Overview for the
Big Sky Carbon Partnership
for
Western Regional Air Partnership meeting
April 5, 2006
Dr. Susan Capalbo, Director
Big Sky Carbon Sequestration Partnership
Montana State University
What is Carbon Sequestration?
Capture and storage of CO2 and other
Greenhouse Gases that would otherwise be
emitted to the atmosphere
Capture can occur:
– at the point of emission
– when absorbed from air
Storage locations include:
– underground reservoirs
– dissolved in deep oceans
– converted to solid
material
– trees, grasses, soils, or
algae
Sequestration = Stabilization
Could account for >60% of reduction gap in
2050
7 Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships
Plains
Big Sky
West Coast
Southwest
Illinois
Basin
Midwest
Southeast
A Growing Case for Carbon Sequestration
 GCCI goal to lower GHG intensity
– 18% improvement by 2012
 CO2 Regulation at state, regional, National levels
– Mandatory CO2 requirements in MA, NH, OR
– Other states and regions considering action
– Recent legislation introduced by Sen. Hagel (3 bills,
inc. S.388-voluntary) and Senator Byrd (S.745)
 Renewed emphasis on U.S. coal
– Electric power generation
– Feedstock for hydrogen economy
– FutureGen
 Carbon Sequestration provides a means to achieve
economic growth and environmental goals
Criteria for Successful Technologies
to Sequester Carbon

Be effective and cost-competitive

Provide stable long-term storag

Be acceptable to the public
…and the challenges of carbon sequestration
 Cost of cutting carbon emissions is immediate, but the
benefits are deferred and thinly spread
 GHG buildups are a global “externality,” not regional
 Absence of non-voluntary carbon emissions reduction
policy or mandate
 Connecting public anxiety about climate change with
willingness to pay
The Big Sky Partnership Region Contains
Substantial Energy Resources
 Nearly 40% of total U.S. coal reserves are in the Big Sky
region
 Huge water resources to support hydroelectric power
 Many areas of high potential to support wind power
 Natural gas reserves may also be tapped in the future
 Nuclear power – part of the energy mix
 Biomass and bioenergy alternatives, ethanol options
 Canadian heavy oils, tar sands
Overview
 Partnership Goal: Develop infrastructure to support and
enable future carbon sequestration field tests and
deployment (regional orientation)
 Coalitions that represent regional interests and serve as
driving force for carbon sequestration projects
 Phase I: 2003-2005 scoping/screening effort
 Phase II: (i) Deployment of sequestration field validations
and (ii) economic assessments of sequestration options and
opportunities for CO2 emission offsets
Context:
“Wealth of sinks,
wealth for future energy supplies”
 Examining geological and terrestrial sinks
 Energy security, economic growth
 Potential for new energy generation using coal, natural gas,
and other biofuels/renewables
 Marriage of good science-based technologies with good
economics
Composition of Partnership
 Research Institutions (universities, labs, others)
– including MSU, SDSMT, UI, UWYO, ISU, BSU,
PNWD/PNNL, LANL, INL
 State, federal agencies (includes USDA, USGS, NASA)
 Industry members including major power producers
 Carbon trading entities (NCOC)
 Outreach Education partners, including Governors’ office in
WY, MT, WA
 Tribal Nations and Councils
 International Collaborators (includes Canada, Norway, India)
Partners
Partners are collaborating to lay foundation for efficient and
environmentally sound sequestration opportunities


Partner Contributions:
– sharing data, infrastructure and expertise
– involvement in pilot projects and scaling up activities
– providing matching funds for Energy Forums and pilot activities
– involvement in outreach/education activities
– serve on Partnership Advisory and Technical Committees
Partner Benefits:
– access to regional and national level developments with respect to geological
and terrestrial sequestration and other strategies to reduce and/or offset
CO2 emissions
– access to restricted data and info on regional sources, sequestration options,
economic analysis, and regulatory assessments
– involvement with regional energy and policy assessments
– opportunity to help design sequestration strategies that “work” for industry
and the region
– connections with DOE and regional Carbon programs
Organization of the Partnership
 Two focal areas: geological and terrestrial sequestration
opportunities
 Five technical teams:
– Carbon atlas/GIS
– Geological pilots, including MMV
– Terrestrial pilots, including MMV & carbon markets
– Economic and risk analysis
– Education, outreach, regulatory compliance issues
Building the
Geological
Carbon Atlas
 Compiled data from 117,304
active wells in WY and MT
 Developed GIS model to
calculate sequestration
volumes (based on depth,
temperature, pressure, density,
and thickness)
 Characterized sequestration
volumes for 283 formations in
57 plays
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Developed maps of each
formation within all
plays
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A
A A
A!
A
Rapid City
A
Displays the surfaces of the Earth within the
boundaries of the Province 33 and the two
potential formations for carbon sequestration
within the Play 3307: Newcastle (blue) and
Muddy (green).
! Casper
Note: All depths and sequestration volumes are based on wells within Wyoming and Montana only.
!
North
!
!
0
Legend
Elevation (ft)
High: 1670
A
Coal Plants
!
Cities
Pipelines
Carbon Dioxide
Crude Oil
Low: -12388
Natural Gas
The surface and thickness of the Muddy
Sandstone as interpolated from well data.
A
Processing Product
Wells
(poi nts disp laye d with
1/2 mil e dia meter)
####
####
####
####
####
####
####
####
De pth
0
8 00
13 00
18 00
23 00
28 00
33 00
38 00
15
30
60
(m)
Cost ($)
V olume
- 800
- 130 0
251 ,23 4
- 180 0
374 ,79 8
- 230 0
559 ,13 3
- 280 0
834 ,12 8
- 330 0
1,244 ,37 2
- 380 0
1,856 ,38 6
- 430 0
2,769 ,40 2
90
(MMT)
0.00
133.37
510.10
681.98
393.17
339.51
262.73
105.40
120
Miles
A
B illings!A
¯
A
Col strip!
Montana
Wyoming
!
Sheridan
A
AAA
A! A
A
Province
!
State boundary
A
Casper
A
A
A
Carbon Atlas: Geologic Sinks
Building the Terrestrial
Carbon Atlas
 Used Century Model
to examine terrestrial
carbon flux (based on
climate, soil, land use)
 Evaluated management
scenarios for
continuous grassland
and conventionallytilled cropland
 Estimated current
annual soil carbon
fluxes in Big Sky
states
Summary Data for Carbon Atlas
Served
by Big
Sky
Data Type
Description
GHG Sources
Emission point locations
Yes
GHG Inventory
State-level source & sink emission summaries
Yes
GHG Livestock
County-level livestock emission summaries
Yes
Terrestrial
Sinks
Actual/potential soil sink estimates (CENTURY)
Yes
Soil
SSURGO/STATSGO & Soil Texture Grids
Yes
Climate
Monthly precipitation/temperature 1900–
present
Yes
Climate Divisions
NCDC climate division boundaries
Yes
Ag Management
Cropland areas (various tillage/rangeland)
Yes
Political
State/County Boundaries
Yes
Infrastructure
Transportation/Pipelines/Powerlines
Geologic Sinks
Oil/Gas Provinces & Plays
Yes
Wells
Oil & Gas wells
Yes
Partial
Infrastructure data layers such as gas pipelines are not served due to homeland
security issues.
Geologic Sequestration Potential
 Evaluate the geologic sequestration
potential regional sedimentary and volcanic
basins
– Favorable and worthy of further
consideration
– Unfavorable
– Insufficient information to classify
 Identify potential pilot-scale sequestration
site(s)
Geological Sequestration
Efforts – Phase II
 Demonstration projects
– basalt/mafic pilot scale injection
(form solid phase carbonates)
– carbonate aquifer assessment (develop
carbonate alkalinity)
– deep coal bed exchange (separate and
sequester from flue gasses)
 Transfer results to the Nation
– national mafic/basalt atlas
Basalts and
Sequestration
 Significant basalt formations in the region
– 164,000 km2 – Columbia River Basalt Group
– 64,000 km2 – Snake River Plain
 Chemical makeup favorable for mineralization
reactions
 Deeper aquifers contain non-potable water
Large Basalt Provinces and
Power Plants in the United States
Columbia River Basin:
Sequestration Example
 164,000 km2 of the Pacific Northwest

15% porosity

10 interflow zones

Hydrostatic pressure 100 atmospheres

Storage capacity of more than 100 Gt of CO2

100 years of U.S. Carbon emissions
Supercritical CO2 Pressure Cell Experiments with Columbia
River Basalt
1800
Reactor 1
Reactor 3
CO2 Pressure, psi
1600
1400
1200
1000
800 Test Terminated
Calcite Precipitation
600 Confirmed by XRD
Repressurized
to1456 psi
400
Rocky Coulee Basalt
200 Coarse grain (0.85 to 2.0 mm)
T=~100°C
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
Time, days
Long-term experiments showing transition from
calcite to ankerite, Ca(Fe, Mg, Mn)(CO3)2
Basalt Field Pilot
• 3000 MT of CO2 transported by rail
from refinery
• Utilize existing deep well
infrastructure to minimize drilling
costs for injection and monitoring
• Target is Grande Ronde basalt
formation (1100 m depth)
• Post injection core sampling to
verify mineralization reactions
• Validate supercomputer
simulations of CO2 dispersion,
dissolution, and trapping in basalt
using suite of geophysical,
hydrologic, and tracer methods
16
Supercomputer Simulation of CO2 Injection in Grande
Ronde Basalt
Flood Basalts Cover More Than
1 Million km2 of the Earth’s Surface
Conclusions: Sequestration in
Basalts
 Large basalts providences globally distributed
 economic opportunity costs of Using basalts are minimal
 Conducive mineralogy for sequestration
 Rapid conversion of CO2 to carbonate
 High porosity and permeability
 Five largest basalt provinces could sequester 10,000
years of world CO2 emissions
 Big question: how does this compare to costs of other
sequestration and mitigation options
Pilot Demonstration:
Carbonate Petroleum Reservoir
 Regionally abundant
carbonate rocks
(dolomites and
limestones) are highly
reactive with CO2
CaMg[CO3]2 + 2CO2 +
2H2O 
Ca2+ + Mg2+ + 4HCO3 Reactions should result
in permeability and
porosity increases
Depth to Top of Madison Formation
• EOR opportunities in the Region
– High oil/gas prices make EOR attractive
– Source of CO2? IGCC?
– Infrastructure to transport pipelines
Pilot Design: Enhanced Coal Bed
Sequestration
0.024
250
Powder River basin coal
 Recent work shows Powder
River basin coals can adsorb
twice as much CO2 as Uinta
basin coals
200
Strain, D
L/L
0.016
Uinta basin coal
100
0.008
50
0.004
 Study various gas injection
strategies
– Economic evaluation
– Reservoir simulation
0
0.000
0
200
400
600
CO2 pressure, psia
800
1000
6000
Simulation case
Begin future injection
(1 Jan 2002)
Continuous CO2
Cyclic CO2/mix (N2-CO2)
Continuous mix (N2-CO2)
Historical data
4000
Mcfd
Begin historical N2 injection
(1 Feb 1998)
2000
End historical data (30 Apr 2001)
Date
1/1/20
1/1/16
1/1/18
1/1/14
1/1/12
1/1/10
1/1/08
1/1/06
1/1/04
1/1/02
1/1/00
1/1/98
1/1/96
1/1/94
1/1/92
1/1/90
1/1/88
1/1/86
0
1/1/84
 Attention will be given to
impact
of coal swelling on
permeability changes
150
0.012
Adsorbed CO2, mL/g
0.020
Terrestrial Sequestration
Efforts
• market – based storage and verification
protocols
 Terrestrial Pilots and Activities:
 cropland
 forestland
 rangeland field test sites and
 design carbon portfolios in conjunction
with industry, tribal members, and
landowners
Phase II Carbon Market Efforts
 Implement pilot forestry, agroforestry, and cropland
carbon sequestration projects in conjunction with
landowners, and national and international carbon trading
companies
 All pilot projects will be marketed through Nat Source via
CCX and/or other emerging markets
 Two 12,500 ton portfolios (tribal & private landowners)
 Seating a Technical Standards Committee for the purpose
of setting project standards for the portfolio projects
Components of an Economic/Risk
Assessment Framework
 Economic input on cost (from private sector)
 Legal and regulatory issues
 Monitoring, Measurement and Verification
 Common units for comparison – spatial, temporal metrics
 End product – regional supply curve(s) for Carbon
Regional Carbon Supply Curve
Price
($/hectare/year)
Supply
Price
Geological
Forestry
Geologic
Crop soils
Forestry
Carbon (MMT)
Importance of Phase II Economic
Component
 Critical to addressing the feasibility of scaling up
of the sequestration activities
 Useful for addressing long term financial viability
of power plants under carbon-constrained
scenarios
 Used to address tradeoffs among alternative
sequestration options
Phase II Public Outreach & Education
Activities
 Energy Future Coalition
 Annual Energy Forum & Report
 State Legislative Symposia
 Partnership Recognition/Media Network
 National Outreach Working Group
 Capacity Building
Susan M. Capalbo, Director
Montana State University
[email protected]
Big Sky Partnership Office
Angie Solvie – Program Administration
[email protected]
Office: 406-994-3755
Bob Smith, Associate Director
University of Idaho
[email protected]
Pamela Tomski, Associate Director
EnTech Strategies
[email protected]