The Political Integration of Maghrebiorigin Migrants in France and its
Banlieues
Manlio Cinalli
(CEVIPOF-CNRS, París)
Con la colaboración y financiación de:
GENERAL ASPECTS
The foreign-born population living in France has been very
stable for 30 years.
100,000 immigrants + 100,000 naturalised (stability of the
statistics related to the foreigner population) Family links
constitute the major source of immigration (70%)
Work immigration represents 5% of the total.
Refugees and asylum seekers represent 8% of the total.
65% of foreigners come from Africa, especially North-Africa.
As regards the existing immigrant groups, 45% are European.
POLITICAL ISSUES
•
•
•
•
•
Debates have focused on a number of issues:
the conditions of entrance and stay of new immigrants in
the French territory have been questioned.
only high-qualified workers (or in economic sectors
undergoing shortages) have been given an advantage,
with the widespread debate on “chosen immigration”.
the traditional French “model of integration” has been
discussed, in particular with reference to the place of
second and third generations.
the balance between traditional “laïcité” and the “laïcité
•
I – INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS
ACCESS TO THE COMMUNITY
PERMITS:
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•
•
•
“Republican Integration”
Harder requirements in terms of residence
Continous life-community between spouses / Longer marriages
Yet, special conditions for Algerians and Tunisians
ACCESS TO NATIONALITY:
•
•
Changes and counter-changes (left/right)
The “declaration of will”
2. FAMILY REUNION
• Restricting twist with longer legal residence
of sponsor (18 months)
3. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RIGHTS
• WELFARE STATE:
• Strong grounding of the principle of equal
treatment in the field of social security and
assistance (though exception of the ‘minimum
income’)
• Existence of provisions also for illegal
4. ANTI-DISCRIMINATION RIGHTS
•
•
•
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End of 1990s: following a HCI alarming report, the antidiscrimination framework becomes a priority (+ EU role with
the 1997 and 2000 Directives).
GED →GELD→HALDE
Reforms in 2001, 2002 and 2004
Introduction of concepts such as “physical appearance” and
“name”.
Trade Unions acquire power to brings cases before courts in
the field of housing, health, education, social security, etc.
The practice of “testing” (2006)
II – CULTURAL/GROUP RIGTHS
• CULTURAL REQUIREMENTS
• “Republican Integration”
• “Assimilation” as a condition for naturalisation
• 2006: Compulsory signing of CAI
2. SCHOOLING
• No public-funded Muslim school
• “Group” school are rare (1 Armenian school in
Lyon)
3. RELIGION
•
•
•
No systematic funding for Mosques (+ grassroots
reactions).
Religion taught only in its ‘historical’ dimension.
Prohibition of religious signs in the public space
4. LABOUR MARKET: GROUP RIGHTS
VERY LIMITED EXPERIENCE OF
AFFIRMATIVE ACTION, BASED ON “SOCIOECONOMIC” CRITERIA (SYSTEMATIC LINK
TO SOCIAL EXCLUSION)
III – POLITICAL OPPORTUNITY
STRUCTURE(S)
•
•
•
CONFIGURATION OF POWERS
(CENTRALISATION)
PARTICIPATION MECHANISMS
(LIMITED PARTICIPATION THOUGH ROLE OF CITIZENS’
COMMITTEE)
SPECIFIC FIELD PROVISIONS
UNDERDEVELOPED SYSTEM OF INFORMATION AND
SUPPORT
“POLITIQUE DE LA VILLE” AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC
FRAMING
Some interesting results
• Religious and ‘homeland’ identities are not
incompatible with French and local identities for
Maghrebi-origin respondents in Lyon.
• Local identities are not a substitute for French
national identities.
LOCALMUTIDEM
Factorial analysis (questions about attachment to groups)
people in the Grand
Lyon
0,9
French people
city
0,6
people with the
same religion
homeland
nationals
0,3
Component 2
0,0
country of origin
-0,3
-0,6
-0,9
-0,9
-0,6
-0,3
0,0
Component 1
0,3
0,6
0,9
Relation to ‘French people’
RAPFI
All
Maghrebians
(national)
Muslims
LOCALMULTIDEM
Control
group
Closeness/
attachment
to
‘French people’
86
86
84
‘French people’
as a prevalent
identity
-
-
-
(Lyon and its suburbs)
All
Muslims
Control
Maghrebians
group
81
82
59
49
] 69
Hyphened
identity as
prevalent
identity
80
]62
a
-
-
-
10
13
-
Relation to local groups
RAPFI (national)
All
Maghrebians
Closeness to the
‘people in your
neighbourhood’
Attachment
the ‘city’
LMD (Lyon and its suburbs)
Muslims
Control
group
All
Maghrebians
Muslims
Control
group
69
71
73
-
-
-
-
-
-
76
78
70
-
-
-
61
64
52
to
Attachment to
the ‘people in
the Grand Lyon’
Attachment to French people
Estimated marginal means
9,2
9
8,8
8,6
8,4
8,2
8
i
Nonnaturalized
immigrants
Naturalized
immigrants
2nd generation
Mixed 2nd
generation
Relation to immigration (generations)
3rd generation
Attachment to the country of origin
Estimated marginal means
8,00
7,50
7,00
6,50
6,00
5,50
Non-naturalized
immigrants-
Naturalized
immigrants
2nd generation
Mixed 2nd
generation
Relation to immigration (generations)
3rd generation
Prevalent self-identity (%)
French
Franco-country of origin’s
national
Maghrebian
Algerian/Tunisian/Moroccan
Muslim
None of these
World citizen
NA
Total
Maghrebians
59
] 69
10
7
15
1
4
3
1
100
] 23
]8
100
Muslim subgroup
49
] 62
13
10
19
1
5
3
1
100
] 30
]9
100