Chapter 2
Biochemistry
Biochemistry
 Biochemistry
teaches us what makes
up the basic units of all life.
 Life depends on chemistry
Atoms
Matter – anything
that takes up
space and has
mass
 Mass= Amount of
material in an
Object
 Atom – smallest
whole particle
known to man (or
woman)

Atoms
Neutrons – a
subatomic particle
with a neutral
charge
 Protons – a
subatomic particle
which has a
positive charge
 Electrons – a
subatomic particle
that has a negative
charge

Where are they located
Proton- Nucleus
 Neutron – Nucleus
 Electron –orbit
outside the nucleus

Elements
Element – An atom
that is defined by it’s
atomic number
Ex. Oxygen or Hydrogen



The ancient Greeks first
proposed that living things
were made up of Earth, Air,
Water, and Fire.
118 known elements. 93
occur naturally on Earth
Molecules vs. compounds
A molecule is formed
when two or more
atoms join together
chemically
 A compound is a
molecule that contains
at least two different
elements
*All compounds are
molecules, but not all
molecules are
compounds

Ionic bonds

One or more
electrons are
transferred from
one atom to
another
Sodium ion
 Chloride ion

Covalent Bonds

Sharing electrons
Atoms share two
electrons – single
bond
 Atoms share four
electrons – double
bond

Water


Polar because there is a uneven distribution of
electrons between the oxygen and the hydrogen
atoms
Hydrogen bonds – not as strong as covalent or
ionic bonds, but water’s ability to form multiple
hydrogen bonds is responsible for many of its
properties
Cohesion
Is the attraction
between
molecules of the
same substance
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Freezing properties
 Density
of solid water vs. liquid
water
 Expansion on Freezing - Water forms
a crystalline structure that expands
and is less dense than its liquid state
Adhesion: water-other
Plants use Cohesion and Adhesion to take water up to the leaves
of plants. Without these characteristics of water, life would not
be possible.
Solution of Salt water
Solute= Salt
Solvent = water
Solution = Salt Water
pH
Aspirin has to be
buffered so that it will
not cause your stomach
acid to interact with it
and change the pH of
the stomach acid.
Macromolecules
 All
living things are mostly composed
of 4 elements: H, O, N, C
 Inorganic
Compounds:
– Do not contain carbon

Organic compounds
– Contain carbon.
Monomers and Polymers
Polymers are many connected monomers
Monomer
= 1 molecule
Carbohydrates can be called
polysaccharides or Starch
Poly = Many Saccharide = sugar
Sugars and starches
Function= Provide energy, energy storage, and structural
support
Carbs consist of C, H, O.
Monosaccharides are single units of
sugars
Ex. Fructose, glucose, and galactose
 Excess
sugar is stored as
polysaccharides.
 Formed by joining monosaccharide
units.
 Examples: cellulose (plant starch)
glycogen (animal starch)
Glycogen is a polysaccharide used
by animals as energy storage.
 Humans cannot break down cellulose
because they lack the proper
enzymes
 Cellulose in the human diet is needed
for fiber.

Lipids are Fats



Hydrophobic; scared
of water
Function= store
energy, make up cell
membranes, chemical
messenger,
protection/insulation
Commonly known as
fats, oils, steroids,
and waxes
Saturated/Unsaturated Fats
Saturated= solid at room temperature
Unsaturated = liquid at room temperature
Other lipids
Phospholipids
(cell membrane)

Sterols
Waxes
Steriods
Nucleic Acids DNA
Proteins



Function= Carry out
various biological
processes and do
most of the work in
the cell. Required for
various structures and
functions in the body
Proteins are made of
Amino Acids
There are 20 different
amino acids.
Polypeptide
Chain = a
bunch of
amino
acids
hooked up
to make a
protein
Shapes of Proteins
Enzymes
Carry out chemical
reactions
 Enzymes are
mostly proteins
that speed up
chemical reactions.
 Life processes
would be too slow
to occur without
enzymes

Enzymes only react with one other
molecule based on its shape
Enzymes are Lock and Key
Lactase Enzyme breaks down
Lactose Sugar in Milk
Sucrose Sugar
won’t fit
Brown Recluse Toxin is a protein
Day One and Two
Day 6
Day 9
Day
11
Activation Energy
Enzymes are Specialized Proteins
Enzyme
Activation Site
Substrate
Enzyme-Substrate
Complex
Enzyme Activity
and
Amount of
Substrate
Enzyme Inhibitors
Fat Enzyme
Inhibitor
What are treatment effects?
 alli™ works by preventing the absorption of
some of the fat you eat. The fat passes out
of your body, so you may have bowel
changes, known as treatment effects. You
may get:
 gas with oily spotting , looking like pizza oil
 loose stools, oily stools,
 more frequent stools that may be hard to
control, slight anal leakage.

Blood Cells
Water
Catabolism of Sucrose
Catabolism of ATP to ADP
pH and Enzyme Activity
Enzyme and Temperature