ANNEX
Annex 1. Initial estimates of the parameters for biomass (B), production (P), P/B ratio, Q/B ratio, and non-assimilated food (UF % feces and DOM
excretion) for the different groups that represent the pelagic foodwebs of the Inner Sea of Chiloé (in bold) and Moraleda Channel (in parentheses).
Final P/B values were obtained by averaging the “A” (from physiological data) and “B” (from life histories data) from the P/B column. The origin of
this data (either collected from field or literature sources) are provided below.
P/B
Taxa
Biomass, B
Production, P
(mg C m–2)
(mg C m–2d–1)
information come from)
Sprattus fueguensis, Strangomera
Clupeiformes
A
1,291.2331
bentincki, Engraulis ringens - consumer
(1,105.269) 1
Pleurobrachia bachei - consumer
1.1582
(0.311)
Oikopleura dioica, Oikopleura longicauda
3.0292
Q/B
UF
UF
(d–1)
(% feces)
(% DOM)
0.12011
0.52011
0.00011
3.81033
0.26040
0.38011
1.24734
0.23311
0.24044
B
17.90611
0.014
Ctenophora
Appendicularia
(d–1)
Species considered (biological
(15.327)11
--
0.30411
--
0.76912
3
0.00118
0.01119
0.09920
Siphonophora
Salpida
Euphausiacea
- consumer
(0.219)3
Lensia conoidea, Muggiaea atlantica -
78.8052
0.30013
consumer
(35.872)
Salpa fusiforme, Thalia democratica -
0.0752
3
consumer
(0.045)
Euphausia mucronata, Euphausia
287.4882
vallentini - consumer
--
0.16811
--
0.02814
--
0.06015
3
(307.382)
3
0.03321
0.04722
0.00223
3.36835
0.09541
0.21045
2.13833
0.13011
0.04046
0.73133
0.17411
0.51033
0.39733
0.19042
0.14047
2.48736
0.11943
0.60048
0.11111
0.62049
0.12611
0.59049
Sagitta enflata, Sagitta tasmanica, Sagitta
marri, Sagitta bieri, Sagitta minima,
1.6742
Chaetognatha
Sagitta pacifica, Krohnitta subtilis -
(0.856)
3
0.00424
consumer
Podon leuckarti, Evadne nordmanni,
Cladocera
0.2202
0.26116
Pseudevadne tergestina - consumer
Calanus chilensis, Calanus brachiatus,
Copepoda
(0.008)
3
183.3862
0.16437
--
Paracalanus parvus, copepods >800 µm -
(109.881)
calanoida
0.02625
0.049
11
3
0.02626
(0.082)
33
consumer
Copepoda
Oithona similis, copepods <800 µm -
35.3642
--
0.20117
0.03527
0.85738
cyclopoida
consumer
(34.224)3
Heterotrophic dinoflagellates - consumer
10.7624
5.0574
Microflagellates
2.259
-(12.136)
Heterotrophic nanoflagellates - consumer
(143.127)
2.259
11
1.63629
5
27.4234
0.04811
1.00011
(0.669)
0.04811
1.00011
--
0.48050
0.05011
1.00011
39
1.426
11
5
1026.9524
producers.
(438.292)
Detritivorous
453.1164
5
1,698.0834
(1,244.336)
160.3834
(208.770)6
1.50030
(0.014)
39
1.654
5
(2.839)
1.26331
--
2.36111
0.354
Bacteria
No live groups – detritus group No. 1
1.00011
0.8204
--
(11.301)
(0.027)
0.04811
29
0.5484
Ciliophora
Diatoms, autotrophic flagellates – primary
1.35128
210.2024
--
Ciliates - consumer
11
5
Nanoflagellates
Phytoplankton
(0.497)33
4.00032
(21.140)5
(0.101)
(3.755)33
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
5,869.4429
Detritus
(4,031.353)10
No live groups – detritus group No. 2
35,216.6547
DOM - detritus
(24,188.118)8
1 = Niklitschek et al. (2009); 2 = unpublished zooplankton data from integrated averages of six stations and two layers (0-25m, 25-50m) during
CIMAR 12 in summer and winter, in the Interior Sea of Chiloe; 3 = unpublished zooplankton data from integrated average values from thirteen
stations and two layers (0-25m, 25-50m) during CIMAR 13 in summer and winter, in Moraleda Channel; 4 = González et al. (2010); 5 = González et
al. (2011); 6 = González et al. (2011) and unpublished nanoplankton and picoplankton data from CIMAR 13; 7 = González et al. (2010) plus
unpublished POC data, DOM = COP * 6 (Wetzel 1984; 1990); 8 = González et al. (2011) plus COP data from CIMAR 13; DOM = COP * 6 (Wetzel
1984, 1990); 9 = González et al. (2010) plus unpublished COP data (integrated water column of 25 m) from CIMAR 12; 10 = González et al. (2011)
plus unpublished COP data (integrated water column up to 25 m) from CIMAR 13; 11 = Pavés and González (2008); 12 = Hirst et al. 2003, (Table A1,
A2), Somatic growth for Oikopleura dioica at 13 ºC; 13 = Larson (1986), Muggjaea atlantica, 0.1–0.3 P/B; 14 = Hirst et al. (2003) (Tables A1, A2),
Somatic growth for Euphausia pacifica and Euphausia superva at 8 ºC; 15 = Hirst et al. (2003) (Tables A1, A2), Somatic growth for Saggita elegans
at 9.5 ºC; 16 = Günter et al. (2009), growth rate Daphnia magna; 17 = Hirst et al. (2003) (Tables A1, A2), somatic growth for Paracalanus parvus and
Acartia tonsa at 9 and 9.5ºC; 18 = P/Bi = P/Best * CF = 1/MLS; where P/Best = P/B from column A; CCF = Carbon Conversion Factor; MLS = mean
life span, 2.5 years (Canales and Leal 2009; Niklitschek et al. 2009; Castillo-Jordán et al. 2010); P/Best in year was converted in days (P/Best / 365
days). 19 = P/Bi = P/Best * CF = 1/MLS; where P/Best = P/B from column A; CCF = Carbon Conversion Factor; MLS = mean life span, 0.247 years
(Hirota 1974); P/Best in year was converted in days (P/Best / 365 days). 20 = P/Bi = P/Best * CF = 1/MLS; where P/Best = P/B from column A; CCF =
Carbon Conversion Factor; MLS = mean life span, 0.028 years (López-Urrutia et al. 2003; Deibel and Lowen 2011); P/Best in year was converted in
days (P/Best / 365 days). 21 = P/Bi = P/Best * CF = 1/MLS; where P/Best = P/B from column A; CCF = Carbon Conversion Factor; MLS = mean life
span, 0.082 years (Carre and Carre 1991); P/Best in year was converted in days (P/Best / 365 days). 22 = P/Bi = P/Best * CF = 1/MLS; where P/Best = P/B
from column A; CCF = Carbon Conversion Factor; MLS = mean life span, 0.058 years (Deibel and Lowen 2011); P/Best in year was converted in days
(P/Best / 365 days). 23 = P/Bi = P/Best * CF = 1/MLS; where P/Best = P/B from column A; CCF = Carbon Conversion Factor; MLS = mean life span,
1.638 years (Ross 1982; Taki 2004; Hamame and Antezana 2010); P/Best in year was converted in days (P/Best / 365 days). 24 = P/Bi = P/Best * CF =
1/MLS; where P/Best = P/B from column A; CCF = Carbon Conversion Factor; MLS = mean life span, 0.708 years (Giesecke and González 2008);
P/Best in year was converted in days (P/Best / 365 days). 25 = P/Bi = P/Best * CF = 1/MLS; where P/Best = P/B from column A; CCF = Carbon
Conversion Factor; MLS = mean life span, 0.103 years (Bottrell 1975; Lynch 1980); P/Best in year was converted in days (P/Best / 365 days). 26 = P/Bi
= P/Best * CF = 1/MLS; where P/Best = P/B from column A; CCF = Carbon Conversion Factor; MLS = mean life span, 0.105 years (Huntley and Lopez
1992); P/Best in year was converted in days (P/Best / 365 days). 27 = P/Bi = P/Best * CF = 1/MLS; where P/Best = P/B from column A; CCF = Carbon
Conversion Factor; MLS = mean life span, 0.079 years (Huntley and Lopez 1992); P/Best in year was converted in days (P/Best / 365 days). 28 = P/Bi =
P/Best * CF = 1/MLS; where P/Best = P/B from column A; CCF = Carbon Conversion Factor; MLS = mean life span, 0.0020 years (Anderson 1998;
Strom and Morello 1998); P/Best in year was converted in days (P/Best / 365 days). 29 = P/Bi = P/Best * CF = 1/MLS; where P/Best = P/B from column
A; CCF = Carbon Conversion Factor; MLS = mean life span, 0.0017 years (Dolana and Coats 1990; Drebes et al. 1996); P/Best in year was converted
in days (P/Best / 365 days). 30 = P/Bi = P/Best * CF = 1/MLS; where P/Best = P/B from column A; CCF = Carbon Conversion Factor; MLS = mean life
span, 0.0018 years (Dolana and Coats 1990; Strom and Morello 1998); P/Best in year was converted in days (P/Best / 365 days). 31 = P/Bi = P/Best * CF
= 1/MLS; where P/Best = P/B from column A; CCF = Carbon Conversion Factor; MLS = mean life span, 0.0022 years (Redalje and Laws, 1981);
P/Best in year was converted in days (P/Best / 365 days). 32 = P/Bi = P/Best * CF = 1/MLS; where P/Best = P/B from column A; CCF = Carbon
Conversion Factor; MLS = mean life span, 0.0007 years (assumed); P/Best in year was converted in days (P/Best / 365 days). 33 = Individual rate from
Pavés and González (2008), rate adjusted to the number of individuals m–2 or biomass recorded in this study; 34 = Scheinberg et al. (2005), 5.475 µgC
ind –1 Oikopleura dioia, Oikopleura fusiformes, Oikopleura longicauda; 35 = Purcell and Kremer (1983), 607.3 µgC siphonophore–1 d–1; 36 = Sánchez
(2007), 4.56 µgC cladocera–1 d–1; 37 = González et al. (2010), 8.24 µgC calanoid copepods –1 d–1, 3453.35 calanoid copepods m–2; 38 = González et al.
(2010), 3.09 µgC cyclopoid copepods –1 d–1, 33207.06 cyclopoid copepods m–2; 39 = Individual rate obtained in CIMAR 13 experiments (González et
al. 2011) and adjusted to the biomass; 40 = Reeve et al. (1978) assimilation efficiencies 74% for Mnemiopsis mccradyi and Pleurobrachia bachei; 41
= Purcell (1983), 87–94% carbon assimilation; 42 = Purcell (1983), 80–82% carbon assimilation; 43 = assumed by the authors, average value
determined for copepods; 44 = Hansell and Carlson (2002), 9% biomass is excreted as DOM; 45 = assumed by the authors, average value of DOM for
gelatinous zooplankton groups; 46 = Madin and Deibel (1998), 0.13% corresponds to the nitrogen excreted from the corporal nitrogen and transformed
to carbon; 47 = Hansell and Carlson (2002), 16% of the nitrogen excreted is DOM, N is transformed to C by the relationship C/N 3.8. 48 = assumed by
the authors, average DOM value of the copepods; 49 = Hansell and Carlson (2002), 18% of the carbon ingested is excreted as DOM. 50 = extracellular
DOM, 18% PP, 14% of the PP is phytodetritus (Vargas et al. 2007).
Annex 2. Matrix of dietary data input of the models representing the Inner Sea of Chiloe (in bold) and Moraleda Channel (in parentheses), based
on bibliographic data and adjusted according to the in situ prey availability for filter-feeding organisms.
Prey/Predator
1
2
3
4
0.114
0.132
(0.118)
(0.130)
5
6
7
8
9
1.- Clupeiforms
2.- Ctenophora
0.010
3.- Appendicularians
0.016
(0.009)
4.- Siphonophora
0.008
5.- Salpida
(0.012)
0.405
0.110
0.002
6.- Euphausiacea
(0.453)
(0.107)
0.003
7.- Chaetognatha
8.- Cladocera
0.001
0.066
0.062
0.090
0.001
10
11
12
13
15
0.331
0.326
0.706
(0.325)
(0.332)
(0.711)
0.010
0.127
0.015
(0.007)
(0.126)
0.445
0.826
0.004
9.- Copepoda calanoida
(0.832)
0.007
0.025
0.001
10.- Copepoda cyclopoida
(0.022)
0.088
0.648
0.060
0.034
0.030
0.456
0.097
0.300
0.601
0.010
11.- Microflagellates
0.447
0.296
0.189
0.896
0.091
0.037
12.- Nanoflagellates
0.001
0.044
0.042
14.- Phytoplankton
0.358
0.005
15.- Bacteria
0.057
0.009
13.- Ciliophora
0.792
0.070
0.004
0.892
0.001
0.061
0.209
0.009
0.244
0.005
0.001
0.210
0.090
1.000
0.019
0.047
16.- Detritus
(0.003)
0.006
17.- DOM
0.110
0.371
1.00
0.142
0.077
0.001
18.- Import diet
(0.065)
(0.369)
1.000
1.000
(0.139)
1.000
1.000
(0.075)
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
SUM
1 = based on Pavés and Gonzalez (2008); Prokopchuk (2009); Espinoza and Bertrand (2008); 2 = Pavez et al. (2006); Purcell and Sturdevant
(2001); Larson (1987); 3 = Vargas and Gonzalez (2004a); 4 = Purcell (1981); Purcell (1982); Purcell and Kremer (1983); 5 = Vargas and Madin
(2004); 6 = based on Pavés and Gonzalez (2008); Sánchez (2007); Sánchez et al. (2011); 7 = Giesecke and González (2004); Baier and Purcell
(1997); Feigenbaum and Maris (1984); 8 = Sánchez (2007); Sánchez et al. (2011); 9 = Vargas et al. (2007); Lopez-Urrutia et al. (2004); 10 =
Vargas et al. (2007); 11 = Jeong et al. (2010a, 2010b); 12 = Boenigk and Arndt (2002); 13 = Vargas and González (2004b); Epstein et al. (1992);
Bernard and Rassoulzadegan (1990); 15 = Cho and Azam (1988).
1.000
Annex 3. Confidence intervals of the data used in the models estimated based on
pedigree values (sensu Christensen et al. 2000). The confidence intervals are given in
percentage for each biomass (B), production/biomass (P/B), consumption/biomass
(Q/B), and dietary data and show the accuracy of each datum. The mean pedigree index
was 0.816 for the 15 functional groups of the models representing the Inner Sea of
Chiloé and Moraleda Channel.
Taxa
B
P/B
Q/B
Diet
Clupeiforms
50
40
20
10
Ctenophora
30
40
20
10
Appendicularians
30
40
20
10
Siphonophora
30
40
50
10
Salpida
30
40
20
10
Euphausiacea
30
40
20
10
Chaetognatha
30
40
20
10
Cladocera
30
40
10
10
Copepoda calanoida
30
40
10
10
Copepoda cyclopoida
30
40
10
10
Phytoplankton
10
10
---
---
Microflagellates
10
40
10
10
Heterotrophic
10
40
10
10
Ciliophora
10
40
10
10
Bacteria
10
10
20
10
nanoflagellates
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