Radiocommunication Study Groups
Received:
dd mm 201y
Document -E
Dd mm 201y
English only
Subject:
Correspondence Group on Unwanted Emissions of
Radars in the Out-of-Band Domain
WORKING DOCUMENT TOWARDS A PRELIMINARY
DRAFT NEW REPORT ON CONTINUING STUDIES
TOWARDS IMPROVED OUT-OF-BAND ROLL-OFF FOR
RADARS TO ENHANCE SPECTRUM EFFICIENCY
1.
Introduction
The purpose of this report is to encourage further studies and contributions on out-of-band (OoB)
roll-off for all radar waveform types and associated equipment designs.
A wide number of radar system types exist today over different frequency bands utilizing different
types of technologies varying from those developed over 30 years ago to those developed over the
last few years in the 21st century.
Radar systems have large population in particular those used in commercial applications extending
up in numbers to those used in recreational sports.
In general, radar systems are long known as heavy user of radio frequency spectrum compared to
other types of radio frequency transmitters due to the nature of their operation principle and
function.
The goal of improving radar spectrum efficiency is a quest that is recognized worldwide and has
been a topic of many studies in the ITU for over 10 years as well as other organizations.
There has been significant technology development and improvement over the last 9 years
particularly in some magnetron devices resulting in improvement in their output spectrum
efficiency.
The Out of Band (OoB) roll-off has been improved for some radar equipment designs with classes
of un-modulated pulse waveform type radars.
Information relating to similar Out of Band (OoB) roll-off improvements in other output devices,
radar designs, and waveform types are unknown at this stage.
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Development of more spectrum efficient output devices and radar designs is a much needed and
desired goal in order to improve spectrum compatibility between different systems and services.
Lack of radio frequency emissions spectrum data and information on many existing radar systems
are some of the main factors to slow down the progress on this work to date. That was made further
difficult and complex by the commercial aspects of protection of radar systems design type
information and the technologies they incorporate.
Information from contributions to date towards this report is provided in Annex 1 to this document
and is also listed in summary in the “Contribution List” section of this report.
Documents produced by the Joint Rapporteurs Group (JRG) and the Rapporteurs Group (RG)
regarded to have made major contributions to the task of promoting the uses of more efficient
spectrum radar systems, those documents are listed in Annex 2 and are valuable source of
information to the ongoing work at hand.
All Members of the ITU-R are encouraged to contribute to this work.
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2.
Contents
1.
Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1
2.
Contents ...................................................................................................................................... 3
3.
Background ................................................................................................................................. 4
4.
Current ITU-R SM.1541-4 ......................................................................................................... 5
5.
Radar Spectrum data ................................................................................................................... 6
6.
Primary Radar Types .................................................................................................................. 6
7.
Radar Waveforms ....................................................................................................................... 8
8.
Radar Configurations & Applications ........................................................................................ 8
9.
Radar Transmitter Technologies ................................................................................................ 12
10.
Contributions List ....................................................................................................................... 13
I.
R07-WP1A-C-0369!!MSW-E.docx ........................................................................................... 13
II.
R07-WP1A-C-0294!!MSW-E.docx ........................................................................................... 13
III.
R12-WP1A-C-0024!!MSW-E.docx ........................................................................................... 13
11.
Contribution Analysis ................................................................................................................. 14
A1 = Magnetron based X–Band and S-band mobile marine Radar in contribution II. R07-WP1AC-0294!!MSW-E.docx. .............................................................................................................. 15
A2 = Solid State X-Band mobile marine radar in contribution III R12-WP1A-C-0024!!MSWE.docx. ........................................................................................................................................ 15
Annex 1 ................................................................................................................................................ 16
Annex 2 ................................................................................................................................................ 17
a)
Joint Rapporteurs Group 1A-1C-8B Documents........................................................................ 17
b)
Rapporteurs Group (RG) Documents List .................................................................................. 20
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3.
Background
The out-of-band (OoB) domain emission limits for primary radar systems are specified in Annex 8
to Recommendation ITU-R SM.1541 approved in 2001, which also includes a design objective for
future radar systems, i.e. “the design of future radar systems”. The mask rolls off at 40 dB per
decade from the 40 dB bandwidth to the spurious level specified in RR Appendix 3” to promote
more efficient use of the spectrum.
Detailed studies on the potential spectrum efficiency improvements in radar system was started by
the forming of JRG between ITU-R Working Parties 1A, 1C, and 8B (JRG 1A-1C-8B) in December
2003 with the term of reference of reviewing the ITU-R limits for unwanted emissions in the out-ofband domain contained in Annex 8 to Recommendation ITU-R SM.1541, and assessing the
feasibility of establishing guidance to promote more effective and efficient use of the spectrum by
radar stations in the radiodetermination service with its last meeting held in April 2007.
The JRG considered large number of documents during its duration; involving radar emission
measurements, revised bandwidth formulas and working documents toward a revision of Annex 8
to Recommendation ITU-R SM.1541 but was not able to reach a definitive format of the revised
document ending the work with its detailed final report to WP8B in June 2007, document 8B/559-E
(1A/150-E and 1C/157-E).
During the session of working party 1A, 1C and 8B in June 2007, it was decided to discontinue the
JRG but continue with the work within WP5B as the Rapporteurs Group (RG) with the reference of
work according to the liaison statement from 1A to 8B document 8B/637-E.
The new Rapporteurs Group (RG) on Unwanted Emissions of Radar for Annex 8 held their first
meeting during WP8B session in June 2007 and the last meeting on 10th and 11th of 2010 in
Geneva Switzerland at the ITU alongside WP5B scheduled meeting starting on 10th May 2010.
The RG proposed revision of Annex 8 to Recommendation ITU-R SM.1541 produced at the end of
their last meeting, the revised version does provide a more efficient use of the spectrum over the
current version in force at that time but it provided more complications by proposing two values for
the roll-off of -30 and -20dB/decade and more important it did not meet the design objective set at 40dB/decade.
The RG has completed its work as planned by the end of their last meeting and prepared a proposed
final draft to Annex 8 of Recommendation ITU-R SM.1541.
During the work of both JRG and RG, a number of inputs were made covering new radar systems
measurement data reflecting their capability to meet the design objective set at -40dB/decade in
Annex 8 of Recommendation ITU-R SM.1541 mostly from the administration of Japan and other
radar manufacturers covering mobile marine radars in commercial and leisure class vessels
applications but that was not adopted in the results of the RG experts work.
As a result of that, the administration of Japan has officially declared at the end of RG last meeting
that they will NOT be supporting the RG proposed revision of Annex 8 to Recommendation ITU-R
SM.1541.
During the 5TH meeting of Working Party 1A Geneva, 21-28 June 2010, WP1A decided to
establish a new Correspondence Group (CG) on "the revision of Recommendation ITU-R SM.15412, Annex 8" due to the difficulties to decide on the proper OoB masks with different roll-off rate for
radar devices at this meeting.
WP1A approved the Terms of Reference (ToR) for this newly created CG (Document 1A/311
Annex 11, from 1A/TEMP/103).
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The new Correspondence Group (CG) was not able to get participant agreement via correspondence
and thus its work was continued during the meetings of working party 1A.
WP1A completed the revision of Annex 8 to the Recommendation ITU-R SM.1541-3 and approved
Doc. 1A/TEMP/128(Rev.2), which was submitted to Study Group 1 for consideration .(Document
1A/154) and was approved.
WP1A also decided to start the work on a new Report on this issue (Doc. 1A/TEMP/134) in order
to continue the studies during the next study period (Annex 2 Document 1/379). A Liaison
Statement was approved in Doc. 1A/TEMP/135 and sent to WP5B to inform the progress on this
issue (Document 5B/718).
WP1A also decided to continue the work on unwanted emissions of radars in the out of band
domain by establishing a Correspondence Group on this issue. The Terms of Reference included in
Annex 6 Document 1/379.
4.
Current ITU-R SM.1541-4
The resultant revision of Annex 8 to the Recommendation ITU-R SM1541 at the end of working
party 1A meeting in 2011 and its approval by Study Group 1 in the same year covered some key
changes, corrections and enhancements encompassing the total clusters of work covered by the
various studies in the background section, summary of the main changes as follows:
 Radar classification by waveforms is maintained by added more clarifications and details on
sub variants for some of the waveforms.
 Revisions of formulas for the B−40 dB bandwidth that included total equation replacements
in some of the defined waveforms.
 Single out of band (OoB) mask roll-off at 30 dB per decade from the B−40 dB bandwidth to
the spurious level specified in RR Appendix 3 for all radar waveforms BUT CW, FMCW,
and phase coded waveforms were excluded from that and designated an out of band (OoB)
mask roll-off at 20 dB per decade from the B−40 dB bandwidth to the spurious level
specified in RR Appendix 3.
 The exclusion of CW, FMCW, and phase coded radar waveforms from out of band (OoB)
mask roll-off at 30 dB per decade should be reviewed in the study period before the 2016
Radiocommunication Assembly.
 Removal of some out dated information and their associated further work.
 Maintaining the original Design objective for the design of radar systems to an out of band
(OoB) mask rolls off at 40 dB per decade from the B−40 dB bandwidth to the spurious level
specified in RR Appendix 3.
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The decision to maintain the original design objective is based on the safety-net principle of OoB
domain emission limits, as it is recognized that further reduction of OoB emissions will enhance
compatibility with other services.
Therefore, it is desirable to reduce the levels of unwanted emissions for more types of radar systems
in the future and preferably all types of radar systems, the best case scenario is to have all radar
systems meeting the requirement of the design objective thus defining a single out of band (OoB)
mask roll-off at 40 dB per decade from the B−40 dB bandwidth to the spurious level specified in
RR Appendix 3.
One of the key statements in the current ITU-R SM.1541-4 places key emphases on new radar
systems designs should be based on technologies that are capable of meeting the design objective
and quoted verbatim as “”Radars should be designed to meet the requirement of the design
objective mask. Where possible, radar design should avoid the use of technologies that are not
capable of meeting the design objective””.
5.
Radar Spectrum data
Radar systems can be capable of various modes of operations and may have more than one
configuration for one basic design; this can be as simple as having one base transmitter unit having
different type of antenna length options.
This variation can have serious impact on the validity of measured frequency spectrum emissions
data for the radar system.
The variations and combination of such parameters are too many to list in this report however a
simple rule of thumb can be used to ensure that the measured frequency spectrum emissions data
represents the “worst case” scenario for the radar undergoing frequency spectrum measurements.
Recommendation ITU-R M1177 provides good information on how to establish or configure the
radar system to produce a “worst case” scenario for the measured frequency spectrum emissions
data however it falls short of covering that information for every type of radar today especially the
newly available types of solid state radars as they are capable of operating in a mixed mode
waveforms in one transmission burst.
Furthermore, Recommendation ITU-R M1177 provides two methods of measurements but only the
direct method is accounted as highly reliable as it is totally independent of the radar hardware
design and or configurations which make it highly reliable and consistent when comparing various
radar frequency spectrums even if they are produced by different types of radar technologies.
The contributions to this report in terms of radar measured frequency spectrum emissions data is
most valuable but in order for it to produce meaningful results to the task in hand it would need to
be reliable, consistent and conducted by the same measurement method regardless of radar type,
design or location and thus the use of Recommendation ITU-R M1177 “direct method” would
provide the correct solution to this important aspect of this work.
6.
Primary Radar Types
Primary radar systems receive reflections of their own transmitted signals as returned signals from
the target. The reflected energy is used by the primary radar to determine the target information.
Conventionally, the term primary is dropped when referring to primary radar systems as this is
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considered the normal method of radar operation. The exception to this convention comes when
making a distinction between primary radar systems and secondary radar systems.
The ITU Radio Regulations article 1.101 defines primary radar as”” A radiodetermination system
based on the comparison of reference signals with radio signals reflected from the position to be
determined””
There are three major types of primary radar:
I.
Mono-static
Mono-static radar is the term given to a radar in which the transmitter and receiver are collocated.
This is the conventional configuration for a radar, but the term is used to distinguish it from a Bistatic radar or Multi-static radar.
II.
Bi-static
Bi-static radar is the name given to a radar system which comprises a transmitter and receiver which
are separated by a distance that is comparable to the expected target distance.
An example of that, many long-range air-to-air and surface-to-air missile systems use semi-active
radar homing which is a form of Bi-static radar.
III.
Multi-static
A Multi-static radar system contains multiple spatially diverse Mono-static radar or Bi-static radar
components with a shared area of coverage. An important distinction systems based on these
individual radar geometries is the added requirement for some level of data fusion to take place
between component parts. The spatial diversity afforded by Multi-static systems allows for different
aspects of a target to be viewed simultaneously which can yield a potential for information gain that
can give rise to a number of advantages over conventional systems.
Multi-static radar is often referred to as ‘multisite’ or ‘netted’ radar, and is comparable with the
idea of macro-diversity in communications.
The major types of primary radars have two sub types:
 FIXED
 MOBILE
And the mobile can be configured for:
 Land
 Seaborne
 Airborne
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7.
Radar Waveforms
There are several Radar waveform options in use, some common waveforms that are used in Radars
today are:

Un-modulated Pulse
o Simple
o Frequency hopping

Frequency Modulated Pulse (FM Pulse)
o FM Pulse
o Linear
o Frequency hopping

Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW)
o Linear
o PRI Coded LFMCW
o Stepped Frequency LFMCW
o FMICW

Spread Spectrum

Phase Coded Pulse

Continuous Wave (CW)
Combination of some of the above listed waveforms is also possible in a multimode radar
system in particular those used in military applications.
8.
Radar Configurations & Applications
The objective of this section is an informative one; the goal here is to provide a picture on the large
variety of radars available to date in applications varying in function and sophistication ranging
across wide scale of usage.
There is no single or multiple sources that can provide us with the existing population number of
those various types of radars and in many cases the technical specifications of many of those radars
is not available for various reasons varying from commercial confidence to national security.
Some of those radars listed here could have a population of less than 50 worldwide like wind
profiler radars and some could be in excess of one million units like mobile marine navigational
radars, an assessment of that is extremely difficult and is a whole subject of study on its own. It is
this that the information provided in this section is to serve the function of scale awareness type but
should also be kept at hand when the data base of contributions to this work accumulated and
examined.
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Radar come in a variety of configuration in the emitter, the receiver, the antenna, wavelength, scan
strategies, etc. The configuration of the radar along with the required application can determine the
expected radio frequency spectrum profile as the required application would define the detailed
technical capabilities of the radar, some example of radar configuration are:
­
Bistatic radar
­
Continuous-wave radar
­
Doppler radar
­
FMCW radar
­
Mono-pulse radar
­
Passive radar
­
Planar array radar
­
Pulse-doppler
­
Synthetic aperture radar, synthetically thinned aperture radar
Targeting radars
Targeting radars use the same principle but scan a much smaller area far more often, usually several
times a second or more, where search radar might scan a few times per minute. Some targeting
radars have a range gate that can track a target, to eliminate clutter and electronic counter-measures.
Air-to-Air Missile (AAM)
Air-to-Surface Missile (ASM)
Surface-to-Air (SAM) Systems
Surface-to-Surface Missiles (SSM) Systems
Target Tracking (TT) Systems AAA Systems
Multi-Function Systems Fire Control (FC) Systems Acquisition Mode
Semiautomatic Tracking Mode
Manual Tracking Mode
Airborne Intercept (AI) Radars Search Mode
TA Mode
TT Mode
Target Illumination (TI) Mode
Missile Guidance (MG) Mode
Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA)
Battlefield and reconnaissance radars
Battlefield Surveillance Systems
Battlefield Surveillance Radars
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Tactical Radar Identification and Location System
Counter-mortar/ Counter-battery Systems
Shell Tracking Radars
Air Mapping Systems
Side Looking Airborne Radar (SLAR)
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)
Perimeter Surveillance Radar (PSR)
Red Dawn Radar System
Ground Surveillance Radar
Man portable radar
Triggers
Radar proximity fuzes are attached to anti-aircraft artillery shells or other explosive devices, and
detonate the device when it approaches a large object. They use a small rapidly pulsing Omnidirectional radar, usually with a powerful battery that has a long storage life, and a very short
operational life. The fuzes used in anti-aircraft artillery have to be mechanically designed to accept
fifty thousand “g”, yet still be cheap enough to throw away.
(The term fuzes is used to indicate a sophisticated ignition device incorporating mechanical and/or
electronic components in a military munition)
Weather-sensing radar systems
Weather radars can resemble search radars. This radar uses radio waves along with horizontal, dual
(horizontal and vertical), or circular polarization. The frequency selection of weather radar is a
performance compromise between precipitation reflectivity and attenuation due to atmospheric
water vapor. Some weather radars uses doppler shift to measure wind speeds and dual-polarization
for identification of types of precipitations.
Weather radar
Wind profilers
Millimeter cloud radar
CODAR
Navigational radars
Navigational radars resemble search radar, but use very short waves that reflect from earth and
stone. They are common on commercial ships and long-distance commercial aircraft. Marine radars
are used by ships for collision avoidance and navigation purposes. The frequency band of radar
used on most ships is x-band (9 GHz/3 cm), but s-band (3 GHz/10 cm) radar is also installed on
most ocean going ships to provide better detection of ships in rough sea and heavy rain condition.
Vessel traffic services also use marine radars (x or s band) for tracking ARPA and provides
collision avoidance or traffic regulation of ships in the surveillance area.
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General purpose radars are increasingly being substituted for pure navigational radars. These
generally use navigational radar frequencies, but modulate the pulse so the receiver can determine
the type of surface of the reflector. The best general-purpose radars distinguish the rain of heavy
storms, as well as land and vehicles. Some can superimpose sonar and map data from GPS position.
Air Traffic Control and navigation
Air traffic control uses Primary and Secondary Radars. Primary radars are ”classical" radar which
reflects all kind of echoes, including aircraft and clouds. Secondary radar emits pulses and listens
for special answer of digital data emitted by an Aircraft Transponder as an answer. Transponders
emit different kind of data like a 4 octal ID (mode A), the onboard calculated altitude (mode C) or
the Call-sign (not the flight number) (mode S). Military use transponders to establish the nationality
and intention of an aircraft, so that air defenses can identify possibly hostile radar returns. This
military system is called IFF (Identification Friend or Foe).
Air Traffic Control (ATC) Radars
Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) (Airport Surveillance Radar)
Ground Control Approach (GCA) Radars
Precision Approach Radar (PAR) Systems
Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)
Radio Beacons
Radar Altimeter (RA) Systems
Terrain-Following Radar (TFR) Systems
Radar altimeters measure an aircraft's true height above ground.
Space and range instrumentation radar systems
Space (SP) Tracking Systems
Range Instrumentation (RI) Systems
Video Relay/Downlink Systems
Space-based radar
Incoherent scatter
Mapping radars
Mapping radars are used to scan a large region for remote sensing and geography applications. They
generally use synthetic aperture radar, which limits them to relatively static targets, normally
terrain.
Specific radar systems can sense a human behind walls. This is possible since the reflective
characteristics of humans are generally more diverse than those of the materials typically used in
construction. However, since humans reflect far less radar energy than metal does, these systems
require sophisticated technology to isolate human targets and moreover to process any sort of
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detailed image. Through-the-wall radars can be made with Ultra Wideband impulse radar, microDoppler radar, and synthetic aperture radar (SAR).
Imaging radar
3D radar
Road radar
Radar gun, for traffic policing and as used in some sports
Radars for biological research
Radar range and wavelength can be adapted for different surveys of bird and insect migration and
daily habits. They can have other uses too in the biological field.
Bird radar
Insect radar
Surveillance radar (mostly X and S band, i.e. primary ATC Radars)
Tracking radar (mostly X band, i.e. Fire Control Systems)
Wearable radar and miniature radar systems are used as electric seeing aids for the visually
impaired, as well as early warning collision detection and situational awareness.
9.
Radar Transmitter Technologies
The radar transmitter is designed around the selected output device as follows:
 Power Oscillator Transmitter (POT)
One main type of transmitters is the keyed-oscillator type. In this transmitter one stage or tube,
usually a magnetron produces the RF pulse. The oscillator tube is keyed by a high-power DC
pulse of energy generated by a separate unit called the modulator. Radar units fitted with a POT
are either non-coherent or pseudo-coherent.

Power-Amplifier-Transmitters (PAT)
Power-Amplifier-Transmitters (PAT) is used in many recently developed radar sets. In this
system the transmitting pulse is caused with a small performance in a waveform generator. It is
taken to the necessary power with an amplifier following (Amplitron, Klystron or Solid-StateAmplifier). Radar units fitted with PAT are fully coherent in the majority of cases. A special
case of the PAT is the active antenna.
Solid-state transmit/receive modules appear attractive for constructing phased array radar systems.
However, microwave tube technology continues to offer substantial advantages in power output
over solid-state technology. Transmitter technologies are summarized in the following table.
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Technology
Magnetron
POT
PAT
95 GHz
Peak/Average
Power
Typical
Gain
Typical
Bandwidth
1 MW / 500 W
N/A
Fixed @ 10%
Impatt diode
140 GHz
30 W / 10 W
N/A
Fixed @ 5%
Extended interaction
oscillator (EIO)
220 GHz
1 kW / 10 W
N/A
0.2% (elec.)
4% (mech.)
Helix traveling wave
tube (TWT)
95 GHz
4 kW / 200 W
40 - 60dB
Octave/
multi-octave
Ring-loop TWT
18 GHz
8 kW / 400 W
40 - 60dB
5 - 15%
Coupled-cavity TWT
95 GHz
100 kW / 25 kW
40 - 60dB
5 - 15%
Extended interaction
Klystron (EIK)
280 GHz
1 kW / 10 W
40 - 50dB
0.5 - 1%
35 GHz
50 kW / 5 kW
30 - 60dB
0.1 - 2% (inst.)
1 - 10% (mech.)
Crossed-Field amplifier
(CFA)
18 GHz
500 kW / 1 kW
10 - 20dB
5 - 15%
Solid state Silicon BJT
5 GHz
300 W / 30 W
5 - 10dB
10 - 25%
15 W / 5 W
5 - 10 dB
5 - 20%
Klystron
GaAs FET
10.
Macimum
Frequency
30 GHz
Contributions List
This is a list for contribution made to date and is included in Annex 1 of this report.
I. R07-WP1A-C-0369!!MSW-E.docx
Source: Japan
Original proposed contents of the revision of ANNEX 8 to RECOMMENDATION ITU-R
SM.1541-3 for promoting more efficient use of frequency spectrum, including detailed and
technical justifications.
II. R07-WP1A-C-0294!!MSW-E.docx
Source: Japan
Revised version of contribution in (I) with comprehensive commercial and technical details on the
new efficient frequency use magnetron technology.
III. R12-WP1A-C-0024!!MSW-E.docx
Source: Japan
Spectral Emissions Measurements data of Maritime Solid State Radar
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11.
Contribution Analysis
The table provided in this section is intended to be used for the analysis of data from contributions
to this work, basic format consist of columns covering 4 different “roll-off” status or performance
as:
 Less then -30dB per decade
 -30 dB per decade
 -40 dB per decade
 Better than -40dB per decade
The rows are based on radar waveforms classes as listed in the current ITU-R SM.1541-4 as:
 Non-FM pulse
 FM-pulse
 Un-modulated CW
 FMCW
The sub sections under each waveform namely Ax, Bx, Cx and Dx are to be used for the
contribution data based on the radar system accordingly under the correct waveform. These sub
sections can be expanded to fit the number of contributions made under a particular waveform.
Configuration
Non-FM pulse
Roll-off
< -30dB
-30dB
-40dB
>-40dB
☆
A1
☆
A2
A3
A4
FM-pulse
B1
B2
B3
B4
Un-modulated CW
C1
C2
C3
C4
FMCW
D1
D2
D3
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Configuration
Roll-off
< -30dB
-30dB
-40dB
>-40dB
D4
A1 = Magnetron based X–Band and S-band mobile marine Radar in contribution II.
R07-WP1A-C-0294!!MSW-E.docx.
A2 = Solid State X-Band mobile marine radar in contribution III
R12-WP1A-C-0024!!MSW-E.docx.
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Annex 1
Document 1A/369* in particular Attachment 2
R07-WP1A-C-0369!!
MSW-E.docx
Document 1A/294* in particular Attachments 2 and 3
R07-WP1A-C-0294!!
MSW-E.docx
Document 1A/24 in full added from the June 2012 WP1A meeting
R12-WP1A-C-0024!!
MSW-E.docx
____________________
*
Documents carried over from 2007-2012 Study Period.
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Annex 2
a) Joint Rapporteurs Group 1A-1C-8B Documents
Work period duration: October 2003 to June 2007
JRG-1:
Draft Work Program of JRG 1A-1C-8B
JRG-2:
ITU-R Emission Mask Model
JRG-3:
ITU-R Emission Mask Model Instructions
JRG-4:
Emission Spectrum Measurement Data for Use with the ITU-R Emission Mask Model,
Maritime Radionavigation Radar
JRG-5:
Emission Spectrum Measurement Data for Use with the ITU-R Emission Mask Model,
Aeronautical Radionavigation Radar
JRG-4 and JRG-5 in PKZIP format
JRG-6:
Question ITU-R 230/1
JRG-7:
A Study into Techniques for Radar Spectrum Utilization
JRG-8:
Study of the Boundary between the Out-of-band and Spurious Domains of Primary
Radar Using Magnetrons
JRG-9:
Derivation of -20 dB Bandwidth (Necessary Bandwidth) And -40 dB Bandwidth for
CW Pulsed Modulation
JRG-10:
ITU-R Report 837, Methods for Calculating Pulsed Radar Emission Spectrum
Bandwidth
JRG-11:
Recommendation ITU-R SM.1541, Unwanted Emissions in the Out-of-band Domain
JRG-12:
Comparison of Methods Used to Predict the Bandwidth of Radar Emissions
JRG-13:
Spectrum of Chirped Radar Pulses Using Non-linear FM
JRG-14:
Notes and Support Data for Emission Spectrum of Raymarine Data Files
JRG-14A: Raymarine Radar1_SA_10kw.ep
JRG-14B: Raymarine Radar_2_SA_4kw.ep
JRG-14C: Raymarine Radar_2a_PA_4kw.ep
JRG-14D: Raymarine Radar_3_PA_2kw.ep
JRG-15:
JRG 1A-1C-8B Proposed Terms of Reference and Draft Work Program
JRG-16:
Considerations for Determining the Boundary between the Out-of-band Domain and
Spurious Domain of Primary Radars Using Magnetron
JRG-16A: Zipped File Containing Emission Spectrum Files in pdf Format for JRG-16
JRG-16B: Zipped File Containing Emission Spectrum Files in jpeg Format for JRG-16
JRG-17:
DOCUMENT1 ( )
Further Considerations on Issues Impacting the Resultant Measured Spectrum of
Magnetron Based Radar Systems
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JRG-18:
Out-of-Band 40 DB Bandwidth of Earth Exploration- Satellite Service (active) and the
Space Research Service (active) Sars and Range Spectrum Oversampling Noise-toSignal Ratio
JRG-19:
Comprehensive Review of the Radar Spectrum Engineering Criteria (RSEC)
JRG-20:
Magnetron Developments and Practical Problems Relating to the ITU-R
Recommendation SM1541 and the Proposed Design Objective for Future Radar
Systems
JRG-21:
Consideration of the Results Presented on the Relationship Between Current ITU
Limits on Bandwidth and Spectrum Shape, to the Theoretical and Practical Radar
Emission Spectra of Trapezoidal or Rectangular Type Pulses
JRG-22:
Mobile maritime radars using magnetrons
JRG-23:
ITU-R Radar Emissions Model Program change Request (PCR) and Error Report
Form
JRG-24:
Proposed Terms of Reference and Draft Work Program
JRG-25:
Report of First Meeting of JRG 1A-1C-8B
JRG-26:
Draft Purpose and Agenda for a meeting of ITU-R JRG 1A-1C-8B
JRG-27:
Revised Work Program ITU-R JRG 1A-1C-8B
JRG-28:
Liaison Statement to Working Party 8B and For Information to JRG 1A-1C-8B,
Compatibility Analysis Between the Earth Exploration-Satellite (Passive) Service
Systems [operating] in the 1 400-1 427 MHz Band and Radiolocation Service Systems
Operating in the 1 350-1 400 MHz Band
JRG-29:
User's Manual for ITU-R Radar Emission Mask Spreadsheet
JRG-30:
ITU-R Emission Mask Model VR3.33.o
JRG-31:
ITU-R Emission Mask Model Help File
JRG-32 Rev1: Earth Exploration-Satellite Service (Active) and the Space Research Service
(Active) SAR Out-of-Band 40 DB Bandwidth as a Function of Time-Bandwidth
Product and Unequal Rise/Fall Times
JRG-33:
Further Considerations of Radar Spurious Emission Masks
JGR-34:
Maritime Radar Spectra
JRG-35 Rev1: Derivation of the Necessary Bandwidth (-20 dB Bandwidth) and -40 dB Bandwidth
Formulas for Un-Modulated Pulse Waveforms
JRG-36:
Working Document Towards the Determination of the Feasibility to Achieve More
Stringent Out-of-Band Emission Limits for Primary Radar Systems
JRG-37 Rev1: Study of Formular for Representing the Necessary Bandwidth and -40 dB
Bandwidth of FM Modulated Pulse Radar Waveforms
JRG-38:
Comments on Proposed Change to FM Mask in Document JRG-7
JRG-39:
The Impact of ITU Out-of-Band Emission Limits on Radars Operating at Long
Wavelengths
JRG-40:
Further discussion on the methods of measurement for maritime radars - as a
contribution to a possible revision of Recommendation ITU-R M.1177
DOCUMENT1 ( )
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JRG-41:
Airborne Radar Systems
JRG-42:
Consideration About the Measurement Bandwidth in Spurious Measurement of a
Radar System
JRG-43:
Revised Work Program
JRG-44 Rev1: Report of the Second Meeting
JRG-45:
Draft Outline of the Report
JRG-46 Rev2: Drafting Groups and Action Items
JRG-47:
Necessary Bandwidth
JRG-48:
Temp Document from Working Party 1A
JRG-49 Rev.1: Draft Purpose and Agenda for 3rd Meeting of ITU-R JRG 1A-1C-8B
JRG-50:
Bandwidths of FMCW Signals
JRG-51:
DRAFT Final Report on Primary Radar Unwanted Emissions in the Out-of-Band
Domain
JRG-52 Rev.1: Drafting Group 3 - Magnetrons
JRG-53:
Consideration Around the Term Necessary Bandwidth
JRG-54:
Analysis and Observations of the Effects of Rise Time on FM Pulse Spectrum
JRG-55:
Follow-On Study Of Formulas For Representing The Necessary Bandwidth of FM
Modulated Pulse Radar Waveforms
JRG-56:
Estimation of Radar Linear Frequency Modulation (LFM) bandwidth at the -40 dB
point
JRG-57:
Spectrum Measurements Of a Klystron Radar For Aeronautical Radionavigation
JRG-58:
Drafting Group 1 Report
JRG-59:
Definition of necessary bandwidth for FMCW waveforms
JRG-60:
Emission Mask Model
JRG-61 Rev.1: Working paper towards revision of ITU-R SM.1541-1 Annex 8
JRG-62 Rev3: Report of Third Meeting
JRG-63:
DRAFT Final Report on Primary Radar Unwanted Emissions in the Out-of-Band
Domain
JRG-64 Rev3: Revised Work Program
JRG-66:
Draft Revision of ITU-R SM1539
JRG-67:
Drafting Group 3 – Magnetrons
JRG-68:
Spectrum emission measurements of various radars
JRG-69:
Results of FMCW Simulation and Measurements
JRG-70:
Theory of FMCW Radar Waveforms
JRG-71:
Linear FM Pulsed Radar Waveform Radar Simulation And Measurement Results
JRG-72:
Emission Measurement Data From Meteorological Radars Using Coaxial Magnetron
Transmitters
DOCUMENT1 ( )
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JRG-73:
FMCW Radar Waveforms in the HF Band
JRG-74:
Comparisons of Simulated and Measured Emission Spectra of Linear Beam Output
Devices
JRG-75:
Working Document Towards Preliminary Draft Revision of Recommendation ITU-R
SM.1541, Annex 8
JRG-76:
Report of the Fourth Meeting of JRG-1A-1C-8B, November 13-15, 2007
JRG-77 Rev. 1: The Linear FMCW Spectrum - Theory and Analysis
JRG-78:
Spectra of FMCW Signals
JRG-79:
Spectrum of Airborne Radar Magnetron
JRG-80:
USJRG07-01 Measuring HF (2-30 MHz) Radars using ITU-R M.1177 and Time
Sampling Techniques
JRG-81:
USJRG07-02 Comparison of Radar Emission Spectra Measured in the Frequency
Domain Versus FFT results from Time Domain Sampling
JRG-82:
USJRG07-03 The Effects of Zero-Padding FFT's and the Windowing Function on
Time Sampled Waveforms
JRG-83:
USJRG07-04 SAR L-Band Emission Data
JRG-84:
Contribution to the Final report
JRG-85:
Bandwidth formula for Linear FMCW Spectra
JRG-86:
Comparison of LFMCW 40 dB Bandwidth Formula and Measurements
JRG-87:
A Study of the Electromagnetic Properties of Concrete Block Walls for Short Path
Propagation Modelling
JRG-88:
Measurements of Spectra of Microwave FMCW radars
JRG-WD-1: Report of the Joint Rapporteurs Group 1A-1C-8B (JRG-1A/1C/8B)
End of JRG Documents.
b) Rapporteurs Group (RG) Documents List
Work period duration: February 2008 to May 2010
RG-1:
Multiband SAR Emission Data
RG-2:
Work Plan *2
RG-3:
Report of First Meeting of the RG
RG-4:
LFMCW Characteristics *1
RG-5:
HF Radar Operational Requirements *1
RG-6:
Review of EESS radar categories
RG-7:
Linear FM Pulse Emission
DOCUMENT1 ( )
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RG-8:
Radar protection
RG-9:
Report of Second Meeting of the RG
RG-10: Working Document toward Proposed Revisions to Annex 8 of Recommendation ITU-R
SM.1541
RG-11: Frequency bandwidth narrowing technology for pulse magnetron
RG-12: Radar Classification
RG-13: Emissions Measurements for LFM Pulses
RG-14: Radar classification by waveform
RG-15: Working Document towards Revision of ITU-R SM.1541 Annex 8 *2
RG-16: Report of the Third Meeting of the RG
RG-17: Bandwidth Formula for Linear FMCW Radar Waveforms
RG-18: Comparisons of simulated and measured emission spectra of linear beam output devices
for satellite radars
RG-19: EESS (active) Sensors Spectral Emissions Measurements from SFCG
RG-20: Report of the Fourth Meeting of the RG
*x = Official Number of Revisions.
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DOCUMENT1 ( )
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