1. Perform the task to create, compile, debug &
execute a C programs.
a)To print a message.
b)To add two integer/float numbers.
Objectives:
After completion the activity you must be perform how to
Print a message and how to add two integers or float numbers.
Short description:
K¤úvBjvi: GwU nvB †j‡ej j¨vs¸‡qR‡K †gwkb j¨vs¸‡q‡R iƒcvšÍi K‡i|K¤úvB‡jk‡bi ci
‡mvm© †KvW Ae‡R± †Kv‡W iƒcvšÍi K‡i|
wWevM: †cÖvMÖvgwU‡Z †Kvb cÖKvi fzj _vK‡j Zv ms‡kvab Kiv|
`yB ai‡bi ÎæwU(Error) †`Lv hvq| h_v: WvUv Ges jwRK¨vj
Gw·wKDU: ‡cÖvMÖvg Gw·wKDU K‡i| G mgq Ae‡R± †KvW Gw·wKDU dvB‡j iƒcvšÍi nq|
Working Procedure:
Kw¤úDUvi Ab K‡i Turboo C++ Compiler open করি।
Turboo C++ Compiler
Turboo C++ Compiler Gi IDE Rb¨
• File Menu ‡_‡K New ‡Z
Click Kwi|
• Source code/Program
UvBc Kwi|
a)To print a message.
Source code/Program:
Program Compile Kiv:
Compile Menu ‡_‡K Compile G Click Kwi|
Compiling G †Kvb Error bv _vK‡j wb¤œiæc
Program Run Kiv:
• Run Menu ‡_‡K Run G Click
Kwi|
Output/Result:
b)To add two integer/float numbers.
Source code/Program:(Integer)
b)To add two integer/float numbers.
Source code/Program:(Float)
Output/Result:
Integer type data:
Float type data:
Remarks:
Program wU mdj fv‡e m¤úbœ Ki‡Z †c‡iwQ|
Aa¨vq cÖ_g
C ‡cÖvMÖvwgs- Gi †gŠwjK aviYv
1| †cÖvMÖvwgs Kv‡K e‡j?
‡cÖvMÖvwgs n‡jv mgm¨v mgvav‡bi cØwZMZ cÖwµqv| Kw¤úDUv‡ii
fvlvq †cÖvMÖvwgs n‡jv †Kvb mgm¨v mgvav‡bi D‡Ï‡k clv©qµ‡g wb‡`©kvejx
mvRv‡bvi †KŠkj| †cÖvMÖvwgs Gi gva¨‡g mgm¨vejx Aí mg‡q Ges mn‡R mgvavb
Kiv hvq|
2| Programming language wn‡m‡e wm Gi ¸iæZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Ki|
• C †K mid level language ejv nq †Kb?
wm GKwU wgW †j‡fj j¨v¸‡qR Kvib GZ †hgb Assembly language Gi gZ bit,
byte, memory address wb‡q KvR Kiv hvq, Ab¨w`‡K †Zgwb high level
language Gi gZ wewfbœ data type wb‡qI KvR Kiv hvq|
•wm †K structured language ejv nq †Kb?
C GKwU structured language Kvib GKwU †cÖvMÖvg‡K ‡QvU †QvU As‡k
(Module) fvM K‡i Kvh© m¤úv`b Kiv hvq| D`vt C, Pascal.
•C †K portable language ejv nq †Kb?
C GKwU portable language Kvib GK Kw¤úDUv‡i wjwLZ †cÖvMÖvg (†hgb –
AvB.we.Gg wcwm) wm †cÖvMÖvg Ab¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i (†hgb EDC VAX) K¤úvBj I K¤úvBj
I Run Kiv hvq|
•C †K General purpose language ejv nq †Kb?
C programming language Øviv †h †Kvb mgm¨v mgvavb Kiv hvq| ZvB G‡K
General purpose language e‡j| wb‡Pi †h †Kvb ai‡bi †cÖvMÖvg wjL‡Z e¨envi
Kiv hvq|
Operating system (OS)
Fortran Language
Database Program
Compilers & Interpreter
Virus & Antivirus Program
3| 5wU K¤úvBjv‡ii bvg wjL|
ANSI C, Turbo C, Borland C,
Microsoft C, UNIX C
4| K¤úvBjvi I B›UviwcÖUvi Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wjL|
K¤úvBjvi
B›UviwcÖUvi
2| Bnv `ªæZ MwZ m¤úbœ|
2| Bnv A‡c¶vK…Z axi MwZ m¤úbœ|
1| K¤úvBjvi n‡jv Ggb GKwU
iæcvšÍiKvix †cÖvMÖvg hv m¤ú~Y©
†cÖvMÖvg‡K GK m‡½ c‡o Ges Ae‡Ró
†Kv‡W cwieZ©b K‡i|
1|B›UviwcÖUvi n‡jv Ggb GKwU
iæcvšÍiKvix †cÖvMÖvg hv
†cÖvMÖv‡gi GK GK jvBb K‡i c‡o Ges
D³ jvB‡bi wb‡`©kvejx cvjb K‡i|
3| K¤úvBì Kiv †Kvb †cÖvMÖv‡gi †Kvb 3|B›UviwcÖ‡UW †Kvb wb‡`©‡ki
cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡j m¤ú~Y© cØwZwUi cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡j m¤úbœ cØwZwUi
cybive„wË Ki‡Z n‡e|
cybive„wË Ki‡Z nq bv|
4| GK mv‡_ mg¯Í †cÖvMÖvg‡K hš¿
fvlvq cwieZ©b K‡i|
4| GK GK jvBb K‡i hš¿fvlvq cwieZ©b
K‡i|
5| GKwU K¤úvBjvi †Kij gvÎ GK fvlv‡K
Abyev` Ki‡Z cv‡i|
5| GKwU B›UviwcÖUvi GKvwaK fvlv‡K
Abyev` Ki‡Z cv‡i|
5| wm †cÖvMÖv‡gi dig¨vU(Format) wjL|
Include Files
Main Function
Others
Functions(Library/
User define
function
Program
File Name
Source File Name
Compile
Compiler
Errors
Object File
Linker
Errors
Library Programs
Link
Executable File (exe)
Data
Run
Run time
Errors
Result
Debug
7| C ‡cÖvMÖv‡gi style wjL|
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
printf(“Polytechnic”);
}
‡cÖvMÖvg we‡klbt
#include<stdio.h> t#include n‡jv Preprocessor directive.GwU Program Aek¨B _vK‡e| Gi
gva¨‡g header file †cÖvMÖv‡g mshy³ Kiv nq Ges G mg¯Í header file G library function _v‡K|
main( ) t C program G Aek¨B main( ) _vK‡e Ges GLvb †_‡K ïiæ nq| main Gi ci Aek¨B dvskb wPý ( )
w`‡Z n‡e|
{ t Left brace Øviv †cÖvMÖv‡gi ïiæ eySvq| Compound statement †KI brace Gi g‡a¨ ivLv nq|
printf( “ “); t Screen G †Kvb wKQz print Kivi Rb¨ GB library dvskbwU e¨envi Kiv nq| doublt
coute “ “ Gi g‡a¨ hv _v‡K ZvB screen print nq| semecolon (;) cÖwZwU statement Gi †k‡l
e¨eýZ nq|
} t Right brace Øviv Program Gi †kl eySvq| Program G hZ¸‡jv left brace _vK‡e wVK ZZ¸‡jv
right brace _vK‡e|
8| wm †cÖvMÖv‡gi †gŠwjK MVb †`LvI|
Documentation Section
Link Section
Definition Section
Global Declaration Section
main( ) function section
{
statement 1.........statement n;
..............................................
}
Subprogram Section
Function 1
Function 2
.....................
Function n
9| A¨vjMwi`g Kv‡K e‡j? A¨vjMwi`g Gi wbqg I ˆewkó¨ wjL|
A¨vjMwi`g ej‡Z †Kvb wbw`ó mgm¨v mgvav‡bi we‡kl c×wZ‡K eySvq| wKš‘ Kw¤úDUvi mv‡q‡Ý
A¨vjMwi`g ej‡Z †Kvb mgm¨v mgvav‡bi mywbw`©ó c×wZ‡K eySvq hv Kw¤úDUv‡i e¨envi †hvM¨|
A¨vjMwi`‡gi wbqg t
1| KZK¸‡jv chv©qµwgK av‡c mvRv‡Z n‡e|
2| cÖwZwU chv©qµwgK avc mnR‡eva¨ n‡Z n‡e|
3| cÖwZwU avc ci¯úi m¤ú©Khy³ n‡Z n‡e|
4| cÖwZwU av‡ci KvR hyw³ wbf©i n‡Z n‡e|
A¨vjMwi`‡gi ˆewkó¨ t
1| wbw`óZv t cÖ‡Z¨K KvR wbw`ó n‡Z n‡e|
2| Kvh©Kix t cÖ‡Z¨K avc Kvh©Kix|
3| BbcyU t cÖ‡Z¨K A¨vjMwi`‡gi Kgc‡¶ GKwU BbcyU _vK‡e|
4| AvDUcyU t cÖ‡Z¨K A¨vjMwi`‡gi GK ev GKvwaK AvDUcyU _vK‡e|
5| mgvcb t wbw`ó msL¨K Kvh©¨ m¤úv`b K‡i A¨vjMwi`g †kl n‡e|
10| †d¬v-Pv©U Kv‡K e‡j? †d¬v-Pv‡U©i wewfbœ cÖZxK¸‡jv Gu‡K G‡`i e¨envi wjL|
†Kvb mgm¨vi mgvav‡b hLb wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ †`Lv‡bv nq ZLb Zv‡K cÖevnwPÎ ev †d¬v-PvU© e‡j|
‡d¬vPv‡U© e¨eüZ cÖZxK¸‡jv bvg, wPý I e¨envi wb‡gœ †`Iqv n‡jv Ñ
(1) Avi¤¢ ev mgvwß wPý t †cÖvMÖv‡gi ïi“ I †kl G wP‡ýi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv nh| Bnv †`L‡Z Dce„ËvKvi|
(2)BbcyU ev AvDUcyU wPý t G wPý WvUv BbcyU ev AvDUcyU‡K eySv‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq| Bnv †`L‡Z mvgš—
wiK Gi gZ|
(3) wcÖ›U ev WKz‡g›U wPý t G wPý Øviv mvaviYZ wcÖ›U wb‡`©kbv eySv‡bv n‡q _v‡K|
(4) cÖ‡mm ev cÖwµqvKib wPý t †hvM, we‡qvM,¸b,fvM I m~Î BZ¨vw` cÖwµqvKi‡bi KvR G wPý Øviv
cÖKvk Kiv nq| Bnv AvqZ‡¶Î|
(5) cÖ¯—ywZ wPý t G wP‡ýi gva¨‡g avivevwnKZv eRvq †i‡L ms‡hvRb I we‡qvRb Kiv nq|
(6) wm×vš— MÖnb wPý t wm×vš— †bIqvi †¶‡Î G wPýwU e¨envi Kiv nq| GwU i¤^m AvKv‡ii|
(7) wWm‡c ev cÖ`k©b wPý t c`©vq wWm‡c ev cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ G wPýwU e¨eüZ nq|
(8) ms‡hvM wPý t †Kvb ms‡hvM wb‡`©k Kivi Rb¨ Bnv e¨envi Kiv nh| GwU e„ËvKvi|
(9) wb‡`©kbv wPý t †Kvb Kv‡Ri Kvh©µ‡gi wb‡`©k Kivi Rb¨ Bnv e¨envi Kiv nq| GLv‡b Zxi wPý e¨envi Kiv nq|
11| †cÖvMÖvg cwiKíbvi avc mg~n msw¶ßfv‡e eY©bv Ki|
‡Kvb cwiKíbv Qvov fv‡jv †cÖvMÖvg ‡jLv m¤¢e bq| wb‡gœ †cÖvMÖvg cwiKíbvi avcmg~n
eY©bv Kiv n‡jvt
1.mgm¨v wPwýZKibt e¨enviKvwii Pvwn`vi Dci wfwË K‡i †cÖvMÖvgvi‡K wbav©iY Ki‡Z n‡e
wZwb wK Ki‡Z Pvb|
2.‡cÖvMÖv‡gi BbcyU / AvDUcyU wbY©qt e¨enviKvix †cÖvMÖv‡g wK ai‡bi WvUv e¨envi
Ki‡eb Ges AvDUcyU wK n‡e Zv wbav©ib Kiv nq|
3.A¨vjMwi`g Dbœqb t mgm¨v‡K †Kvb µ‡g mgvavb Kiv n‡e Zvi c×wZ wba©vibB A¨vMwi`g
Dbœqb|
4.‡d¬vPvU© ˆZix t †cÖvMÖvgwU ch©vqµ‡g G‡Ki ci GK wKfv‡e KvR Ki‡e †mB avc¸wj wP‡Îi
gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv nq| G‡K †d¬vPvU© ˆZix ijv nq| †d¬vPvU© †`‡L †cÖvMÖv‡gi g~j
Kvh©KvwiZv mn‡R eySv hvq|
5.†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv wbav©ib t †cÖvMÖvg iPbvi Rb¨ †Kvb fvlv e¨envi Kiv n‡e Zv wbav©ib
Kiv nq| KL‡bv KL‡bv GKvwaK fvlvI e¨envi Kiv nq| mvavibZ: mdUIq¨vi †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jv wbw`ó
†Kvb Kv‡Ri Rb¨ we‡kl †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv‡K cÖvavb¨ w`‡q _v‡Kb|
6.†cÖvMÖvg iPbv t †cÖvMÖvg iPbvi c~‡e© Dnvi cwiKíbvi I †d¬vPvU© ˆZix K‡i
†bIqv nq| Gici Dnvi Rb¨ wbev©wPZ fvlv‡K e¨envi K‡i ‡cÖvMÖvg iPbv Kiv nq|
7.K¤cvBj Kiv t wbev©wPZ fvlvq wjwLZ †cÖvMÖvg‡K †gwk‡bi fvlvq i“cvš—wiZ Kivi
Rb¨ †cÖvMÖvg‡K K¤úvBj Kiv nq| †cÖvMÖv‡gi fyj _vK‡j, Gmg‡q K¤úvBwjs error
†`Lvq|
8.‡cÖvMÖvg cix¶v t cÖv_wgK chv©‡q cÖvq me †cÖvMÖv‡gB wKQz fyj ΓwU _v‡K|
Gme fyj ΓwU `~i Kivi Rb¨ †cÖvMÖvg‡K wWevM Kiv nq Ges mgm¨v †c‡j mgvavb Kiv
nq|
9.WKz‡g‡›Ukb t †cÖvMÖvg WKz‡g‡›Ukb AwZ ¸i“Z¡c~Y© GKwU welq| GLv‡b
†cÖvMÖv‡gi wewfbœ avcmg~n †hgb- wWRvBb,D‡Ïk¨, WvUv Pvwn`v, WvUv
UvBc,jwRK,†cÖvMÖvg e¨envi c×wZ BZ¨vw` we¯—vwiZ fv‡e †jLv _v‡K|
10.Bb÷‡jkb t †cÖvMÖvg mg~‡ni m‡š—vmRbK cix¶vi c~e© chš—© G‡`i‡K
†W‡fjc‡g›U jvB‡eªix‡Z ivLv nq|
11.i¶Yv‡e¶Y t bvbv Kvi‡b mdUIq¨vi‡K cwieZ©b, cwiea©b Ki‡Z nq Ges mg‡qi mv‡_
DbœZ ms¯‹ibI †ei Ki‡Z nq| BnvB i¶Yv‡e¶b|
WvUv UvBc, Kb÷¨vÈ I †fwi‡qej
Data types, Constants and Variable
1| WvUv Kv‡K e‡j?
Data n‡jv wKQz information (Z_¨) hv‡K msi¶Y
(store) Kiv hvq, ¯’vbvšÍi (transfer) Kiv hvq Ges hvi Dci
wKQz operation (KvR ) Kiv hvq|
2| weëBb WvUv UvBc KZ cÖKvi I wK wK eY©bv Ki|
weëBb WvUv UvBc Pvi cÖKvi| h_v – integer type,
Character type, float type, double type.
integer type data t c~Y© msL¨v wjL‡Z mvaviYZ integer type data
e¨eüZ nq| integer UvBc WvUv gv‡bi mxgve×Zv -32768 †_‡K +32767|
‡ggvwi‡Z msL¨v ‡jLvi Rb¨ `yB evBU RvqMv †bq|
character type data t Bs‡iRx eY©gvjv wjL‡Z mvavbibZ character
type data e¨eüZ nq| character UvBc WvUv gv‡bi mxge×Zv -128 †_‡K
+127| †ggwi‡Z character †jLvi Rb¨ GK evBU RvqMv †bq|
float type data t `kwgK gvbmn msL¨v Av‡Q Ggb msL¨v eySv‡Z mvavibZ
float type data e¨eüZ nq| float type data gv‡bi mxgve×Zv 3.4e-38
†_‡K 3.4e+38 | †ggwi‡Z float type data †jLvi Rb¨ Pvi evBU RvqMv †bq|
double type data t `kwgK gvbmn msL¨v Av‡Q Ggb Ges float †P‡q eo
†ggwi‡Z Rb¨ double type datae¨eüZ nq| double UvBc WvUv gv‡bi
mxge×Zv 1.7e -308 †_‡K 1.7e + 308 | †ggwi‡Z double type data †jLvi Rb¨
AvU evBU RvqMv †bq|
3| ‡fwi‡qej Kv‡K e‡j ?
‡cÖvMÖvgv‡ii KvR Kivi myweav‡_© †ggwi‡Z WvUv msi¶b
Ki‡Z Cell Gi address e¨envi bv K‡i Cell Gi GKwU bvg †`Iqv
nq Ges GB bv‡gi Aax‡b WvUv ivLv nq| G‡K †fwi‡qej e‡j|
†fwi‡qej †Nvlbv Kivi wbqg t
1.†fwi‡qe‡ji bv‡gi cÖ_g A¶i Aek¨B Letter (a-z,A-Z) n‡Z n‡e|
†hgb t int var20 // mwVK
int 20var // fyj Kvib cÖ_g A¶i letter bq
u2. underscore( _ ) Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb we‡kl A¶i (#, @,$,& & BZ¨vw`) e¨envi
Kiv hv‡e bv| Z‡e underscore cÖ_g A¶i wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv hv‡e|
‡hgb t int _var2 , int var_2// mwVK
int var$// fyj Kvib ‡fwi‡qe‡ji bv‡gi mv‡_ $ wPý i‡q‡Q