Irreverent speculations
about the future of
Educational Technology
R&D
An allegory……
“This land is my
land
this land is not
your land
I‘m going to blow
your head off!”
All models are wrong some
models are useful. George Box
My apologies if……….
All theories are wrong some
theories are useful.
With apologies to Karl Popper
Assumptions toward an
alternative framework:
*Gagne, (Merrill & Reigeluth) dominant influence
*Omission social cultural learning (Wundt)
*Omission theoretical level (scaling up)
Micro
Individual
Meso
Macro
CBT
Classroom
KM object
Job Aids
EPSS
Systems(ic)
Group
Micro
Individual
Meso
Macro
CBT
Classroom
KM object
Job Aids
EPSS
Systems(ic)
Group
Apprenticing
Social/
Collective
COP
Instit. theory
Activity Theory
KM process
Org Learning
Micro
Individual
Meso
Macro
CBT
Classroom
KM object
Job Aids
EPSS
Systems(ic)
Group
Atheoretical
Coaching
GE Workout
Plan Change
OJT
Action Learning Strat. Planning
Simul. Games
Apprenticing
Social/
Collective
COP
Social theory
Problem B.L.
KM process
Activity Theory
Org Learning
Example: Mental Models Tzeng & Schwen
Traditional task analysis
Cognitive task analysis
Mental representation-based task
analysis
Emphasizes behavior
Emphasizes cognition
Emphasizes knowledge
representation
Analyzes target performance
Analyzes expertise
Analyzes trainers’ and
representations
Evaluates knowledge for each
task separately
Evaluates knowledge for
whole job
Understands, communicates, negotiate for the
Behaviorally based task
segmentation
Skill-based task
segmentation
Integration of patterns of behaviors
Mental models not addressed
Mental models addressed
Mental representations based
meanings of the “best
learners’ mental
practice”
and network of reasoning
Observation(s)
Interview
Identify goal-action relations
Identify action sequence
(as Figure 4.
shows)
Tasks
Conceptual
orientation
propositions
Identify action patterns
If then goal propositions
Production (1)
(1)
Production (2)
(2)
(3)
Mapping
Production (3)
Production (4)
(4)
Production (5)
(5)
(6)
Production (6)
Distributed via formal activities
Diffused via informal activities
Explicit
knowledge
Tacit Knowledge
Explicit
knowledge
Tacit
Knowledge
* Formal
* Internship
* Empathy training
* Evaluation mech.
* Meetings /sharing
* Individual study
* Consultation with
professionals
* Collaboration
training
* Guest speech
* Public events
Theoretical
knowledge
Practical
experiences
Team
consciousness
* Observations
* Lunch meeting
* Environmental
design
Sharing
Relationship
individual & team
model
Team model
represented by:
Theoretical
knowledge
Mechanical
Individual subsumes team
model
Seniors’ models
Practical
experiences
Constructive
Overlap: individual
constitutes team model
Overlap: weighted
individual models
Team
collective
Confirmative
Team model embodies
individual model
Distributed in each individual
model
Example:
EA6B Info system
Schatz & Schwen
Systems
analysis
S-T
Design
Social
Technical
Requirements
Analysis
Integrated
Principles
Integrated
Prototyping
Typical Info System
Probabilities
Technical Design
Web Enabled Navy
Success
15%
Marginal
Success
45%
Failure
40%
Data for Social Analysis
Stories about:
(NRC/NIR)
-purpose/value
-conflict
-critical incidents
-stretch
-the system
Work practices
Process flows
Communication networks
Rituals/ celebrations
EA6B Social Analysis:Structures
Crane Depot
I level ‘shops’
O level support
Communities of Practice
Crane Depot: Social Analysis
Funct.
Contr
Chain
Mission
Eng
E -Tech
Roles
E -Tech
Eng
Support
Work Practice/Prod.
Communication/
Alignment
Change
I level ‘shops’: Social Analysis
Functional
Chief
Sense of Mission
Chief
tech
Roles
Work Practice/ Prod.
tech
Comm./Alignment
tech
O
O
O
Change
O level: Social Analysis
Navy Line/staff
Functional
Pilot/aircraft
Flight/staff
Pilot
Mission
Roles
Work Practice/ Prod.
Comm/Alignment
O-tech
Change
Flight/staff
I-tech
Example: Online Teacher COP?
Baek & Schwen
Intentional COP Fizzled
Reasons:
Time
Trust
Technology
Standards
Reflection (Lack of)
Example: COP Public Defenders
Hara & Schwen
Example: COP Public Defenders Hara & Schwen
Healthy Structure Sustained
Necessity
Informal
High Trust
Mutual dependence
Social mediation meaning
Boarder less
Identity
Example: ‘Slick 32’ Evans & Schwen
Navy as Institution
Shore Tech Structures
Ship maintenance
Plan Mtn. System
Regulative &
Normative Tension
Boundary players
Contradictions
Tool Mediation
Apprentice patterns
So: A framework for thinking about
the future of R & D?
Micro
Individual
Meso
Macro
CBT
Classroom
KM object
Job Aids
EPSS
Systems(ic)
Group
Atheoretical
Coaching
GE Workout
Plan Change
OJT
Action Learning Strat. Planning
Simul. Games
Apprenticing
Social/
Collective
COP
Social theory
Problem B.L.
KM process
Activity Theory
Org Learning
All frameworks are wrong
some are useful……
It’s your turn!