Biology Study Guide 2nd Semester
1.
The ears of foxes help to regulate body heat. The Fennec fox lives in the North African desert and has large ears
that release body heat. The Arctic fox lives in cold climates and has small ears that conserve body heat. Which
of these processes led to the development of different ear sizes in foxes?
2.
Amphibians were the first vertebrates to live on land. The ancestors of amphibians were probably lobe-finned
fish. The diagram below shows this development over time.
Which of these terms best describes how amphibians could have developed from lobe-finned fish?
The chart below shows vertebrate embryo development.
the others?
Which of these would be LEAST related to
3. Which of the following pair is an example of homologous structures?
4. The outermost tail feather of the male Barn Swallow is longer than that of the female Barn
Swallow. The long tail feather helps the males attract females, but it also requires the
males to use extra energy to fly. The long tail feather trait is maintained in the Barn
Swallow populations because, compared to males with shorter tail feathers, males with
5. Which of the following provides the most conclusive evidence that organisms of two
different species share a common ancestor?
6. Which statement BEST summarizes natural selection?
7. New species can develop over time as a result of environmental pressures and natural
8. A single species of squirrel evolved over time into two species, each on opposite sides of
9. Earth has undergone some catastrophic changes from time to time. Which of these most
10. Frogs, lizards and birds all have a similar arrangement of bones in their limbs. Which of the
following does this similarity most likely indicate about these animals?
11. A small portion of a population that is geographically isolated from the rest of the
population runs the risk of decreased
ORGANS AND HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEMS
12. Which system coordinates the body’s response to change in its internal and external
environments?
13. What is the function of the central nervous system?
14. Which type of tissue provides support for the body?
15. Which of the following is NOT a blood type found in the human population?
16. The main function of the skull is to
17. Of what is the skeleton of an embryo mainly composed?
18. Which of the following organs removes extra water from the blood to keep the amount of
fluid in the bloodstream at the proper level?
19. Which of the following is a function of the excretory system?
20. Which of the following is a correct order in which air moves through the human respiratory
system when a person inhales?
21. The respiratory system depends on the nervous system for signals to
22. The most important function of the skin is
23. What two layers make up skin?
24. What structure serves as a passageway for both air and food?
25. Which statement best describes what happens when a human hand is quickly pulled away
from a hot stove?
26. Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between the digestive and
circulatory systems?
27. Which endocrine gland secretes sex hormones?
HOMEOSTASIS
28. In order for the body to maintain homeostasis, the chemical decomposition of food to
produce energy must be followed by
29. The fight-or-flight response includes greater heart output and a rise in blood pressure.
This response is due to
30. During exercise, human body temperature increases. How does the human body react to
return its temperature to a normal level?
31. How does the human digestive system help prevent illness that could be caused by bacteria
in food?
32. Unlike other animals, mammals can perspire. The main benefit of perspiring is that it
33. What is the GREATEST danger to a patient who has had damage to the skin?
34. The Sabin vaccine is a liquid containing weakened polio viruses. Vaccinated individuals
become protected against polio because the weakened viruses
35. Individuals with HIV sometimes contract a pneumonia infection that is rare in the rest of
the population because people with HIV
CLASSIFICATION
36.
37.
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41.
What is the general rule regarding respiratory organs in vertebrates?
What are animals that have a backbone called?
Mammals are characterized by each of the following EXCEPT:
The levels of organization in the body include
What structure is common to all of the kingdoms of living organisms
The role of pollen in plants is most similar to which type of cell in humans?
1E. Essay
Trees and animals both have internal structures that help transport fluids containing dissolved materials
within their tissues.
In your answer, compare and contrast the transport systems of (trees) plants and animals. Be sure to:


Identify the type of transport system used by each organism.
Describe the types of dissolved materials transported within each organism and
exchanged with its environment.
 Explain why the plant and the animal need specialized transport systems.
please answer question 1E on the paper provided for essay questions.
ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT
42. Use the relationships in the food web below to answer the following question:
Which of the following is most likely to lead to an increase in the number of foxes over time?
43. Use the previous food web to answer this question: According to the food web, which of
these supply energy for all the others:
Use the food web below to respond to this essay.
Describe the flow of energy in the wetland food web. In your response, be sure to



Name the biotic and abiotic factors affecting the Heron
Identify the trophic levels of the different organisms in the wetland food web
Explain how the other organisms in the wetland ecosystem would be affected by the
sudden disappearance of the Heron population
*Please answer question 2E on the paper provided for essay questions.
44. Which of the choices below is NOT an example of a factor in the increase of nitrogen in a
lake or river?
45. Which choice below is NOT a factor in the temperature of water in a lake or river?
46. Which method of generating electricity emits the greatest amount of greenhouse gases
47. Which statement BEST describes why the amount of energy is greater at the bottom than
at the top of the pyramid?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Smaller organisms require more energy than larger organisms.
Consumers are unable to use energy sources from lower levels.
Primary producers store all of the available energy, leaving none for the consumers.
At each level, organisms use energy they obtained from the level below, leaving less
energy to pass on to the next level.
48. Which statement best describes the cause of warming of the Earth’s atmosphere by the
greenhouse effect?
49. Scientists found that, over a period of 200 years, a mountain pond was transformed into a
meadow. During that time, several communities of organisms were replaced by different
communities. Which of the following BEST explains why new communities were able to
replace older communities?
50. The graph below shows a change in a deer population in an ecosystem over time. Which
term best describes the area on the graph where the population levels off?
51. There is a limit to how large any given population can grow. Which of the following
statements best explains why a population must eventually stop growing?
52. On remote islands, immigration and emigration usually do not have a large effect on
population sizes. A bird population on a remote island remains at a relatively constant size
year after year. Which of the following most likely describes the birthrate and the death
rate for this population?
53. Which of these is a FALSE statement about exotic species?
54. Sea grasses grow on the ocean floor in shallow areas. Runoff from the land into the ocean
can cause the waters to become cloudy. Cloudy water affects the sea grasses’ ability to
make their own food because not enough ______ can reach the sea grass.
55. After a volcanic eruption has covered an area with lava, which of the following is the most
likely order of succession in the repopulation of the area?
a. lichens  grasses  shrubs  trees
b. mosses  grasses  lichens  trees
c. grasses  trees  mosses  lichens
d. shrubs  grasses  trees  lichens
56. The diagram and text below best describe the