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Name:_____________________________ Date:______________ Per:________
Academic Biology DLA 2 Review
Genetics Vocabulary
Define and provide an example for the following terms:
Meiosis: Process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of
homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell.
Gamete: Specialized cell involved in sexual reproduction. Example: Sperm, Egg
Haploid: Term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single
set of genes. Example: Sperm, Egg
Diploid: term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes. Example: Humans
Hybridization: Breeding technique that involves crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best traits
of both organisms Example: Zebra + Donkey = Zedonk
Inbreeding: Continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics. Example: Incest, purebred Pug
Selective Breeding: Method of improving a species by allowing only those individual organisms with desired
characteristics to produce the next generation Example: Breeder breeding cattle for leaner tastier meat.
Transgenic Organisms: Organism that contains genes from another organism using recombinant DNA. Glow
in the dark cats used for Feline AIDs research.
Stem Cells: Cells that are not yet specialized and can be specialized into any cell type. Example: Embryonic
Stem cells
Genetic Engineering: Process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms. Creating a species of
corn that can make its own pesticide.
Karyotype: set of photographs of chromosomes grouped in order in pairs
Autosomes: autosomal chromosome; chromosome that is not a sex chromosome. Example: Chromsome 21
Sex Chromosomes: one of two chromosomes that determine an individual’s sex; females have two X
chromosomes; males have on X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
Nondisjunction: Error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate.
a) Down Syndrome: Extra Chromsome 21
b) Klinefelter’s syndrome: Extra X chromsome in males (XXY)
c) Turner’s syndrome: Female only has one X chromosome
Label the diagram with the following chromosomal mutations:
Deletion
Duplication Inversion
Translocation
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Short Answer
How many chromosomes are in the human body? How many of these are sex chromosomes? How many of
these are autosomes? 46 chromosomes. One set is from the mother, the other set is from the father. There
are 22 sets of autosomal chromosomes and 1 set (chromsome 23) of sex chromosomes
What are the advantages and disadvantages to selective breeding?
Advantages: * Produces healthier and more productive crops *Better meat from livestock
* Faster production from dairy cows * Faster and stronger animals for racing and working
* Different breeds of domestic animals
Disadvantages: * It takes a long time – generations are required to get the correct “mix” of
desired traits * You can’t control what genes get passed on to the offspring – you don’t just
get the desired traits
What are the advantages and disadvantages to hybridization?
Advantages: creates offspring that are usually hardier than the parents
Disadvantages: 1. may lose native species 2. hybrids are often unable to reproduce
What are the advantages and disadvantages to inbreeding?
Advantages: Preserves similarities and desired traits
Disadvantages: 1. Decreases genetic variation 2. Increases the likelihood of inheriting a
recessive disorder
List an example of beneficial bacteria:
probiotics
List an example of harmful bacteria. How do you kill bacteria?
Staphylococcus, streptococcus
What type of disorders can be identified through karyotyping?
Chromosomal Disorders
A homozygous recessive individual with blue eyes is crossed with a heterozygous dominant with brown eyes.
Does a hybrid cross and list the possible genotypes and phenotypes of their offspring.
Phenotypes:
Genotypes:
List the order of the taxonomy from the most inclusive to the least inclusive category. Circle the two categories
that are used in scientific naming.
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
The following dihybrid cross is crossing two heterozygous smooth and yellow peas. Finish the cross and list all
possible phenotypes and genotypes of the Smooth and Yellow peas.
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List 3 reasons why Viruses are not living and compare and contrast the lytic infection cycle and the
lysogenic infection cycle.
They cannot reproduce on their own
They can’t eat or grow
They cannot move
Match the scientists:
1. Lyell
C
a. Proposed the mechanism of Natural Selection
2. Malthus
B
b. Said human population increases faster than food
3. Darwin
A
c. Geologist who said the world was 4.6 billion years old
Evolution vocabulary (not all terms will be used, but you need to know them for the test!)
Adaptation
Fossil
Evolution
Fitness
Species
Variation
Evolution
Fitness
Adaption
Mutation
Natural Selection
Vestigial Organ
Fossils
Artificial Selection
Frequency
Gene Pool
Variation
Mutation
Natural Selection
Species
Vestigial Organ
Geographic Isolation
1. similar-looking organisms that can breed together and produce fertile offspring.
2. a slight inheritable difference seen within a species
3. process of long, slow change over time in a population
4. the success of an individual at surviving and reproducing in their environment
5. physical or behavioral traits that makes the individual more suitable to live in a
particular environment
7. change in genetic material, which leads to a source of variation in a species
8. process in which nature selects those traits that are better able to survive to live
the longest and reproduce the most within a particular environment
9. remnants of homologous structures with no apparent function
10. evidence or remains of ancient organisms
11. Nature provided the variation, and humans selected those variations that they
found useful.
Classification Vocabulary
bacillus
coccus
spirilli
kingdom
genus
19. Species
20. Kingdom
21. Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
22. Virus
23. Bacillus
24. Coccus
25. Spirilli
Homologous Structure
Speciation
Artificial Selection
Archaebacteria
virus
species
Eubacteria
The least inclusive level of classification
The most inclusive level of classification
The two kingdoms that do not contain a nucleus
Type of disease that cannot be treated with an antibiotic
Term for bacteria that are shaped like a rod
Term for bacteria that are shaped like a sphere
Term for bacteria that are shaped like a spiral
bacteria
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How are diseases spread? Contaminated water, exchange of bodily fluids, sneezing, coughing, etc…
Explain why an antibiotic can’t be used to treat a viral infection. Viruses are not living, antibiotics target
bacteria which are living.
How does HIV affect the body?
Lysogenic Infection
What is the diagram below called?
Cladogram
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2
c
1
b
a
Use the dichotomous Key at the right and classify the leaves below.
Write the common name of each leaf on the line next to its number.
18
Liquidambar
19
20
Magnolia
21
Robinia
Betula
Which letter designates the most recent
common ancestor of the ant and
grasshopper?
C
The traits on the lines are called -Derived Characteristics
Give the number of where would you
place the trait “doubled wing pairs”
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Which letter designates the most recent
common ancestor of all of the organisms
shown?
a
Which organisms would have the most
similar DNA? The butterfly and
dragonfly or spider and caterpillar?
Butterfly and dragonfly
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DNA Fingerprinting
Cloning
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1. Parents C and D.
Study the diagram above. Briefly describe the steps
involved in the cloning process.
Procedure
1. Nucleus from an adult cell is placed into an
egg cell without a nucleus
2. The egg cell begins to divide and forms an
embryo
3. The embryo is placed in the uterus a foster
mother, develops and is born
2. 50% of DNA comes from each parent.
3. No, because it would only match 50%.
4. What are 3 examples of uses for DNA
fingerprinting? * Determine paternity
* Identify criminal in legal cases * Identify
unknown soldiers.
5. What cannot be determined from a DNA
fingerprint? Genetic disorders
6. Briefly describe the steps of DNA
fingerprinting? What are restriction enzymes?
a. DNA is fragmented (cut) using restriction
enzymes
b. It is then placed in a gel and the
fragments produce a banding pattern
c. The banding pattern is unique for each
person
2. Who will Dolly look like?
a. Egg donor
b. Body cell donor
c. surrogate mother
d. none of the above
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Classification of Living Things: Six Kingdoms
Archaea
Eukarya
Domain
Bacteria
Kingdom
Eubactera
Archaea
Bactera
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Cell Type
Prokaryote
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Cell
Structure
Cells walls
have
peptidoglycan
Cell walls do
not have
peptidoglycan
Cell walls
have
cellulose;
some have
chloroplasts
Cell walls
have chitin
Cell walls
have
cellulose
Do not have
cell walls
Number of
Cells
Unicellular
Unicellular
Most
unicellular;
some
multicellular
Most
multicellular;
Some
unicellular
Multicellular
Multicellular
Nutrition
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Heterotroph
autotroph
heterotroph
Examples
Streptococcus,
E. coli
Methonogens
Halophiles
Thermophiles
Amoeba,
paramecium.
Slime molds,
giant kelp
Mushrooms
yeast mildew
Mosses,
ferns,
flowering
plants
Sponges,
worms,
insects,
fishes,
mammals