Organic Acids In Central Energy Pathways
q
q
q
q
q
q
B3, B5
Propionyl-CoA
q
q
Biotin
q
Methylmalonyl-CoA
(Methylmalonate)
Threonine
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
B2, B6
NAD
B3
q
Dopamine
q
q
q
B2
q
Homovanillate
B6
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
**Alpha-Ketobutyrate
GLU
B1, B2, B3, B5,
Lipoic Acid
q
q
Alpha-Ketoisovalerate
q
qq
q
B1, B2, B3, B5
Lipoic Acid,
Mg ++
q
q
Serotonin
Quinolinate
Mg++
q
Cu++, Ascorbate
5-Hydroxyindoleacetate
q
GSH
Cysteine
B6
Pyroglutamate
Alpha-Hydroxybutyrate
q
Food Source
Proteins
q
q
Alpha-Keto-BetaMethylvalerate
q
eta
-O
xi d
ati
on
*B
q
Succinyl-CoA
B3
q
q
q
q
Methionine
GLN
Alpha-Ketoglutarate
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
Succinate
B3, Mg++,
Mn++
q
q
q
q
q
q
Tyrosine
B6
q
Isoleucine
q
B2, Fe++
q
L-Dopa
B6
Isocitrate
3-Hydroxykynurenine
B6
q
Tyrosine
5-HTP
q
q
B6
B3
B1
B3, Fe++
Cysteine,
Fe++,
Glutathione
q
q
Fumarate
Phenylalanine
q
q
q
q
Arginosuccinate
q
UREA
CYCLE
B2, B3, B5
q
q
q
q
CITRIC ACID
CYCLE
q
Citrulline
NEUROTRANSMITTER METABOLISM
Kynurenate
B6
Kynurenine
q
Orotate
B1, B2, B3, B5
Lipoic Acid, Mg ++
Alpha-Ketoisocaproate
B6
Tryptophan
(amino acid)
q
cis-Aconitate
Malate
q
Urea
q
q
BetaHydroxybutyrate
q
q
q
Beta-Hydroxyisovalerate
(amino acid conversion to keto acids)
B3
q
Citrate
Oxaloacetate
q
Arginine
B6
Leucine
q
q
CO2
q
Ornithine
q
Valine
Acetoacetate
B3
Carbamoyl - P
(amino acid conversion to keto acids)
B2, B3,
Carnitine
q
Acetyl-CoA
Biotin
B6
q
q
q
q
q
NH3
B5, Mg++, K+
q
Cholesterol
q
q
ASN
Mn++, Mg++
(amino acid)
Biotin
B6
Pyruvate
q
Hydroxymethylglutarate
q
Lactate
q
q
Keto Acids
q
Fatty Acyl-CoA
q
B3
CoQ10
Carnitine
Glucose
B1, B2, B3, B5
q
Aspartate
B1, B2, B3, B5,
Lipoic Acid
Mg++
Norepinephrine
q
q
Amino Acids
q
Fatty Acids
q
Food Source
Carbohydrates
q
Marker elevations may suggest nutrient
deficiencies in the metabolic pathway
Food Source
Proteins
Food Source
Fats
Epinephrine
q
q
B2, Mg++, Fe++
q
Vanilmandelate
Proline
Histidine
Arginine
Amino Acids
NADH, FADH2
Odd chain fatty acids
Mitochondrial electron transport system
Cholesterol side
chains
B12
q
CoQ10
* Interference with mitochondrial beta-oxidation yields products of incomplete alternate oxidative pathways;
adipate, suberate, ethylmalonate and methylsuccinate
** Interferance with alpha-ketobutylate oxidation yeilds subsequent elevation of urinary alpha-hydroxybutyrate
ATP
q
q
q
O2
H2O
Cellular Energy
Biosynthetic Reactions
77 Austin Street, PO Box 19033, Onekawa,
Napier 4146 NZ
Ph 0800 439 633 Fax 0800 439 630
[email protected]
www.fxmed.co.nz