Fumarate hydratase derived NADPH mediates deuterium sensitivity of eukaryote cells
Boros & Somlyai
doi: 10.12918/HYDLLCHU2014DDWCONFKEYNOTE
Deuterium depletion simulates mitochondrial matrix metabolic water use via NADPHdependent reductive synthesis by fumarate hydratase, oxidative pentose cycling and the
SOGC-pathway
László G. Boros1,2,3,* & Gábor Somlyai4,*
1Department
of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.; 2SIDMAP, LLC,
Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA.; 3Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, LABIOMED, Torrance, CA
90502, USA.; 4HYD, LLC for Cancer Research & Drug Development, Budapest, H-1124, Hungary, EU.
A key metabolic event during megaloblastic hemopoesis [1] and eukaryotic cell transformation by
either Nrf2 [2] or PGC-1α [3] is the activation of irreversible direct glucose oxidation reactions in
the pentose cycle to maintain NADPH-dependent reductive nucleotide synthesis and membrane
lipogenesis. Clear cell kidney tumors become exclusively extracellular free water dependent due to
their mitochondrial fumarate hydratase mutation, which results in the consumption of pentose
cycle and cytoplasmic fumarate hydratase derived NADPH for reductive fatty acid synthesis and
ketoglutarate() carboxylation [4, 5]. The possible role of the increased heavy hydrogen content of
cytoplasmic free water, deuterium, in cell cycle regulation and the antiproliferative effect of
deuterium depletion have been reported [6]. We herein demonstrate that deuterium depletion in
extracellular (free) water decreases nucleotide and nuclear membrane behenic- and lignoceric acid
synthesis, which recapitulates restored mitochondrial fumarate hydratase catalytic function in
kidney cells for NADPH production. Targeted [1,2-13C2]-D-glucose to [1-13C1]-D-ribose and 13Cglutamate fate associations indicate that the pentose cycle (oxidative branch), cytoplasmic fumarate
hydratase and the serine synthesis, one-carbon (folate) metabolism with the glycine cleavage
system (SOG pathway) [7] concomitantly mediate low-deuterium reductive NADPH-dependent
macromolecule synthesis. We conclude that impaired mitochondrial proton transport forces the
TCA cycle to branch at fumarate and succinate, which limits the low natural deuterium containing
fatty acid [8] oxidation product, metabolic water [9], to enter metabolism. Taking proton transfer
from food and free water for NADPH production over by cytoplasmic fumarate hydratase, the
oxidative branch of the pentose cycle [10-12] and the SOGC pathway opens new windows for
deuterium depletion to normalize cellular functions [13-16], after precise individual cellular
metabolic profiles are obtained [17]. We review support from synergistic dietary high fat ketogenic
(KD) and hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBO₂T) with significant anti-tumor effects in models of
systemic metastatic cancer, which directly point to the fundamental involvement of complex-IV and
its deuterium depleted matrix water from dietary fatty acid oxidation in suppressing tumor
progression [18]. Metabolic adaptation of immune modulator synthesis to TCA cycle branching at
succinate [19] deprives metabolic water production, especially when it is accompanied by intense
ATP synthesis [20]. These processes are explored as therapeutic targets for immune disorders,
where deuterium depletion plays a well-defined role [21].
Key Note lecture at the 3rd International Congress on Deuterium Depletion, Budapest, Hungary, EU – May 15-16, 2014
http://www.deuteriumdepletion.com/abs3/Abstract_00_Boros-Keynote.pdf
Correspondence USA: Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, RB-1, Torrance, CA 90502, USA. Tel.: (+1) 310-222-1883;
fax: (+1) 213 536-2014; E-mail address: [email protected]; Correspondence EU: HYD, LLC, Budapest, 2 Furj street, H-1214, Hungary,
EU. Tel.: (+36) 1-381-0765, (+36) 1-365-1660; fax: (+36) 1-365-1661; E-mail address: [email protected]
Fumarate hydratase derived NADPH mediates deuterium sensitivity of eukaryote cells
Boros & Somlyai
Fig. 1. Glucose and water with 150 ppm and fatty acids with a lower average 118 ppm deuterium load (in water
equivalents) pass either hydrogen or deuterium to NADPH, which is the reducing substrate for all macromolecule DNA
and fatty acid synthesis reactions in eukaryote cells. a) The Krebs-Szent-Györgyi (tricarboxylic/citric acid - TCA) cycle
produces citrate from both fatty acids and carbohydrate derived acetyl-CoA, but citrate synthase (CS), aconitase and
fumarate hydratase replace deuterium in all matrix intermediates using matrix water’s hydrogen during hydrolysis.
Matrix/metabolic water has a lower, fatty acid matching deuterium content due to cytochrome c oxidase action, which
transfers the hydrogen of fatty acids to oxygen. Saturated fatty acids have decreased natural deuterium content due to
plant enzyme discrimination against deuterium during photosynthesis. In healthy cells matrix water hydrogen saturates
NADPH via malate, b) citrate and isocitrate shuttling, followed by NADP+-dependent irreversible cytoplasmic isocitrate
dehydrogenase action. c) On the other hand, peroxisomal and pentose cycle maintain a NADPH pool with a deuterium
content matching carbohydrate and free (drinking) water derived deuterium. d) Nevertheless, normal cells with active
mitochondria produce “lighter” NADPH, thus DNA and nuclear membrane structural and functional hydrogen bonds
remain stable, by the robust cytoplasmic isocitrate dehydrogenase flux of the resting cycle phase. (Modified with
Permissions Europe/NL [email protected]; TN123207 Use of Open Access article figure)
Key Note lecture at the 3rd International Congress on Deuterium Depletion, Budapest, Hungary, EU – May 15-16, 2014
http://www.deuteriumdepletion.com/abs3/Abstract_00_Boros-Keynote.pdf
Correspondence USA: Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, RB-1, Torrance, CA 90502, USA. Tel.: (+1) 310-222-1883;
fax: (+1) 213 536-2014; E-mail address: [email protected]; Correspondence EU: HYD, LLC, Budapest, 2 Furj street, H-1214, Hungary,
EU. Tel.: (+36) 1-381-0765, (+36) 1-365-1660; fax: (+36) 1-365-1661; E-mail address: [email protected]
Fumarate hydratase derived NADPH mediates deuterium sensitivity of eukaryote cells
Boros & Somlyai
Fig. 2. Decreased mitochondrial function due to the activation of diverse oncogenic signals, hypoxia, lactic acidosis,
fumarate hydratase and/or isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations not only diminish a) the TCA cycle and matrix water use
for b) citrate/isocitrate shuttling, but reverse these processes for reductive carboxylation that depend on c) peroxisomal,
pentose cycle and SOG-pathway (not shown here) metabolism, which take over NADPH production with a deuterium
content matching that of higher carbohydrate and free water deuterium contents. d) Therefore, cell transformation and
diminished mitochondrial function add “heavier” and less stable NADPH, DNA, nuclear membrane structural and
functional hydrogen pool primarily via pentose cycle and SOG-pathway metabolism. Such metabolic switch sets the stage,
along with growth signaling, for aneuploidy and long-chain saturated nuclear fatty acid products (lignocerate and
behenate) necessary for increased nuclear membrane/cytoplasmic ratios; all hallmarks of cancer with severely altered
nuclear
functions
and
frequently
repeated
mitosis.
(Modified
with
Permissions
Europe/NL
[email protected]; TN123207 Use of Open Access article figure)
Key Note lecture at the 3rd International Congress on Deuterium Depletion, Budapest, Hungary, EU – May 15-16, 2014
http://www.deuteriumdepletion.com/abs3/Abstract_00_Boros-Keynote.pdf
Correspondence USA: Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, RB-1, Torrance, CA 90502, USA. Tel.: (+1) 310-222-1883;
fax: (+1) 213 536-2014; E-mail address: [email protected]; Correspondence EU: HYD, LLC, Budapest, 2 Furj street, H-1214, Hungary,
EU. Tel.: (+36) 1-381-0765, (+36) 1-365-1660; fax: (+36) 1-365-1661; E-mail address: [email protected]
Fumarate hydratase derived NADPH mediates deuterium sensitivity of eukaryote cells
Boros & Somlyai
Fig. 3. Decreasing deuterium content in drinking water to e.g.: 100 ppm, which is closer to the average 118 ppm
deuterium load (in water equivalents) of natural and dietary fatty acids, reprograms cellular metabolism even when a)
the Krebs-Szent-Györgyi (tricarboxylic/citric acid – TCA) cycle is still insufficient to produce low deuterium citrate,
isocitrate and malate with metabolic water. Matching matrix/metabolic water deuterium depletion in drinking water,
even without b) citrate/isocitrate shuttling and fumarase and/or isocitrate dehydrogenase action, c) peroxisomal,
pentose cycle and SOG-pathway metabolism, alike, will maintain a NADPH pool with low deuterium content. d) In turn,
low deuterium containing water simulates metabolic events described for restoring fumarate hydratase function with
more balanced, normal cell-like mitochondria that produce lighter NADPH, DNA and nuclear membrane structural and
functional hydrogen bonds, which prevent or even reverse the long lasting metabolic effects of oncogenic signals to
produce aneuploidy with nuclear membrane malfunctions. (Modified with Permissions Europe/NL
[email protected]; TN123207 Use of Open Access article figure)
Key Note lecture at the 3rd International Congress on Deuterium Depletion, Budapest, Hungary, EU – May 15-16, 2014
http://www.deuteriumdepletion.com/abs3/Abstract_00_Boros-Keynote.pdf
Correspondence USA: Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, RB-1, Torrance, CA 90502, USA. Tel.: (+1) 310-222-1883;
fax: (+1) 213 536-2014; E-mail address: [email protected]; Correspondence EU: HYD, LLC, Budapest, 2 Furj street, H-1214, Hungary,
EU. Tel.: (+36) 1-381-0765, (+36) 1-365-1660; fax: (+36) 1-365-1661; E-mail address: [email protected]
Fumarate hydratase derived NADPH mediates deuterium sensitivity of eukaryote cells
Boros & Somlyai
Fig. 4. Normal mitochondria balance ATP synthesis with water production evenly by distributing protons between the
inter-membrane space for ATP synthesis, and the cytochrome-c/complex-IV proteins for water production. Cytochromec oxidize produces low deuterium metabolic water from saturated fatty acid derived protons, which help recycling
fumarate and succinate via fumarate hydratase as malate (green arrows) in the matrix of normal mitochondria.
Allergen/antigen and hormone activated immune cells present with a branching TCA cycle (red arrows) at succinate and
fumarate, which depletes complex-IV of protons, thus limiting metabolic water production (red crosses). Mitochondria
with branching, due to hypoxia, succinate dehydrogenase, fumarate hydratase mutations and with increased proton
channeling towards ATP synthase, must redirect the hydration of fumarate to the cytoplasm, using free, high-deuterium
containing extracellular/cytoplasmic water. Therefore, deuterium depleted water in cells with defective mitochondria
limits deuterium load and regulates prostaglandin and inflammatory mediator production, nuclear membrane stability,
cellular expansion, aneuploidy, as well as immune- and tumorigenic signals (Patents WO2010119303 - US20120058197
[PCT/HU2010/000044] “Compositions comprising water with deuterium for the prevention or treatment of allergic
diseases and a process for the preparation thereof” - http://www.google.com/patents/US20120058197).
Key Note lecture at the 3rd International Congress on Deuterium Depletion, Budapest, Hungary, EU – May 15-16, 2014
http://www.deuteriumdepletion.com/abs3/Abstract_00_Boros-Keynote.pdf
Correspondence USA: Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, RB-1, Torrance, CA 90502, USA. Tel.: (+1) 310-222-1883;
fax: (+1) 213 536-2014; E-mail address: [email protected]; Correspondence EU: HYD, LLC, Budapest, 2 Furj street, H-1214, Hungary,
EU. Tel.: (+36) 1-381-0765, (+36) 1-365-1660; fax: (+36) 1-365-1661; E-mail address: [email protected]
Fumarate hydratase derived NADPH mediates deuterium sensitivity of eukaryote cells
Boros & Somlyai
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Key Note lecture at the 3rd International Congress on Deuterium Depletion, Budapest, Hungary, EU – May 15-16, 2014
http://www.deuteriumdepletion.com/abs3/Abstract_00_Boros-Keynote.pdf
Correspondence USA: Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, RB-1, Torrance, CA 90502, USA. Tel.: (+1) 310-222-1883;
fax: (+1) 213 536-2014; E-mail address: [email protected]; Correspondence EU: HYD, LLC, Budapest, 2 Furj street, H-1214, Hungary,
EU. Tel.: (+36) 1-381-0765, (+36) 1-365-1660; fax: (+36) 1-365-1661; E-mail address: [email protected]
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Key Note lecture at the 3rd International Congress on Deuterium Depletion, Budapest, Hungary, EU – May 15-16, 2014
http://www.deuteriumdepletion.com/abs3/Abstract_00_Boros-Keynote.pdf
Correspondence USA: Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, RB-1, Torrance, CA 90502, USA. Tel.: (+1) 310-222-1883;
fax: (+1) 213 536-2014; E-mail address: [email protected]; Correspondence EU: HYD, LLC, Budapest, 2 Furj street, H-1214, Hungary,
EU. Tel.: (+36) 1-381-0765, (+36) 1-365-1660; fax: (+36) 1-365-1661; E-mail address: [email protected]