix.
4.) Similarities in Embryology
• The early stages, or embryos of many
vertebrates are very similar.
• FISH-AMPHIBIANS-REPTILES-BIRDSMAMMALS
Fish Salamander Tortoise Chick Rabbit Human
Summary of Darwin's Theory of Evolution by
Natural Selection:
(write the picture examples down for each number)
1) Individual organisms differ by the variations
they inherit. Traits are phenotypes
Summary of Darwin's Theory of Evolution by
Natural Selection:
2) Organisms produce more offspring than can possibly
survive.
Fish eggs
lots of fish
Summary of Darwin's Theory of Evolution by
Natural Selection:
3) These organisms compete for limited resources.
Food, shelter, mates
Summary of Darwin's Theory of Evolution by
Natural Selection:
4) Individuals best suited to their environment survive and
reproduce most successfully.
Summary of Darwin's Theory of Evolution by
Natural Selection:
5) These organisms pass their inherited traits to their
offspring.
=
Summary of Darwin's Theory of Evolution by
Natural Selection:
6) This process of natural selection causes species to
change over time.
• Hw. p. 386 # 1, 2, 3
15.3 HOT Questions
read your notes IN ORDER
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Name Darwin’s explanation for evolution.
Distinguish between natural variation and artificial
selection.
Sequence the 4 points of Natural Selection.
Compare and Contrast Competition and Survival of the
Fittest.
Construct a diagram that lists all 4 of Darwin’s
evidences for natural selection with a summary
statement for each (see next page)
Support each summary statement of Darwin’s Theory
of Evolution with an example. (write each statement
out)
Change Over
Time
Chapter 15
Religious versions on the origin of life
• Judeo-Christian: Bible - Creation – God –
Yahweh- Creator of the universe and all in it
• Hindu: Bhagavad Gita. Brahma Creator of the
universes, human beings and all life.
• Muslim: Quran – Allah - Allah Creates what He
wills: for sure Allah has Power over all things.
STANDARD
15.1,15.2
Natural selection acts
on the phsyical
Characteristics
rather than the genes
of an organism.
OBJECTIVE
a) I will define
Evoluton
b) I will explain why
evolution is a theory
c) I will state the
reason that an
organism’s traits
appear different from
each other
d) List 4 scientists
who influenced
Darwin’s thinking,
AND their theories
ANSWER
STANDARD
15.3
2) How did Darwin
use comparative
embryology to show
probable
evolutionary
Relationships?
OBJECTIVE
f) I will state Darwin’s
explanation for evolution
g) How is artificial
selection different from
natural, inherited
variation?
h) Using the bulletin
board, I will list the 4
steps of Natural Selection
i) I will list AND DESCRIBE
Darwin’s 4 pieces of
evidence for natural
selection
ANSWER
Name____________________________
SUBHEADINGS:
Turn each subheading into a
question
The Voyage of the Beagle
Chapter Section # & Title 15.1 The Puzzle of Life’s Diversity
After reading the paragraphs
Answer the question
Describe each
picture/graph/table
Figure15-1
What happened during
the voyage of the Beagle?
Darwin’s Observations
Evolution –
Theory –
Figure 15-2
Fossil -
What did Darwin
observe?
The Journey Home
Define key Vocabulary
(write & underline word)
Figure 15-3
What did he experience
on the way home?
Figure 15-4
EVOLUTION
15.1 The Puzzle of Life’s diversity
• What is Evolution
– Change over time
– how modern
organisms have
descended from
ancient organisms
• It is a scientific theory
because:
– It is a well-supported
testable explanation of
phenomena that have
occurred in the natural
world.
Common Descent
from a common ancestor
Darwin’s Voyage of the Beagle
The Galapagos Islands
What was Charles Darwin's contribution
to science?
1.
During his travels, Darwin
made numerous observations:
a. plants and animals were
well suited to their
environments
b. The characteristics of
animals and plants varied
noticeably from island to
island
c. he wondered if animals
living on different islands
had once been members of
the same species
What was Charles Darwin's contribution
to science?
2. He collected evidence:
the preserved remains
of ancient organisms,
called fossils.
What was Charles Darwin's contribution
to science?
3. He proposed a
hypothesis about the
way life changes over
time.
• That hypothesis is the
Theory of Evolution.
15.1 HOT Questions
1. Define Evolution.
2. Explain why Evolution is a theory.
3. Using the map on p. 369, sequence the stops of the HMS
Beagle starting and ending in the British Isles.
4. Conclude what Darwin wondered after making numerous
observations.
5. Create a creature that could have come from a common
ancestor, but show how the species changed over time.
6. Persuade me to believe why the change occurred in this
way. (the change must be related to an inherited trait
that helped the organism survive the environment).
HW: p. 372 # 1, 2, 3, 4
15.2
The Ancient Changing Earth
•
Darwin’s understanding of geology suggested:
a) If the Earth could change over time,
b) life might change as well.
• 3 scientists who influenced Darwin’s
thinking about evolution:
1. Lyell
2. Lamarck
3. Malthus
How did Hutton and Lyell describe
geological change? They suggested:
1. The Earth is many millions of years old
2. the processes that changed Earth are the
– same for past and present
3. Hutton said: these geological forces operate
very
– slowly
4. Lyell explained that:
– geological features could be built up or torn down
over long periods of time.
• Darwin’s understanding of geology therefore
suggested:
• If the Earth could change over time,
– life might change as well.
• It would have taken many years for life to
change as Lyell suggested.
• This would have been possible only if the Earth
were
– extremely old.
According to Lamarck, how did species
evolve?
•
1.
2.
3.
4.
Lamarck’s Theory of Use and Disuse: “USE IT
OR LOSE IT”
by use or disuse of organs
living things acquired or lost certain traits
during their lifetime.
These traits could then be passed on to their
offspring.
Over time, this process led to change in a
species
EXAMPLE OF LAMARK’S
HYPOTHESIS:
1) A male fiddler crab uses its front claw
to fight predators and to attract mates.
EXAMPLE OF LAMARK’S
HYPOTHESIS:
2) Because the front claw is used
repeatedly, it becomes larger.
EXAMPLE OF LAMARK’S
HYPOTHESIS:
3) This characteristic (large claw) is passed
onto its offspring.
•
What Lamarck did not know:
– how traits are inherited.
– that an organism’s behavior has no
effect on its inheritable characteristics
• However, he paved the way for the
work of later biologists.
How did Malthus influence Darwin’s
thinking?
• Malthus figured that if the human population
continued to grow unchecked,
– sooner or later there would be insufficient living space
and food for everyone.
• So Darwin thought:
– If all the offspring of any species survived for several
generations, they would overrun the world.
• This information was central to Darwin’s
explanation of evolutionary change.
How Darwin was influenced
Lyell
LaMark
Malthus
Geological Geological “Use it or lose Sooner or
features
it” theory.
forces
later, there
were built
Acquired
operate
won’t be
very slowly up or torn characteristics
enough
down over
could be sent
food or
long periods
to next
space for
of time
generation
everyone
If all
Darwin Then life The earth
How are
must be
members of
might
traits
thought
extremely
just 1
change
old, and life inherited
species
might
very
then?
survived,
change over
they could
slowly
long periods
overrun the
over time of time too
world
Hutton
as well
15-3 Darwin Presents His Case
Name____________________________
SUBHEADINGS:
Turn each subheading into a
question
Publication of On the
Origin of Species
15.3 DARWIN PRESENTS HIS CASE
Chapter Section # & Title_________________________________________
After reading the paragraphs
Answer the question
Describe each
picture/graph/table
15-9
15-10
Inherited Variation &
Artificial Selection
15-11
15-12
Evolution by Natural
Selection
15-13
15-14
Evidence of
Evolution
15-15
15-16
Summary of Darwin’s
Theory
15-17
Strengths &
Weaknesses of
Evolutionary Theory
15-18
Define key Vocabulary
(write & underline word)
Darwin Presents His Case
• In 1859, Darwin
published his book, On
the Origin of Species
with his ideas about
species diversity and the
evolution process. His
ideas:
– gave an explanation for
evolution called natural
selection.
– presented evidence that
evolution (change) has
been taking place for
millions of years—and
continues in all living
things.
Inherited Variation Vs. Artificial Selection
• Inherited Variation
• Members of each
species may vary
from one another
NATURALLY in
important ways. For
example:
– Size
– Color
– Mating patterns
Inherited Variation vs. Artificial Selection
• Artificial Selection
• Darwin created the
name artificial
selection
(hybridization,
inbreeding ch. 13):
– when plant and animal
breeders would breed
only
• the largest hogs
• the fastest horses
• or the best fruit
• to get the BEST traits
Inherited Variation
German Shepherd – dark brown, brown eyes
Natural Inherited Variation
Alaskan Huskie – blue eyes
Artificial Selection – G. Shepherd w/blue eyes
How is natural variation used in
artificial selection?
• Natural Variation creates the traits
resulting from the sexual combination of
genes.
• Humans select these traits in Artificial
Selection when breeding organisms.
• Darwin thought that this occurred in nature
as well.
This picture represents the natural variation in neck
length inherited by giraffes
So, since giraffes eat trees…
• Which one will survive…
• Which one will mate…
• Which one will send its genes to the next
generation?
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
•
•
•
Includes Natural Variation AND Selection
It is called Evolution by Natural Selection
Natural Selection suggests:
A. Struggle for Existence - Organisms are forced to
compete for resources:
1. Food
2. Shelter
3. Mates
B. Survival of the Fittest - The ability of an individual
to survive and reproduce in its specific
environment.
– This is called fitness.
– Example:
– a predator catches enough food to survive or
– a prey successfully camouflages itself not to be eaten
Survival of the fittest: Predator
catching food to survive
Survival of the fittest: Prey successfully
camouflaging (hiding) itself
How do organisms become fit?
• Darwin proposed that fitness is the result of
adaptations.
• An adaptation is any inherited trait that
increases an organism's chance of survival.
• Successful adaptations enable organisms to
survive and reproduce.
So these adaptations allow organisms to
survive & reproduce what are they?
• Long necks
• Ability to catch
food
• Camouflage
Survival of the Fittest = Natural Selection
1. Individuals with traits that are not well suited to their
environment either die or leave few offspring.
2. Individuals that are better suited to their environment
survive and reproduce more successfully.
Darwin’s evidence for his theory of Natural
Selection

Darwin argued that living things have been
evolving on Earth for millions of years. His
evidence of evolution could be found:
1.
2.
3.
4.
in the fossil record
In the geographical distribution of living species
in the homologous structures of living organisms
and in the similarities of vertebrate embryos,
called embryology.
1. The Fossil Record
• Darwin saw fossils as a record of the
history of life on Earth.
• By comparing fossils from older rock
layers with fossils from younger layers,
scientists could document that life on
Earth has changed over time
2. Geographic Distribution of
Living Species
• Darwin decided that all Galápagos finches
(birds) could have descended from a common
ancestor.
• They each had inherited certain varied traits
that enabled them to live and eat what they
were exposed to in the islands.
Common ancestor - they look alike
Varied traits - different beaks
Descent with Modification
3.) Homologous Body Structures
• Structures that have different mature
(adult) forms but develop from the same
embryonic tissues
• Ex: There are striking similarities among
the body parts of vertebrates.
• Arms, wings, legs, flippers all made of the
same basic structure.
• This indicates relationship.
Relationship: all have 1 upper arm bone
2 lower arm bones
• vestigial organs - homologous structures that
serve no important functions.
• Example: human appendix.
4.) Similarities in Embryology
• The early stages, or embryos of many
vertebrates are very similar.
• FISH-AMPHIBIANS-REPTILES-BIRDSMAMMALS
Fish Salamander Tortoise Chick Rabbit Human
Summary of Darwin's Theory of Evolution by
Natural Selection:
(write the picture examples down for each number)
1) Individual organisms differ by the variations
they inherit. Traits are phenotypes
Summary of Darwin's Theory of Evolution by
Natural Selection:
2) Organisms produce more offspring than can possibly
survive.
Fish eggs
lots of fish
Summary of Darwin's Theory of Evolution by
Natural Selection:
3) These organisms compete for limited resources.
Food, shelter, mates
Summary of Darwin's Theory of Evolution by
Natural Selection:
4) Individuals best suited to their environment survive and
reproduce most successfully.
Summary of Darwin's Theory of Evolution by
Natural Selection:
5) These organisms pass their inherited traits to their
offspring.
=
Summary of Darwin's Theory of Evolution by
Natural Selection:
6) This process of natural selection causes species to
change over time.
• Hw. p. 386 # 1, 2, 3
15.3 HOT Questions
read your notes IN ORDER
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Name Darwin’s explanation for evolution.
Distinguish between natural variation and artificial
selection.
Sequence the 4 points of Natural Selection.
Compare and Contrast Competition and Survival of the
Fittest.
Construct a diagram that lists all 4 of Darwin’s
evidences for natural selection with a summary
statement for each (see next page)
Support each summary statement of Darwin’s Theory
of Evolution with an example. (write each statement
out)
What was Charles Darwin's contribution
to science?
1.
During his travels, Darwin
made numerous observations:
a. plants and animals were
well suited to their
environments
b. The characteristics of
animals and plants varied
noticeably from island to
island
c. he wondered if animals
living on different islands
had once been members of
the same species
What was Charles Darwin's contribution
to science?
2. He collected evidence:
the preserved remains
of ancient organisms,
called fossils.
What was Charles Darwin's contribution
to science?
3. He proposed a
hypothesis about the
way life changes over
time.
• That hypothesis is the
Theory of Evolution.
15.1 HOT Questions
1. Define Evolution.
2. Explain why Evolution is a theory.
3. Using the map on p. 369, sequence the stops of the HMS
Beagle starting and ending in the British Isles.
4. Conclude what Darwin wondered after making numerous
observations.
5. Create a creature that could have come from a common
ancestor, but show how the species changed over time.
6. Persuade me to believe why the change occurred in this
way. (the change must be related to an inherited trait
that helped the organism survive the environment).
HW: p. 372 # 1, 2, 3, 4