Dark Energy and Dark Flow
Explained by Inter-Universe Coupling Gravity
Updated December 27, 2013
Sing H. Lin , Ph.D., 林星雄·博士
E-Mail: [email protected]
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Dark Energy and Dark Flow
Outlines
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Expanding Universe
Dark Energy
Dark Flow
Dark Energy and Dark Flow as explained
by Gravity: that is Inter-Universe Coupling
Gravity
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Part 1 – Dark Energy
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Discovery of Red-Shift of Spectral Lines
in Astronomical Observations
• In about 1929, Edwin Hubble and several
other scientists discovered that the spectral
lines in the light received from distance
galaxies are all shifted toward red light end
of the spectrum
• Edwin Hubble further discovered that the
amount of red-shift is proportional to the
distance of galaxy from us
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Red-shift of spectral lines in the optical spectrum of a super-cluster of
distant galaxies (right), as compared with that of the Sun (left)
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Expanding Universe
• A red-shift can occur when the light source is
moving away from an observer, similar to the
Doppler shift that changes the perceived frequency
of sound waves.
• The observed red-shift implies that:
– Galaxies are running away from us,
– The receding speed of a galaxy is proportional to its
distance from us, and
– Universe is not static, but is expanding
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Expected Effect of Gravity on
Expanding Universe
• All matters have gravity pulling on each other
• Such gravity pull is expected to slow down the
expansion of universe
• In 1998, two independent teams* of scientists did
two independent astronomical measurements to
try to measure the rate of slowing down of
expanding universe (i.e. to measure the ultimate
fate of our universe)
* Two teams: the Supernova Cosmology Project at
the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and
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the High-z Supernova Search Team
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Surprise! Surprise!
• However, these two teams of scientists and the
whole world were all surprised in 1998 to find that
the expansion of universe is NOT slowing down,
but is accelerating.
• These two independent teams of scientists were
scared and thought that they might have some
errors in their measurements.
• But their careful checks found no errors in their
two independent sets of measurements
• All scientists and astronomers have been in a state
of collective bewilderment since this surprising
discovery in 1998.
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What to do with such a big surprise?
- Dark Energy
• The key question is what is causing such
acceleration of expansion of universe?
• For the time being, scientists have to
postulate a “Dark Energy” that is a
hypothetical form of energy that permeates
all of space and tends to increase the rate of
expansion of the universe.
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Part 2 – Dark Flow
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Expansion of Universe
• For many years, astronomers assume that:
– Space is expanding in a uniform way—at the
same rate in every cosmic locale
– Big Bang growth marches at the same pace
everywhere
– Such assumption is quite natural and reasonable
if there is only one universe
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New Surprise and New Challenge on
Historical Concept of Expanding Universe
• By analyzing data collected by the Wilkinson Microwave
Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) satellite, Alexander Sasha
Kashlinsky of NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center
discovered surprising Dark Flow in 2008
• Dark Flow represents the movement of hundreds of galaxy
clusters at about two million miles per hour in the direction
of a patch of sky between the constellations Centaurus and
Vela.
• Dark flow extends out as far as 2.5 billion light years
away. With such a large scale, it slashes through a
significant chunk of the observable universe.
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Surprising Dark Flow
• Why the expansion of universe is NOT uniform
everywhere?
• What causes such observed huge Dark Flow in the
universe?
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Part 3 – Parallel Universes and
Inter-Universe Coupling Gravity
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Concept of Parallel Universes with Inter-Universe Coupling Gravity
Parallel
Universe C
Parallel
Universe B
Our
Universe A
Parallel
Universe D
Parallel
Universe E
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Dark Energy is
Inter-Universe Coupling Gravity
• Our Universe A is surrounded by many
other parallel universes B, C, D, E, etc.
• I believe that the Inter-Universe
Coupling Gravity from other parallel
universes is causing the accelerated
expansion of our Universe A
• Therefore, I propose that Dark Energy
is Inter-Universe Coupling Gravity
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Non-Symmetric Pulling from
Inter-Universe Coupling Gravity - 1
• There is no reason that the distribution of other
parallel universes must be perfectly symmetrical
with respect to the center of our Universe A
• Such non-symmetrical distribution of other
parallel universes relative to the center of our
universe A means that the Inter-Universe
coupling gravity from other parallel universes is
not symmetrical with respect to the center of our
Universe A
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Non-Symmetric Pulling from
Inter-Universe Coupling Gravity - 2
• Therefore, the accelerated expansion of our
Universe A is not symmetrical, not uniform, and
not homogeneous.
• Therefore, I propose that the observed Dark Flow
is caused by such non-symmetric pulling from
Inter-Universe Coupling Gravity
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