IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS)
e-ISSN: 2319-2380, p-ISSN: 2319-2372. Volume 7, Issue 6 Ver. II (Jun. 2014), PP 11-18
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Effects of Organic Materials on Phosphorus Forms under
Submerged Condition in the Soils of Lake Geriyo Irrigation
Project, Adamawa State, Nigeria.
Solomon, R. I., A. M. Saddiq and B. H. Usman
Deparment Of Soil Science, Modibbo Adama University Of Technology, Yola
Abstract: Experiment was conducted at the landscape unit of Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola,
to study the effects of organic materials on phosphorus forms under submerged condition in the soils of Geriyo
Irrigation project. Soils were incubated with cowdung and poultry droppings at 5, 10 and 15 tons/ha for a
period of 90 days. Soil samples were collected at 30, 60 and 90 after submergence and processed for analyses.
Results showed that the soils were slightly acidic, low in total nitrogen, available phosphorus, effective cation
exchange capacity (ECEC), and percent base saturation (PBS). Characterized organic materials showed
higher N, P, and K contents in poultry droppings while cowdung had higher moisture and organic carbon
contents. Irrespective of the type of organic materials, total P, organic P, available P and other forms of P
increased significantly (p<0.05) with increasing levels of organic materials in both trials. In the first trial, total
P and organic P increased at 60 days of submergence and declined afterwards while available P progressively
increased up to 90 days of submergence, saloid P and aluminum bound P progressively decreased up to 90 days
of submergence while iron and calcium bound P were highest at 60 days of submergence. In the second trial,
total P and organic P progressively decreased with time while available P decreased at 60 days of
submergence, saloid, aluminum and iron bound P were highest at 60 days of submergence. This implies that the
use of poultry droppings in the soils of Geriyo irrigation project may ensure the supply of phosphorus to sustain
rice production despite the seasonal flooding in the area with high risk of iron toxicity/ antagonism.
I.
Introduction
Phosphorus (P) is an essential element classified as a macronutrient due to the relatively large amount
required by plants. It is important for the transfer of chemically bound energy in various processes in the
metabolism of plants, synthesis, breaking down and conversion of fat, proteins, carbohydrates and vitamins and
hastens maturity. It is also an important component of biological membranes and supports root and shoot growth
of crops (Fadly, 2005).
Soil Phosphorus exists in various forms; inorganic P (Pi) and organic P (Po). These P forms differ in
their behavior and fate in soils (Turner et al., 2007). The Pi usually accounts for 35 to 70% of total P in soil
(Harrison, 1987). Primary P minerals including apatites, strengite, and variscite are very stable, and the release
of available P from these minerals by weathering is generally too slow to meet the crop demand, though direct
application of phosphate rocks (i.e. apatites) has proved relatively efficient for crop growth in acidic soils. In
contrast, secondary P minerals including calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), and aluminum (Al) phosphates vary in their
dissolution rates, depending on size of mineral particles and soil pH (Pierzynski et al., 2005; Oelkers and
Valsami-Jones, 2008). All the P forms exist in complex equilibrium with each other, representing from very
stable, sparingly available, to plant-available P pools such as labile P and solution P.
Low availability of phosphorus is a major constraint to agricultural productivity in highly weathered
tropical soils (Sahrawat et al., 2001) such as the soils of Geriyo irrigation project. Such soils have a significant
capacity to sorb large amounts of phosphorus, taking them out of the soil solution. This limits the availability of
inorganic phosphorus for plants, whether it is present in the soil or added as fertilizer. Tropical soils also contain
small amounts of total phosphorus, with a relatively large proportion of this present in organic forms. Organic
amenndments constitute major phosphorus turnover especially in the tropical soils (Bar-Yosef, 2004).
Apart from the low phosphorus availability inherent in these soils, the problem of fixation
/complexation by iron and aluminum especially of iron under flooded conditions further aggravate phosphorus
availability for crop use. At the same time, ferric iron compounds have low solubility in the soil solution, and
conditions that favour the formation of this compound decreases iron availability (Schulte, 2004) and its
deficiency can be induced by excess of phosphorus (Hesse, 2002).
The use of organic amendments is increasing with the development of organic farming and there is an
increased use even among conventional farmers to sustain production and environment (Schulte, 2004).
Therefore, the search for appropriate organic amendments to ensure supply of phosphorus, reduce risk of iron
toxicity/chelation and sustain production is not only imperative but necessary.
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Effects Of Organic Materials On Phosphorus Forms Under Submerged Condition In The Soils Of
II.
Materials And Methods
Location of the Study Area
The study was conducted in Modibbo Adama University of Technology (MAUTECH), Yola, Soil
Science Laboratory and Landscape unit. The soil samples were collected from Geriyo Irrigation Project which is
located 2km North of Jimeta metropolis, Yola North Local Government Area, Adamawa State, within the
savannah ecological zone of Nigeria. The location lies between 12°21' to 22°18’ E latitude and 9°16’ to 19°19'
N. longitude with altitude range of 150-180 m above the mean sea level. It has a total irrigation area of about
350ha which is divided into three phases viz; phase I with developed irrigation area of 20 ha, phase II is divided
into three with 2A(35ha), 2B(60ha)and 2C(45ha) making a total developed irrigation area of 140ha and phase III
is also divided into two with 3A(140ha) and 3B(50ha) making a total developed irrigation area of 190ha.The
experimental material (soil samples) were collected from phase II plots (2B and 2C) and phase III (3B) of the
project which are rice plots and are located in the lower section of the irrigation system.
The annual rainfall of the study area ranged from 700 – 1000mm and temperature ranged from 15.2 –
39oC. The temperature is high throughout the year with a mean monthly temperature of 26.7 oC in the south and
27.8oC in the northern part of the State (Adebayo, 1999). The amount of sunshine hours ranged from 2500 in the
south to 3000 hours in the extreme north (Adebayo, 1999). The relative humidity varies seasonally in the State.
It is extremely low (20 – 30 %) between January and March and starts increasing as from April and reaches its
peak (above 70 %) in August and September. Relative humidity then starts to decrease as from October
following the cessation of rains (Adebayo, 1999).
Experimental Materials
Two organic materials; Cow dung and poultry (Broilers) droppings sourced from the University farm
were used. Nine kg (9 kg) of soil samples (at field moisture condition) was collected from Geriyo and weighed
into perforated plastic pots of height = 23.5cm, diameter = 22.5cm. This was kept under submergence at
MAUTECH land scape unit for a period of 90 days. The organic materials were air dried and ground using
porcelain mortar and pestle, sieved through a 2-mm sieve for laboratory analysis and incorporation into the
experimental pots.
The pH of the organic materials was determined in 1: 2 organic matters to water ratio (Kanwar
and Chopra, 1959).
The organic carbon content of the organic materials was determined using NYC – 12
muffle furnace as described by Kanwar and Chopra (1959).
Nitrogen content of the organic materials was
determined as described by Kanwar and Chopra (1959). The P and K in the organic materials were determined
as described by Kanwar and Chopra (1959).
Soil Sampling, Preparation and Analyses
Soil samples were taken randomly across the experimental field (Geriyo) to a depth of 20 cm and
bulked for laboratory analysis before the commencement of the research. The soil samples were air-dried,
crushed using a porcelain mortar and pestle and then sieved through a 2-mm mesh sieve. Sieved samples were
stored in labeled polythene bags for laboratory analysis. Cow dung and poultry droppings were analyzed for pH,
organic carbon, total nitrogen, organic phosphorus and total potassium contents while soil texture, bulk density,
particle density, moisture content, porosity and color were determined as described by Jaiswal (2003).
The soil pH was measured in a 1:2 soil to water ratio using a glass electrode (H19017 microprocessor)
pH meter as described by Jaiswal (2003). EC was measured using Jenway 4320 EC meter, organic carbon
content of the soil was determined by wet oxidation method and total nitrogen was determined by the macro
kjeldahl digestion, distillation and titration procedure as described by Jaiswal (2003). The available P was
determined using Bray 1 method as described by Bray and Kurtz (1945). Exchangeable bases were extracted
with one normal (1N) ammonium acetate. Potassium and Sodium were determined using flame photometer,
while Calcium and Magnesium was determined by titration with 0.01N EDTA (ethylene di-amine tetra-acetic
acid), the soil was extracted with unbuffered 1.0M KCl, and the sum of Al 3+ and H+ was titrated with 0.1M
NaOH in the presence of phenolphthalein indicator to a permanent pink color (Jaiswal, 2003). The same sample
was titrated with 0.05 N Hcl to a colorless end point after adding a drop of 0.05 N Hcl and NaF respectively to
determine the amount of Al3+ alone. The difference between total and exchangeable Al 3+ alone and H+ + Al3+
gives value for H+. However, the amount of exchangeable H alone is the difference between total exchangeable
acidity and that of Al alone (Jaiswal, 2003). ECEC was determined by summation method (IITA, 1984). The
PBS was calculated as a percentage of the ECEC (Jaiswal, 2003). Oxalate extractable iron was determined as
described by Parfit and Childs (1988), CBD extractable and pyrophosphate extractable iron was determined as
described by Blakemore et al. (1987).
Soil samples collected from the experimental pots after every 30 days were analyzed for pH, and
different fractions of phosphorus. The soil pH was determined as described by Jaiswal (2003). Total P and
Organic P were determined using ignition method, where 2g of air dried soil sample was ignited at 550 oc for 1
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Effects Of Organic Materials On Phosphorus Forms Under Submerged Condition In The Soils Of
hour in a muffle furnace, and another 2g was unignited and were then treated with 30 ml 0f 0.1 M H 2SO4 for at
least 16 hours. Phosphorus in the filtrates were determined using the calorimeter method while the different
fractions of inorganic P (Ca-P, reductant soluble P, Fe-P, Al-P, and easily soluble or saloid P) were fractionated
(Williams et al., 1967). Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) was used first to remove soluble and loosely bound P,
followed by separating Al-P from Fe-P with (NH4F), then removing Fe-P with NaOH. The reductant-soluble P
was removed with CDB (sodium citrate-sodium dithionite-sodium bicarbonate) extraction, while Ca-P was
extracted with sulfuric acid (H2SO4).
Manure Incorporation
The ground manures were applied at the recommended rate of 60 Kg P/ha of single super phosphate
(SSP)(Sanusan et al., 2009) by incorporating the manures into the soil to hasten the decomposition of the
organic materials. The total amount of the organic material applied was estimated based on the result of the soil
routine analyses conducted.
Experimental Layout
Experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) replicated three (3) times with the
following treatments:
i.
Organic manure source (three treatments): control, cow dung and poultry droppings
ii.
Organic manure level (three treatments): 5 ton ha-1, 10 ton ha-1 and 15 ton ha-1.
iii.
Incubation time (three treatments): 30, 60 and 90 days after incubation (DAS).
Data Analysis
The data collected were analyzed using Statistical analysis software (SAS) (Arthur, 2013) and the
means were separated using least significant difference (LSD) (Gomez and Gomez, 1984).
III.
Results And Discussion
The soil of the study area is black in color and clay loam in texture. Tya Tahye (2011) reported same
texture and color while studying the soils of the area. Soil pH in water was slightly acidic. Similar results were
reported by Usman (2005). Ammonium and nitrate nitrogen content were low as reported by Marx et al. (1996).
Available P content was moderate. Usman (2005) and Marx et al. (1996) also reported moderate available P
content. Low organic matter content was also recorded. This corroborates with the findings of Marx et al.
(1996) and Usman (2005). This may be attributed to the rapid decomposition rate of organic materials due high
temperature and continuous cultivation (Jones and Wild, 1975; Singh, 1997).
Analysis of the organic materials revealed that highest moisture was recorded in cow dung
while organic carbon content was highest in cow dung compared to poultry droppings. Highest N, P, and K
values were recorded in poultry droppings. Similar results were obtained by Vanlauwe et al. (2001) while
characterizing organic materials. The least N content was in cow dung. However, N content in poultry droppings
was not as high as that recorded by Vanlauwe et al. (2001). This may be due to the release of ammoniumnitrogen and subsequent loss during handling (Brady and Weil, 2008).
Application of the organic materials generally increased soil pH at the initial stage of the
experiment with poultry droppings application recording the highest pH value. The increased soil pH recorded
by poultry droppings application at the initial stage of submergence (30 DAS) may primarily be attributed to the
high pH of poultry droppings (8.2) at the time of application. Narambuye and Haynes (2006) reported that,
during the initial decomposition of manures, prior to their collection, some formation of phenolic, humic-like
material may usually occur. These organic anions consume protons from the soil thus, raising the equilibrium
pH. This increased pH may also be explained by proton (H +) exchange between the soil and the added organic
materials (Tang et al., 1999). Another mechanism that was proposed to explained the increased in soil pH by
such organic materials as poultry droppings is the specific adsorption of humic materials and/or organic acids
onto the hydrous surfaces of Al and Fe oxides by ligands exchange with corresponding release of OH- ( Hue et
al., 1986). The subsequent decrease in soil pH with increasing time of submergence was also observed by Opala
et al. (2012). This decrease of soil pH with time may be due to the nitrification of nitrifiable N, which is an
acidifying process (Paul et al., 2001).
The contribution of total P content in the organic materials was apparent especially at the initial stage
of submergence. Total P concentration increased with the application of organic materials at the initial stage of
submergence and then began to decrease with increasing time of submergence, with poultry droppings treated
soil having the highest total P concentration. Also an increase in total P concentration was observed with
increasing level of organic materials application. The higher total P concentration observed in the poultry
droppings application may be linked to the high P content of the applied organic material (4.25 %). Hesse
(2002) stressed the validity of increased total P concentration when the soil pH exceeds 5.5. This promotes P
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Effects Of Organic Materials On Phosphorus Forms Under Submerged Condition In The Soils Of
mineralization. Midwest plan (2000) reported an average P content (kgmt -1) of solid broiler poultry droppings of
9.5 kg mt-1 compared to 0.7 kgmt-1of solid beef Cow dung and 0.5 kgmt-1 of solid dairy cow dung. The increase
in total P concentration with the addition of organic materials concurred with the findings of Fadly (2005), who
attributed the increased total P concentration to the addition of organic matter and the possibility of
mineralization and solubilization of occluded P and stabilized source of P in the existing soil organic matter. In
addition, Garg and Bahla (2008) reported that, Poultry manure supplies phosphorus more readily to plants than
other organic manure sources. The decrease in the concentration of Total P with time may be attributed to P
resorption (Halvin et al., 2003).
The application of organic materials had a synergistic effect with organic P concentration. As the level
of organic materials increased, an increased organic P concentration was observed. Also, organic P
concentration increased with increasing time of submergence. The increase in organic P with the application of
organic materials may be due to the high total P content of the organic materials added. According to Turner and
Leytem (2004), Manure contains large amounts of organic P, such as phospholipids and nucleic acids which
when added to soil increase the organic and total P content respectively. Harrison (1987) also reported that,
organic P generally accounts for 30 to 65% of the total P in soils. The application of organic materials may also
complex Al and Fe in either ionic form or as oxides hence preventing P from becoming permanently
unavailable, raising the organic P concentration and consequently releasing the phosphates gradually into the
soil solution thus increasing the organic P concentration as the time of submergence increases (90 DAS).
Addition of P from organic materials generally resulted in increased available P. it was observed that
increase in both time of submergence and level of organic materials resulted in a corresponding increase in
available P. The increase in the concentration of available P as a result of the application of organic materials
may be due to the effective chelating process of Al and Fe in soil by organic matter functional groups (AlvarezFernanez et al., 1997; Bhattacharyya et al., 2005) suppressing precipitation of Al and Fe phosphate, or just
mineralization of organic P from the addition of organic materials (Haynes and Mokolobate, 2001; Tiessen et
al., 1998). The increase in available P with time of submergence contrast with the findings Sharply (1983) who
reported a decline in available P with time which was attributed to P sorption by the soil. However, this result is
in line with the reports of Opala (2012); Laboski and Lamb (2003); Spychaj-Fabisiak et al. (2005). They
explained that the increase in P availability with time may be due to microbially mediated mineralization of soil
organic P at a faster rate than that of P sorption by the soil of low to moderate P.
Saloid P concentration was dependent on the source of organic materials. An increase in Saloid P
concentration with the application of poultry droppings was observed whereas, its concentration declined with
cow dung application. However, as the time of submergence increases, Saloid P concentration decreases. This
rise in Saloid P concentration with the addition of Poultry may due to its ability to supply phosphorus more
readily to plants than other organic manure sources (Garg and Bahla, 2008). The decline in Saloid P
concentration with time can be attributed mainly to uptake by plant roots. Willet (1986) attributed the decrease
in readily available P to plants to the flooding and dry conditions which increased the activity of ferric hydrous
oxides in sorbing P that resulted in the immobilization of added P after draining the rice soils. Mandai and Khan
(1975) obtained similar result.
A decline in the concentration of Aluminium bound P with time of submergence was observed.
Nevertheless; Al-P concentration increases with the application of organic materials. The antagonism observed
between Al-P and time of submergence may be due to the absence/ reduction of P sorption by Al there by
resulting in a decline in Al-P concentration with Time of submergence. It may also be linked to its
transformation to Fe-P or Ca; Vanlauwe et al. (2001) obtained similar result and stated that; with the passage of
time, some portion of the Al-P might be converted to Fe-P and Ca depending upon the soil characteristics. The
synergism observed by Al-P and organic materials was in contrast with the findings of many authors (AlvarezFernandez et al., 1997; Bhattacharyya et al., 2005; Anthony et al., 2008) who reported a decrease in Al-P
concentration when organic materials were applied. They attributed the decrease to the effective chelating
process of Al in soil by organic matter functional groups suppressing precipitation of Al. However, the rise in
Al-P concentration may be connected mainly to the effect of soil pH rather than that of added organic materials.
Abolfazli et al. (2012) obtained similar result and reported that Fe-P and Al-P predominate in acids. Also, it was
reported that Fe-P and Al-P constituted 55 % of total P in acidic soil (Vanluawe et al., 2001).
Time of submergence had a significant influence on the concentration of Fe-P. A decline in Fe-P
concentration with time of submergence was observed. This antagonism is in line with the findings of
Ponnamperuma (1985) who reported that submergence resulted in the reduction of Fe-P as a result of hydrolysis
and dissolution of Fe-P on submerging the soil. Furthermore, this may be attributed to the continuous depletion
of easily soluble (Saloid) P with time thereby presenting a favourable environment for more Fe-P to be released
into the soil solution resulting in a decline in Fe-P concentration.
The levels of organic materials had no significant influence on the concentration of RS-P, however,
maximum and minimum concentration were recorded at 15 ton ha -1 and 5 ton ha-1 respectively. There was a
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Effects Of Organic Materials On Phosphorus Forms Under Submerged Condition In The Soils Of
decline in RS-P concentration with time of submergence nevertheless; application of organic materials increased
the concentration of RS-P. The increase in RS-P may be associated with the increase in available P when
organic materials were applied. Shariatmadari et al. (2007) reported that RS-P concentration was significantly
correlated with soil available P. Also, it may be possible that organo-metal complexes mainly, Al, Fe and Mn,
remove P from solution and reduced the amount of P loss via runoff and leaching by formation of a cationic
bridge between the organic C and P (Leytem and Westermann, 2003). The reduction of free hydrous Fe oxides
during flooding, and the liberation of sorbed and co precipitated P increased the levels of extractable P in
flooded acidic soil (Willet, 1989). An increase in pH in fact, favors P desorption from clay, iron and aluminum
oxides. Such pH changes were however, found to favor desorption of freshly applied P only (Willet 1989).
Calcium bound P (Ca-P) concentration decreases with time of submergence. This decline in Ca-P
concentration with time of submergence may not be unconnected to the decline in soil pH with time. However,
an increase in Ca-P concentration with the addition of organic materials was observed. The synergy between CaP and organic materials contradicts the findings of Halajnia et al. (2009) who reported that organo-metal
complexes were involved in the inhibition of Ca-P precipitation. However, the rise in Ca-P concentration with
poultry droppings application may be associated with the rise in soil pH when poultry droppings were applied.
This concurred with the findings of Shen et al. (2004) and Abolfazli et al. (2012). They reported that, the
dominant total inorganic P fraction in the calcareous soil at the long-term field trial was Ca-P (69-71% of total
inorganic P). It may also be attributed to the high pH value of the applied poultry droppings (8.2) which may
indicate high calcium content of the organic material. Robinson and Sharpley (1996) obtained similar result and
reported that, high Ca contents of some animal manure could enhance PO 4 sorption capacity of soils by the
formation of Ca-P precipitates and complexes. In general, on calcareous soils, Ca-P are the predominate pool of
soil P and their solubility is not directly influenced by redox reactions (Sah and Mikkelsen, 1986).
Conclusion
Level, type of organic materials and time of submergence significantly contributed to the differences
in P forms under submerged condition. Fixation of P by Fe, Al and Ca were greatly reduced on submerging the
soils.
Table 1: Some Physical and Chemical Properties of Soil (0-20 cm) of the Experimental Site
Parameters
0-20 cm
pH (1: 2 soil to water)
6.20
Ec (dS/m)
0.16
OC ( g/kg )
5.7
OM ( g/kg )
9.8
TN ( g/kg )
7.0 X 10-2
AV-N NH4 (g/kg)
9.8 X 10-3
AVN NO3 ( g/kg)
8.4 X 10-3
AV P (mg/kg)
9.09
H+AL (cmol(+)/kg)
2.20
H ( cmol(+)/kg )
0.72
AL cmol(+)/kg )
1.48
Ca ( cmol(+)/kg )
3.80
Mg ( cmol(+)/kg )
0.84
K ( cmol(+)/kg )
0.27
Na ( cmol(+)/kg )
0.21
ECEC ( cmol(+)/kg )
7.32
PBS (%)
69.95
Bulk density (g/cm3)
1.42
Sand (%)
40.80
Silt (%)
24.00
Clay (%)
35.20
Texture
CL
Color
7.5YR 2.5/1
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Effects Of Organic Materials On Phosphorus Forms Under Submerged Condition In The Soils Of
Table 2: Characterization of Organic Materials
Moist (% )
N (g/kg)
P (mg/kg)
%K
OC (g/kg)
pH
Poultry droppings
28.45
21.6
4250
3.01
220.1
8.2
Cow dung
34.63
19.2
800
2.75
318.2
7.8
Table 3: Effects of Organic Materials on Soil pH and Some Phosphorus (mg/kg) Fractions
Trial
Trts
pH
Tot-P
Org.P
Av.P
Saloid P
Al-P
Fe-P
7.09a
71.53b
20.92b
5.47b
7.10b
a
b
b
b
in First
RS-P
Ca-P
Level
5 ton ha-1
10 ton ha
-1
22.78
6.28
13.46
19.46a
10.45a
7.06a
6.40a
a
21.28a
10.60
a
a
6.94
7.39a
7.01
81.65
15 ton ha-1
6.92a
107.66a
35.97a
7.45a
13.10a
18.06a
9.15a
8.09a
7.89a
Mean
7.01
86.95
26.56
6.40
11.22
19.60
10.07
7.36
7.22
LSD
0.227
22.06
6.608
0.941
3.530
5.824
1.98
1.97
2.13
30 DAS
7.20a
75.09b
17.23b
5.29b
17.88a
36.25a
7.43b
9.17a
9.22a
60 DAS
7.01ab
106.89a
32.69a
5.79b
11.67b
15.12b
14.81a
7.95a
10.23a
a
a
Time
b
78.87
b
90 DAS
6.81
Mean
7.01
86.95
LSD
0.227
22.06
Control
6.77b
55.00b
cow dung
6.91b
75.93b
29.75
c
7.44
c
7.97
b
4.87
b
2.20b
8.11
4.10
26.56
6.40
11.22
19.60
10.07
7.36
7.22
6.608
0.941
3.530
5.824
1.98
1.97
2.13
12.32c
5.59b
5.98b
15.80b
11.04a
5.34b
5.70b
28.17b
6.12b
4.63b
18.70ab
9.52a
9.54a
6.65b
a
a
a
b
9.31a
Type
a
Poultry D.
7.34
129.90
Mean
7.01
86.95
LSD
0.227
22.06
a
39.17
7.48
23.04
25.56
6.40
11.22
6.608
0.941
3.530
a
24.31
a
9.64
7.20
19.60
10.07
7.36
7.22
5.824
1.98
1.97
2.13
DAS = Days after emergence, Poultry D. = poultry droppings, Tot. P = total phosphorus, Org. P = organic
Phosphorus, AV = available Phosphorus, Saloid P = Saloid or easily soluble phosphorus, Al-P = aluminium
bound phosphorus, Fe-P = iron bound phosphorus, RS-P = reductant soluble phosphorus, Ca-P = Calcium bound
phosphorus
Table 4: Effects of Organic Materials on Soil pH and Some Phosphorus (mg/kg) Fractions
Trial
pH
Tot-P
Org.P
Av.P
Saloid P
Al-P
Fe-P
RS-P
in Second
Ca-P
Level
5 ton ha-1
10 ton ha
-1
15 ton ha
-1
6.81b
ab
6.93
a
79.50b
18.33c
15.88c
11.03b
16.28a
11.46a
6.45a
3.61a
b
21.42
b
17.51
b
12.95
b
15.96
a
12.93
a
a
4.09a
37.91
a
20.72
a
14.94
a
13.33
b
12.65
a
a
6.58
3.93a
86.62
a
5.82
6.97
111.48
Mean
6.91
92.53
25.89
18.03
12.97
15.15
12.35
6.28
3.88
LSD
0.142
12.52
1.81
1.43
1.96
2.17
2.04
0.99
1.08
30 DAS
7.09a
119.82a
60 DAS
6.80
b
90 DAS
6.83
b
Mean
6.91
92.53
25.89
18.03
12.97
15.15
12.35
6.28
3.88
LSD
0.142
12.52
1.81
1.43
1.96
2.17
2.04
0.99
1.08
Time
81.02
b
76.77
b
22.44b
21.82a
14.28b
15.99b
18.19a
9.48a
4.95a
23.47
b
11.83
b
a
a
b
4.54
b
3.43b
31.76
a
20.45
a
4.83
b
3.25b
19.83
4.81
c
www.iosrjournals.org
22.17
7.30
c
10.82
8.02
c
16 | Page
Effects Of Organic Materials On Phosphorus Forms Under Submerged Condition In The Soils Of
Type
Control
6.56c
71.42c
13.49c
15.92c
b
b
b
b
88.17
28.06
17.87
13.73b
3.64
c
14.77b
15.58a
8.50a
b
b
b
3.24b
13.20
10.87
6.13
3.98ab
cow dung
6.86
Poultry D.
7.30a
118.02a
36.11a
20.31a
21.56a
17.48a
10.53b
4.21c
4.41a
Mean
6.91
92.53
25.89
18.03
12.97
15.15
12.35
6.28
3.88
LSD
0.142
12.52
1.81
1.43
1.96
2.17
2.04
0.99
1.08
DAS = Days after emergence, Poultry D. = poultry droppings, Tot. P = total phosphorus, Org. P = organic
Phosphorus, AV = available Phosphorus, Saloid P = Saloid or easily soluble phosphorus, Al-P = aluminium
bound phosphorus, Fe-P = iron bound phosphorus, RS-P = reductant soluble phosphorus, Ca-P = Calcium bound
phosphorus
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