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Supplemental material - Literature review
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The meteorological mechanisms leading to aerosol escape have been previously
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documented for other valleys and basins. Here we present a short summary of
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selected literature. Whiteman and McKee (1978) published a simple numerical
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model of pollutant mass entrainment into growing upslope flows during the post-
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sunrise temperature inversion breakup period. The post-sunrise inversion
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destruction mechanism was described (Whiteman 1982, 1990; Brehm and Freitag
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1982) and an analytical thermodynamic model was developed that successfully
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simulated inversion destruction in Colorado valleys (Whiteman and McKee 1982).
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Zoumakis and Efstathiou (2006a and 2006b) later extended this thermodynamic
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model. Bader and McKee (1983, 1985) and Bader and Whiteman (1989) used a full-
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physics numerical model to demonstrate the mechanism. Two air quality models
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were developed for the US Environmental Protection Agency to simulate the effects
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of the mechanism on air quality in valleys (Whiteman and Allwine 1985; Allwine et
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al. 1997) and its effect on the transport of pollutants from valleys into regional scale
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flows (Allwine and Whiteman 1983, 1984, 1985, 1988). A sulfur hexafluoride tracer
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experiment in Colorado's Brush Creek Valley confirmed that tracer material was
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transported across a north-south valley towards the east-facing sidewall that was
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heated by the morning sun (Whiteman 1989) and its subsequent fumigation of the
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slope and transport up the valley sidewall and dispersion into regional flows. Cross-
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basin flows that occur in Arizona's Meteor Crater basin (Lehner et al. 2011) were
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successfully simulated with a high-resolution numerical flow model (Lehner and
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Whiteman 2012, 2014). The removal of nighttime temperature inversions by
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upslope flows on the heated sidewalls and the role of compensatory sinking over
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the valley or basin center has been demonstrated in valleys throughout the world
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(e.g., Müller and Whiteman 1988; Whiteman et al. 2004; Rendòn 2014, 2015).
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Thermally driven complex terrain flow systems, and basin and valley temperature
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inversion breakup mechanisms are summarized in textbooks by Stull (1988),
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Whiteman (2000) and Markowski and Richardson (2010).
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REFERENCES
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Allwine, K. J., and C. D. Whiteman, 1983: Operational Guide to MELSAR-A Mesoscale
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Complex Terrain Air Quality Model. PNL-4732, Pacific Northwest Laboratory,
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Richland, Washington, 44 pp.
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Allwine, K. J., and C. D. Whiteman, 1984: Technical Description of MELSAR: A
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Mesoscale Air Quality Model for Complex Terrain. PNL-5048, Pacific Northwest
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Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 97 pp.
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Allwine, K. J., and C. D. Whiteman, 1985: MELSAR: A Mesoscale Air Quality Model for
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Complex Terrain. Volume 1 - Overview, Technical Description and User's Guide and
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Volume 2 - Appendices. PNL-5460, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland,
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Washington, 155 and 358 pp.
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Allwine, K. J., and C. D. Whiteman, 1988: Ventilation of pollutants trapped in valleys:
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A simple parameterization for regional-scale dispersion models. Atmos. Environ., 22,
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1839-1845.
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Allwine, K. J., X. Bian, C. D. Whiteman, and H. W. Thistle, 1997: VALDRIFT–A valley
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atmospheric dispersion model. J. Appl. Meteor., 36, 1076-1087.
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Bader, D. C., and T. B. McKee, 1983: Dynamical model simulation of the morning
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boundary layer development in deep mountain valleys. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 22,
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341-351.
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Bader, D. C., and T. B. McKee, 1985: Effects of shear, stability and valley
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characteristics on the destruction of temperature inversions. J. Climate Appl. Meteor.,
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24, 822-832.
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Bader, D. C., and C. D. Whiteman, 1989: Numerical simulation of cross-valley plume
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dispersion during the morning transition period. J. Appl. Meteor., 28, 652-664.
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Brehm, M., and C. Freytag, 1982: Erosion of the night-time thermal circulation in an
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Alpine valley. Arch. Meteor. Geophys. Bioclimatol., Ser. B, 31, 331-352.
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Lehner, M., and C. D. Whiteman, 2012: The thermally driven cross-basin circulation
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in idealized basins under varying wind conditions. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 51,
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1026-1045.
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Lehner, M., C. D. Whiteman, and S. W. Hoch, 2011: Diurnal cycle of thermally driven
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cross-basin winds in Arizona's Meteor Crater. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 50, 729-744.
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Lehner, M., and C. D. Whiteman, 2014: Physical mechanisms of the thermally driven
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cross-basin circulation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 140, 895-907.
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Markowski, P., and Y. Richardson, 2010: Mesoscale Meteorology in Midlatitudes.
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Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, 407pp.
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Müller, H., and C. D. Whiteman, 1988: Breakup of a nocturnal temperature inversion
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in the Dischma Valley during DISKUS. J. Appl. Meteor., 27, 188-194.
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Rendón, A. M., J. F. Salazar, C. A. Palacio, V. Wirth, and B. Brötz, 2014: Effects of
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urbanization on the temperature inversion breakup in a mountain valley with
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implications for air quality. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 53, 840-858.
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Rendón, A. M., J. F. Salazar, C. A. Palacio, and V. Wirth, 2015: Temperature inversion
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breakup with impacts on air quality in urban valleys influenced by topographic
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shading. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 54, 302-321.
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Stull, R. B., 1988: An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology. Kluwer Academic
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Publishers. Dordrecht, Netherlands. 666pp.
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Whiteman, C. D., 1982: Breakup of temperature inversions in deep mountain
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valleys: Part I. Observations. J. Appl. Meteor., 21, 270-289.
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Whiteman, C. D., 1989: Morning transition tracer experiments in a deep narrow
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valley. J. Appl. Meteor., 28, 626-635.
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Whiteman, C. D., 1990: Observations of Thermally Developed Wind Systems in
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Mountainous Terrain. Chapter 2 in Atmospheric Processes Over Complex Terrain,
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(W. Blumen, Ed.), Meteorological Monographs, 23, no. 45. American Meteorological
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Society, Boston, Massachusetts, 5-42.
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Whiteman, C. D., 2000: Mountain Meteorology: Fundamentals and Applications.
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Oxford University Press, New York, 355pp.
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Whiteman, C. D., and K. J. Allwine, 1985: VALMET - A Valley Air Pollution Model.
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Final Report. PNL-4728, Rev. 1. Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, Washington,
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176 pp.
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Whiteman, C. D., and T. B. McKee, 1978: Air pollution implications of inversion
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descent in mountain valleys. Atmos. Environ., 12, 2151-2158.
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Whiteman, C. D., and T. B. McKee, 1982: Breakup of temperature inversions in deep
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mountain valleys: Part II. Thermodynamic model. J. Appl. Meteor., 21, 290-302.
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Whiteman, C. D., B. Pospichal, S. Eisenbach P. Weihs, C. B. Clements, R. Steinacker, E.
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Mursch-Radlgruber, and M. Dorninger, 2004: Inversion breakup in small Rocky
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Mountain and Alpine basins. J. Appl. Meteor., 43, 1069-1082.
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Zoumakis, N. M., and G. A. Efstathiou, 2006a: Parameterization of inversion breakup
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in idealized valleys. Part I: The adjustable model parameters. J. Appl. Meteor.
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Climatol., 45, 600-608.
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Zoumakis, N. M., and G. A. Efstathiou, 2006b: Parameterization of inversion breakup
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in idealized valleys. Part II: Thermodynamic model. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 45,
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609-623.
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Supplemental material - Figures
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Figure S1. BCM drainage area and volume as a function of elevation. Data from a
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detailed topographic map obtained with a planimeter.
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Figure S2. a) Volume weighted PM2.5 aerosol mass, b) wind directions at FWP and
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SAPP, and c) wind speeds at FWP and SAPP during the 14-day cold-air pool episode.
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Figure S3. a) Relative humidity and b) temperature time series from automatic data
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loggers co-located with the ceilometers at 8th and 8th (blue, 1309 m MSL) and in
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the BCM (red, 1457 m MSL).
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Figure S4. View of the BCM looking west from over the SLV. The north-facing slope
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(left) is snow covered, while the south-facing slope (right) is largely snow free.
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Copyright, Michael Lynch, used with permission.
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Figure S5. Daily primary emissions of PM2.5 and PM10 for the BCM control volume
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during the cold-air pool episode.
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Supplemental material - Solar shading model animation of Bingham Copper
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Mine, 21 January.
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This animation of shadows and insolation in the Bingham Mine and its surroundings
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for 21 January was produced using a high-resolution topographic model and Earth-
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sun geometry relationships.
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