Security in the layers
8: Network Security
8-1
Secure sockets layer (SSL)
r Transport layer
security to any TCPbased app using SSL
services.
r Used between Web
browsers, servers for
e-commerce (https).
r Security services:
m
m
m
server authentication
data encryption
client authentication
(optional)
r Server authentication:
m SSL-enabled browser
includes public keys for
trusted CAs.
m Browser requests
server certificate,
issued by trusted CA.
m Browser uses CA’s
public key to extract
server’s public key
from certificate.
8: Network Security
8-2
SSL (continued)
Encrypted SSL session:
r Browser generates
symmetric session key,
encrypts it with server’s
public key, sends
encrypted key to server.
r Using private key, server
decrypts session key.
r Browser, server know
session key
m
r SSL: basis of IETF
Transport Layer
Security (TLS).
r SSL can be used for
non-Web applications,
e.g., IMAP.
r Client authentication
can be done with client
certificates.
All data sent into TCP
socket (by client or server)
encrypted with session key.
8: Network Security
8-3
IPsec: Network Layer Security
r
r
r
Network-layer secrecy:
m sending host encrypts the
data in IP datagram
m TCP and UDP segments;
ICMP and SNMP
messages.
Network-layer authentication
m destination host can
authenticate source IP
address
Two principal protocols:
m authentication header
(AH) protocol
m encapsulation security
payload (ESP) protocol
r
r
For both AH and ESP, source,
destination handshake:
m create network-layer
logical channel called a
security association (SA)
Designed for IPv6
m Backward compatible with
IPv4
8: Network Security
8-4
IEEE 802.11 security
r War-driving: drive around Bay area, see what 802.11
networks available?
m More than 9000 accessible from public roadways
m 85% use no encryption/authentication
m packet-sniffing and various attacks easy!
r Securing 802.11
m encryption, authentication
m first attempt at 802.11 security:
Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP): a failure
m current attempt: 802.11i
8: Network Security
8-5
Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP):
r authentication as in a weak protoocol
host requests authentication from access point
m access point sends 128 bit nonce
m host encrypts nonce using shared symmetric key
m access point decrypts nonce, authenticates host
r no key distribution mechanism
r authentication: knowing the shared key is enough
m
8: Network Security
8-6
WEP data encryption
r Host/AP share 40 bit symmetric key
r Host appends 24-bit Initialization Vector (IV) to
create 64-bit key
IV
r 64 bit key used to generate stream of keys, ki
IV
r ki used to encrypt ith byte, di, in frame:
ci = di XOR kiIV
r IV and encrypted bytes, ci sent in frame
8: Network Security
8-7
802.11 WEP encryption
Sender-side WEP encryption
8: Network Security
8-8
Breaking 802.11 WEP encryption
Security hole:
r 24-bit IV, one IV per frame, -> IV’s eventually reused
r IV transmitted in plaintext -> IV reuse detected
r Attack:
m Trudy causes Alice to encrypt known plaintext d1 d2
d3 d4 …
IV
m Trudy sees: ci = di XOR ki
m
m
m
Trudy knows ci di, so can compute kiIV
Trudy knows encrypting key sequence k1IV k2IV k3IV …
Next time IV is used, Trudy can decrypt!
8: Network Security
8-9
802.11i: improved security
r numerous (stronger) forms of encryption
possible
r provides key distribution
r uses authentication server separate from
access point
8: Network Security
8-10
WPA - Wi-Fi Protected Access
r Implements 802.11i
r 128-bit key, 48-bit IV
r Uses TKIP (Temporary Key Integrity
Protocol)
m
m
Hash of IV (not sent in plaintext)
Ensures each frame is sent with a unique key
8: Network Security
8-11
8: Network Security
8-12
Firewalls
firewall
isolates organization’s internal net from larger
Internet, allowing some packets to pass,
blocking others.
public
Internet
administered
network
firewall
8: Network Security
8-13
Firewalls: Why
prevent denial of service attacks:
m SYN flooding: attacker establishes many bogus
TCP connections, no resources left for “real”
connections.
prevent illegal modification/access of internal data.
m e.g., attacker replaces CIA’s homepage with
something else
allow only authorized access to inside network (set of
authenticated users/hosts)
two types of firewalls:
m application-level
m packet-filtering
8: Network Security
8-14
Packet Filtering
Should arriving
packet be allowed
in? Departing packet
let out?
r internal network connected to Internet via
router firewall
r router filters packet-by-packet, decision to
forward/drop packet based on:
m
m
m
m
source IP address, destination IP address
TCP/UDP source and destination port numbers
ICMP message type
TCP SYN and ACK bits
8: Network Security
8-15
Packet Filtering
r Example 1: block incoming and outgoing
datagrams with IP protocol field = 17 and with
either source or dest port = 23.
m All incoming and outgoing UDP flows and telnet
connections are blocked.
r Example 2: Block inbound TCP segments with
ACK=0.
m Prevents external clients from making TCP
connections with internal clients, but allows
internal clients to connect to outside.
8: Network Security
8-16
Application gateways
r Filters packets on
application data as well
as on IP/TCP/UDP fields.
r Example: allow select
internal users to telnet
outside.
host-to-gateway
telnet session
application
gateway
gateway-to-remote
host telnet session
router and filter
1. Require all telnet users to telnet through gateway.
2. For authorized users, gateway sets up telnet connection to
dest host. Gateway relays data between 2 connections
3. Router filter blocks all telnet connections not originating
from gateway.
8: Network Security
8-17
Limitations of firewalls and gateways
r IP spoofing: router
can’t know if data
“really” comes from
claimed source
r if multiple app’s. need
special treatment, each
has own app. gateway.
r client software must
know how to contact
gateway.
m
e.g., must set IP address
of proxy in Web
browser
r filters often use all or
nothing policy for UDP.
r tradeoff: degree of
communication with
outside world, level of
security
r many highly protected
sites still suffer from
attacks.
http://darkreading.com/security/intrusionprevention/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=217300227
8: Network Security
8-18
Network Security (summary)
Basic techniques…...
m
m
m
m
cryptography (symmetric and public)
authentication
message integrity
key distribution
…. used in many different security scenarios
m
m
m
m
m
secure email
secure transport (SSL)
IP sec
802.11
Firewall
8: Network Security
8-19