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1. RESOURCES & DEVELOPMENT
1.1
Resources- Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our
needs, provided, it is technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally
acceptable can be termed as Resource.
Resources are classified into two major classes
(i)
(ii)
Natural Resources
Human made Resources
Natural Resources- Man utilizes numerous elements of the environment for his comfort and
betterment. These elements are in the form of land, water, vegetables and minerals. These are
termed as natural resources. But actually they are not natural resources, they become natural
resources only when
1
2
3
They have value for human beings
Technological development has identified their value
Transport facilities provide an opportunity for the development of these resources.

The process of transformation of things available in our environment involves an interdependent relationship between NATURES, TECHNOLOGY & INSTITUTION.
Importance of Natural resources
1 Main source of our agricultural activity
2 Provide raw material for the industry
3 All our commercial activity depend directly or indirectly on them
4 Add beauty to nature & maintain ecological balance

1.2




Classification of Natural Resource
NATURAL RESOURCES (On the basis of Exhaustibility)
Renewable
Non-Renewable
Resources which can be used again and 
Resources which can be used only once
again
They can be reproduced, replenished and 
Once used they can not be reproduced,
renewed
replenished or renewed. They take million
of years in their formation
These are also called as inexhaustible 
These are also called exhaustible
resources.
resources
These includes solar energy, water 
These includes- Minerals of all types
resources, geothermal energy, wind energy,
including
energy
minerals,
Coal,
soil, forests and wild life resources
petroleum, natural uranium, thorium,
iron ore etc.
On the basis of Origin



Biotic
All living elements of the environment are
included in biotic resources.
They go on reproducing or regenerating till
favourable conditions are available in the
environment
Eg. Crops, grass, animals, fish, forest,
livestock and man himself.
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


Abiotic
They comprises all non-living elements of
environment
They are of both type exhaustible and
inexhaustible
Exhaustible- All types of minerals and
conventional power resources
Inexhaustible- Water, air, solar energy
etc.
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On the basis of Ownership
Individual resources
These
are
owned
privately by individuals
Community owned
These are accessible
to all the members of
the community
In villages, people have
land
ownership.
Plantations,
pasture
lands, ponds, water in
wells etc are some of
the
examples
of
resource ownership by
individuals. In citiespeople
have
plot,
houses
and
other
properties.
Village
commons
(grazing
grounds,
burial
grounds,
village
pond
etc)
public park, picnic
spots, playgrounds in
cities are accessible to
all
people
living
there.
National Resources
All the minerals, water
resources,
forests,
wildlife, land within
the political boundaries
and oceanic area upto
12 nautical miles [Unit
used
to
measure
distances
at
sea],
(19.2km)
from
the
coast
termed
as
territorial water and
resources belong to the
nation
International
The oceanic resources
beyond 200 km of
Exclusive
Economic
zone belong to open
ocean
and
no
individual country can
utilize these without
the
agreement
of
international
institutions
On the basis of the status of Development
Potential
Resources which are
found in a region, but
have not been utilized
Developed
These
are
the
resources which are
available
in
the
country and human
being has been using
them for a long time.
Ex. Rajasthan and
Gujarat
have
enormous potential for
the development of
wind and solar energy,
but so for these have
not been developed so
for.
E.g. Agricultural and
Industrial resources
Stock
Materials
in
the
environment
which
have the potential to
satisfy human needs
but human beings do
not
have
the
appropriate technology
to access them.
E.g.
Water
is
a
compound
of
two
inflammable
gases,
hydrogen and oxygen
which can be used as a
rich source of energy
but we do not know how
to use them.
Reserves
These
are
the
resources which can
be put into use with
the help of existing
technical knowledge
but their use has not
been started.
E.g. River water can
be used for generating
power but presently it
is being utilized only
to a limited extent.
1.3(a) Resource DevelopmentNatural interests become natural resources only when they are developed for the
satisfaction of human needs.
E.g. Land has to be cleared of unwanted materials so that it becomes suitable for the crops
to grow, likewise minerals have to be taken out of the earth and smelt so that it can be used
for making materials and other elements for the use of man.
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As a result, man used them indiscriminately and this had led to
(i) Depletion of resources
(ii) Global ecological crises such as, global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental
pollution and land degradation.
Therefore there is a need for SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT which meansdevelopment should take place without damaging the environment, and development in the
present should not compromise with the needs of the future generations.
1.3(b) Some steps has been taken by International organizations to
Protect environment
(i) Club of Rome advocated conservation of resources for the first time in a more
systematic way in 1968.
(ii) In 1974, Schumacher presented his views based on Gandhian Philosophy in his book
“Small is Beautiful”
(iii) Brundtland Commission report in 1987, introduced the concept of “Sustainable
Development” and published a book “Our Common Future”.
(iv) Earth Summit in 1992 was held at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
1.4(a) Resource Planning
It is a technique of skill of proper utilization of resources. As resources are limited and
unevenly distributed over the country, so their planning is quite necessary. Two stages of
resource planning are
(i) Search and located the resources which are limited in quantity and spread over wide
and unknown areas
(ii) Tap those resources and create goods out of them.
1.4(b) Resource Planning In India
There are two sets of resources-natural resources and human made resources. For the
development of natural resources of a nation, it is essential that its human resources must
be developed. For this we have to keep a balance between the development of human
resources and the development of natural resources. This requires proper planning and
India has made concerted efforts for achieving the goal of resource planning right from the
First Five year plan launched after Independence.
1.4(c) Resource Planning involves
(i) Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country by surveying,
mapping and qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the
resources.
(ii) Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and
institutional set up for implementing resource development plans.
(iii) Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans.
Availability of resources in absence of technology and institution hinder development. In India there
is uneven distribution of natural resources and human resources. It has resulted in the disparity
between the levels of development of different regions. We have to plan in such a way that people of
our country are educated, skilled and technologically advanced. Only then we would be able to
develop our natural resources. Therefore, in India, development and resource development does not
only involve the availability of resources but also the technology and quality of human resources.
The present state of our country is that we have a large developed human resources and they
have been able to a large extent, to develop our natural resources. It is because of this that we have
become self reliant in numerous resources and even exporting numerous commodities to the world
nations. Thousands of our Engineers, Doctors and other technocrats have excelled even in the
developed nations. In near future we shall be able to be counted among the developed nations of the
world in terms of our developed human resources despite numerous odds.
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1.5
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
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

1.6
(a)
Land Use Pattern in India- The use of land is determined by physical and human
factors(i) Physical factors- Include topography, climate, soil types etc.
(ii) Human factors- Include population density, technological capability and cultural
traditions etc
Net sown area- Area sown once a year is known as net sown area. Net sown area has
decreased from 45.26% to 43.41%, this means more and more agricultural land is being shifted
to other activities It varies from one state to another. It is over 80% of the total area in Punjab
and Haryana and less than 10% in Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram & Manipur.
Area under forests- Though it has increased from 18.11% to 22 – 57% in 2002-03 but still it is
far below than the scientific norms. For a self contained economy and proper ecological balance
at least 1/3 rd of the total land of a country must be kept under forests.
Land under pasture- is very low 5%. This shows pressure of livestock population on
agricultural land cattle are reared mainly on farm waster, grain chaff and few fodder crops.
Area under fallow land has also decreased which shows subsistence agriculture is being
replaced by commercial agriculture.
About 43% of land area is plain which provides facilities for agriculture and industry
30% of the surface area are Mountains, which ensure perennial flow of some rivers.
27% of the area is Plateau region, which possesses rich reserves of minerals, fossil fuels and
forests.
Out of 3.28 million sq. km area of India land use data of only 93% of total area is available.
Soil
Formation of soil
Soils are derived largely from rocks and minerals broken down by weathering. It takes
millions of soil up to a few cm in depth. Various Physical, Chemical and Biological processes
help in formation of soil.
Physical Processes





Rocks expanding and contracting in hot sun and cold rain cracks and chips.
Wind wears then rock away into tiny bits
Water trapped in crocks expands when freezes, splitting and breaking the rock
Running water usually carries sand and gravel.
Glaciers scraping along the ground move rock and grind it down.
Chemical Action


Oxygen and CO2 in the air and water combine with substances in the rock to alter it.
Weak acid in rain attack the rock, some of the rocks dissolve; some softens and in the
end crumbles.
Biological processes


(b)
1
When plants die, they are decomposed by the microorganisms. Decomposed plants and
animal material, called humus is an important addition to the developing soil.
Animals also help by digging burrows and mixing the soil, improving its ability to hold
air and moisture
Classification of Soil
Alluvial Soil





It is the most widely spread and important soil of India.
It covers about 24% of the country’s total land surface.
It is composed of sediments deposited by rivers in the interior and sea waves along the
coast.
Mostly these soils contain adequate proportion of potash, phosphoric acid and lime
which are ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat, vegetables and other cereal
and pulse crops.
These soils are generally deficient in nitrogen and humus.
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Distribution of soil


These soils constitute the surface of the great Plains form Punjab to Assam
They also occur in the valleys of the Narmada and Tapti in M.P. and Gujarat,
Mahanadi in M.P. and Orissa, Godavari in Andhra Pradesh and Cauvery in Tamil
Nadu and along the coast of Kerela.
Classification of Alluvial soil(a).
(b).
2
On the basis of size of their grains- Duars, Chos and Terai
On the basis of age
(i) Bangar (old Alluvial)
(ii) Khadar (New Alluvial)- More fine particles and more fertile than Bhangar.
Black Soil- These soils are black in colour and they are eminently suitable for the
cultivation of cotton. In some areas they are also called REGUR.
Distribution


They cover the Plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, M.P. and Chattisgarh.
They are sticky when wet and develop deep wide cracks on drying which helps in the
process of self aeration and absorption of nitrogen from the atmosphere. They have the
capacity to hold moisture.
Formation


3
Climatic condition along with the parent rock materials are the important factors for
the formation of black soil. The black colour is due to the presence of compounds of
iron and Aluminium.
They are rich in soil nutrients, such as calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and
lime and known for its fertility. Cotton, cereats and oilseeds may kinds of vegetables
are well suited to black soils
Red and yellow soils- these soils comprising red loams and yellow earths and
derived from crystalline igneous and metamorphic rocks rich in ferromagnetism minerals.
It looks yellow when it occurs in hydrated form.
Distribution
They are found in Orissa, Chattisgarh, and Southern parts of the middle Ganga Plain along
the piedmont zone of western Ghats Red soils are airy and need irrigation support for
cultivation. Almost all kinds of crops are grown on red soils, though they seem to be more
suitable for the cultivation of rice, ragin, tobacco and vegetables.
4
Laterite soil
Soil develops in areas with high temperature and heavy rainfall. This is the result of
intense leaching due to heavy rains. Humus content of the soil is low because most of the
microorganism, particularly the decomposers, like bacteria, gets destroyed due to high
temperature. Lalocite soils are poor in nitrogen, Phosphoric acid, potash, lime and
magnesia. They are suitable for cultivation with adequate does of manures and fertilizers.0
Distribution
These soils occur in summits of Sahyadris, Eastern Ghats, Rajmahal hills and many other
hills in the eastern part of India. In the hilly areas of Karnataka, Kerela and Tamil Nadu.

This soil is useful for growing tea, coffee and cashew nut.
5
Arid Soil:
These soils are formed under arid & semiarid conditions in the northwestern part of the
country. These soils range from red to brown in colour. They are generally sandy in texture
and saline in nature. These soils have a high soluble salt content and a low to very low
humus content. They are rich in phosphate but poor in nitrogen.
Distribution- The entire area west of the Aravalli rang in Rajasthan has desert soils.
The soil extends to the southern districts of Haryana and Punjab in the north and the Rann
of Kutch in south.
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Forest soils- These soils are found in the hilly and mountainous areas. These forest
1.7(a)
soils are characterized by the deposition of organic matter derived from forest growth
Humus predominales in all forest soils.
The soil is loamy and silly in valley sides and coarse grained in upper slopes.
Distribution- The Himalayas and the other ranges in the north and the high hill
summits in the sahyadris, Eastern Ghats and the Peninsula have forest soil.
Temperate fruits, maize, wheat and barley are raised on them in J & K, Himachal Pradesh.
Plantations of tea, coffee, and spices are laid on these soils in Karnataka, Kerela, Tamil
Nadu and Manipur.
Soil Erosion- It is the removal of soil by the forces of nature like wind and water.
Generally there is a balance between soil forming process and Erosional process.
Sometimes, this balance is disturbed due to human activities like deforestation,
overgrazing, construction and mining etc.
1.7(b) Types of Soil Erosion
1 Water Erosion- Water is a powerful agent of soil erosion. Major types of erosion caused
by water are
(i)
2
1.8
Sheet Erosion- When the top layer of the soil is removed over a large area by
running water, it is called sheet erosion. It is harmful because it removes the top
layer which is finer and fertile.
(ii)
Gully Erosion- If erosion continues unchecked for sufficient time, small finger
shaped grooves develop on the landscape, called Rill Erosion, with further erosion
of the soil, the rills may deepen and become enlarged and are ultimately turned
into gullies. The main cause of gully erosion is the removal of vegetation. Gullies
cut up agricultural land and the entire area may be tuned into bad land. It is also
responsible for the formation of ravines.
In M.P. about 4 – 8 lakh hectare of area is affected by deep gullies and ravines
along the banks of rivers Chambal and Kali-Sindh.
Wind Erosion- Wind is a powerful agent of erosion in arid and semi arid lands with
little rainfall. Wind can lift the valuable topsoil from one area and deposit in another area.
It is very dangerous type of erosion because due to wind most of the deserts of the world are
expanding.
Soil Conservation- It includes all those measures, which help in protecting the soil
from erosion and exhaustion. Protective soil ensures progress in agriculture; industrial
development, economic betterment and a high standard of living so there is urgent need to
conserve soil
(i)
Afforestation:- means increase area under forest. Indiscriminate felling of trees
should be stopped and efforts should be made to plant trees in new areas.
(ii)
Restricted grazing of animals- Animals should be moved over different
pastures so as to avoid erosion of soil.
(iii)
Proper Farming Techniques(a) Checking shifting agriculture
(b) Crop rotation- should be practiced so that productivity and fertility of land
is maintained
(c) Terracing and contour plorighing across the hill slopes is a very effective and
one of the oldest methods of soil conservation. Hill slope is cut into a number
of terraces having horizontal top and steep slopes on the back and front.
Ploughing along the contour lines can decelerate the flow of water down the
slopes
(d) Shelter belts (the rows of trees) can also reduce soil erosion because these
break the force of wind and water
(e) Strip cropping (growing strips of grass between the crops) can break up the
force of wind and reduce erosion.
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1.9
Land Degradation- It is a process
10% wind
eroded area
6% Saline
through which land becomes unfit for alkaline land
cultivation. At present there are about 130
million hectare of degraded land in India.
28% forest
degraded area
56% Water
eroded area
Factor responsible for land Degradation
1 Mining – Mining sites are abandoned after excavation work is over leaving deep scars
2
3
4
and other material which degrades the soil. It is common is Jharkhand, Orissa, M.P.,
Chhattisgarh
Overgrazing- Overgrazing of land by animals results in removal of grass over a large
area making it easy for wind and water to remove the soil. In states like Gujarat,
Rajasthan, M.P. hilly states of
northern
India it is one of the main reasons for land
degradation.
Water logging- Over irrigation of land is also responsible for land degradation. Water
logging increases salinity and alkalinity in soil making it unfit for cultivation. States of
Punjab, Haryana, West U.P. are facing land degradation due to water logging .
Industrialization- Mining processing like grinding of limestone of cement industry
and calcite and soapstone for ceramic industry etc. generate huge quantity of dust in the
atmosphere. It retards the process of infiltration of water into the soil.
Conservation of Land- There is many ways to solve the problem of land
degradation1 Afforestation and proper management of grazing.
2 Planting of shelterbelts of plants
3 Stabilization of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes
4 Proper management of waste land.
5 Control of mining activities
6 Proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after treatment.
Q.
A.
What is contour ploughing?
Farmers plough across a slope along the line of the field in circular manner. The ploughed
soil forms ridges which help to slow of rain water. This is called contour ploughing.
Q.
What do you mean by strip-cropping? What type of plant can be grown on the follow land to
check the flow of rain water?
Strip-cropping is planting of alternate rows of different kinds of crops instead of leaving
land fallow.
A.
Q.
A.
What do you understand by shelter belts?
A shelter belt is an area of tree plantation. It checks soil erosion by winds.
Q.
A.
Give various reasons, why it is necessary to know the land use pattern.
It is necessary to know the land use pattern. The land is a limited resource. We must try to
put it to maximum use. It is all the more necessary in view of increasing world population.
We must make sure that more and more areas of land are brought under cultivation and
more and moe food grains are produced. Every efforts should be made to bring waste land
under plough. Soil erosion should be checked by modern techniques.
Q.
A.
What is resource planning? Give three phases of resource planning.
In India, resources are limited and are unequally distributed. Planning is a skill to use and
distribute these resources properly.
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Q.
A.
State the factors that affect soil formation.
1 Parent material: The disintegrated rock containing minerals constitutes parent
material for soil formation which is obtained through the process of weathering of
parent rock.
2 Climate: Without climate weathering can not take place. Climate determines the rate
of weathering and decomposition of organic material through temperature and
precipitation.
3 Biota: The decomposition of organic matter provides humus and bacteria by mixing
and sifting of soil material. The decay increases the chemical action.
Q.
A.
Why had land pastures decreased in 1988-99 comparison to 1950-51? Give two reasons.
1 On account of the rapid increase in population more and more pasture land has been
acquired for building residential houses.
2 As the increasing population necessitated more food grains, a part of pasture land was
used to grow food crops.
Q.
A.
How can the resources be planned for development?
The chief method of planning of resources are development and conservation.
1 Development of Resources: The available resources have to be made fit to satisfy
human needs. We have to make proper planning with regard to skilled hands,
machinery, removing unwanted materials etc. Planning has also to be made in terms of
costs, technology and the methods.
2 Conservation of Resources: Conservation of resources actually means the proper
management of resources. The resources should be efficiently utilized and needs of the
future generations should always be kept in mind. Some communities in India have
done a lot of work in this direction. The Bishonis of Rajasthan have helped in
maintaining many wild life and bird sanctuaries. The scientists working in the
regional research laboratory at Jammu have done a lot in conserving many rare
Himalayan flowers. Gandhiji’s words must be remembered. “There is enough for every
body’s need and not for any body’s greed”. He favoured the setting up of small scale and
cottage industries.
Q.
A.
What are ways in which land degradation occurs?
1 Modification of Landforms: Dams across rivers, mining, construction of houses,
bridges water leads to land degradation. Man created landscapes that have negative
impact on environment resulting in land degradation.
2 Deforestation: Cutting down of trees in forests on a large scale leads to soil erosion as
a result of destruction of vegetation.
3 Over gazing: Removal of grass by domestic animals on a large scale degrades the land
by removing the vegetation.
4 Degradation by Rivers: Though rivers cause soil erosion in natural course but man’s
interference with the course of rivers, their sedimentation run off and river pollution
cause degradation of land on a larger scale.
5 Improper Farming Techniques: When vast tract is laid bare of its vegetal cover, it
makes easier for the winds to blow dust in atmosphere which settles on vegetation,
reduces the whole area to a vast desert.
Q.
A.
What is resource planning? Why is there the need for resource planning?
Resource planning means utilization of country’s resources for different development
activities in accordance with the national priorities. The need for planning of resources
arise because.
1 Almost all the natural resources are limited in supply. In this respect, needs of the
future generations must be kept in view.
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2
3
4
5
Q.
A.
Q.
A.
As the human population is increasing very fast, the demand for resources also rises.
To meet demand of resources, its conservation is necessary. The planning of resources
is helpful in conservation.
For economic development of the country, resources are essential. It needs proper
management and efficient utilization of resources.
Resource planning helps in reducing the wastage and keeps the environment pollution
free.
Planning of resources helps in balancing demand and supply to stabilize the process.
Explain land use pattern in India and why has the land under forests not increased much
since 1960-61.
The use of land is determined by topography, climate, soil types and population density,
technological capability, culture, traditions, etc. In India total geographical area is 3.28
million square kilometer. We have land use date for only 93% of the total area of the
country because land use reporting for most of the north eastern states has not been done.
Some areas of Jammu and Kashmir occupied by Pakistan and China could not been
surveyed. The agricultural land has also decreased. Some tracts of land are cultivated once
of twice in 2 to 3 years. The overall net sown area in India is about 54 percent of the total
cultivable area. Net sown area varies from state to state.
How have technical and economic development led to more consumption of resources.
Resources are development for satisfying want and they are produced by an interaction of
nature, human race and technology. Human wants have no end. They multiple at a very
fast pace. To satisfy these endless wants, human being have developed machines of
enormous size. These machines produce resources on a large scale and with amazing
rapidity. With the help of modern machines, humans are able to clear large tracts of forest
in a very short period of time. As a result, not only forest but other resources are depleting
rapidly.
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68°E
72°
76°
80°
84°
88°
92°
36°
96°
36°
MAJOR SOIL TYPES
32°
32°
PAKISTAN
CHINA
(TIBET)
28°
NEPAL
BHUTAN
24°
BANGLADESH
TROPIC OF
CANCER
MYANMAR
20°
BAY OF
BENGA
20°
L
16°
ARABIAN
SEA
Forest & Mountainous
Alluvial
12°
12°
Red and Yellow
Black
Laterit
e
Arid
8°N
INDIAN OCEAN
72°
E
76°
SRI
8°N
LANKA
84°
88°
92°
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2. WATER RESOURCES
3.1
Some facts about water





2.2
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
96.5% of the total volume of worlds water is estimated to exist as oceans.
Fresh water is mainly obtained from surface run off and ground water that is
continually being renewed and recharged through the hydrological cycle.
Only 2.5% of the earth’s water exist as fresh water. Nearly 70% of this fresh water
occurs as ice sheets and glaciers in Antarctica, Greenland and the mountainous regions
of the world.
India receive 4% of the global precipitation and ranks 133 in the world in terms of
water availability per person per annum.
By 2025, it is predicted that large parts of India will join countries regions having
absolute water scarcity.
Factors responsible for Water Scarcity:
Shortage of water as compared to its demand is known as water scarcity.
Growing population: Growing population is one of the basic factors which is responsible
for scarcity of water. Most of our cities are facing this problem due to over population. A
large population means more water not only for domestic use but also to produce more food.
Commercialization of agriculture: After the success of green revolution our farmers are
producing commercial crops. The commercial crops need more water and other inputs.
Assured means of irrigation like tube-wells and wells are responsible for falling
groundwater levels.
Variation in seasonal and annual precipitation: Precipitation is the main source of
water in India but arrival and departure of monsoon in India is uncertain. Even the
distribution of rainfall is uneven. Though the average precipitation in India as a whole is
estimated at 117 cm in a year but it is less than 20 cm in the part of the Thar Desert.
Industrialization and urbanization: Post independent India witnessed intensive
industrialization and urbanization. Today, large industrial houses are common in the form
of industrial houses are common in the form of industrial units of many MNCs
(Multinational Corporations). The ever increasing number of industries has made matters
worse by exerting pressure on existing freshwater resources. Industries apart from being
heavy users of water also require power to run them. Much of this energy comes from
hydroelectric power. Urbanization has also aggravated the problem of water scarcity. Most
of our cities are over populated. Over population over utilize the water resources and also
pollutes the existing resources.
Over utilization and misutilization of water: There are many states in India which
have over utilized its water resources like Punjab and Haryana. Due to this the water table
in these states has lowered.
Pollution: Pollution of water resources is another factor which is responsible for water
scarcity. Domestic waste and industrial waste are the main factors responsible for
pollution of water.
2.3(a) Multipurpose River Projects- the temples of modern India:
A multipurpose project is that which fulfils a variety of purposes at the same time, for
example- irrigation, generation of electricity, food control, fish breeding, soil conservation.
Main Objectives:
(i)
Generation of power(electricity): These multipurpose projects are the main source of
power generation. According to Economic survey 2005-06 these produce more than
30,000MW power. They provide us neat, pollution free and cheapest energy which is the
back-bone of industry and agriculture.
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(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
Flood control: These projects control the floods because water can be stored in them.
These projects have converted many ‘rivers of sorrows’ into rivers of boon. For example
river
Kosi.
Soil conservation: These conserve the soil because they slow down the speed of water.
Irrigation: These projects are the main source of irrigation for our country. These irrigate
the fields during the dry seasons. Many canals have been dug and they irrigate dry areas.
Afforestation: Trees are systematically planted in and around reservoirs. This helps in
preserving ‘wildlife’ and natural ecosystem.
Water Navigation: Multipurpose river valley projects often for inland water navigation
through main rivers and canals. It is the cheapest means of transport for heavy goods.
Fisheries: These provide ideal condition for the breeding of fish. Chosen varieties of fish
are allowed to grow. Such well developed fish farms can be the cheapest source of protein
for our people.
Tourist centres: These projects are well cared and are scientifically developed. So these
become the centres of tourist attraction.
2.3(b) In recent years multipurpose projects and large dams have come under great scrutiny, and
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
opposition due to following reasons.
High cost: The initial cost of building the dams is very high. It requires a lot of capital and
engineering skills and modern machinery which is not available in India.
Adverse impact on environment: A vast variety of flora and fauna (plants and animals)
as well as human settlements get submerged in the water of reservoir formed by the dam.
Adverse effect on the fertility of the soil: Due to construction of dams there are no
annual floods in the river. And because of this the soil of the down stream region does not
get nutrient rich “Silt”. This decreases the fertility of the soil.
Adverse impact on aquatic life: Due to construction of dam on the river, the fish in the
down stream area do not get sufficient nutrient material. Regulating and damming of
rivers affect natural flow of water causing poor sediment flow downward and excessive
sedimentation at the bottom of reservoir, resulting in rockier stream beds and poorer
habitats for the rivers aquatic life. Dams also fragment rivers making it difficult for aquatic
fauna to migrate for spawning i.e. to produce eggs.
Non-availability of water throughout the year: Most of the rivers in India flow only for
few months. So water is not sufficient to build a dam.
Disputes between different states: This is one of the major causes of delay of many
projects states have dispute over sharing of water, height of dam and so on.
Displacement of local communities: The building of large dams results in displacement
of local communities. The local people often had to give up their land and livelihood and
their meager access and control over resources for the greater food of the nation.
Change in the cropping pattern: Multipurpose projects are responsible for providing
assured means of irrigation to farmers. Due to this most of the farmers have changed the
cropping pattern shifting to water intensive and commercial crops. This has lead to
salinisation of soil leading to ecological imbalance. Most of the objectives to the projects
arose due to their failure to achieve the purposes for which they were built. Ironically, the
dams that were constructed to control floods have triggered floods due to sedimentation in
the reservoir. Moreover, the big dams have mostly been unsuccessful in controlling floods at
the time of excessive rainfall. The release of water from dams during heavy rains is
becoming the main source of floods in many states. It is also observed that the
multipurpose projects induced earthquakes caused water borne diseases and pests and
pollution resulting from excessive use of water.
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2.4
Rainwater Harvesting
“It is technique of increasing the recharge of ground water by capturing and storing rain
water by constructing structures such as percolating pits, check dams etc. People have been
using water harvesting methods since time immemorial. People had in depth knowledge of
rainfall regimes and soil types and developed wide ranging techniques to harvest rainwater,
groundwater, river water and flood water in keeping with the local ecological conditions and
their water needs. Different regions had developed different techniques to conserve water.
 People of mountainous regions had built diversion channels like the ‘guls’ and ‘kuls’ for
agriculture.
 People living in arid regions like Rajasthan, used Rooftop rainwater harvesting
techniques to store drinking water.
 The agricultural fields were also converted into rain fed storage structures that allowed
the water to stagnant and moisten the soil like the ‘Khadins’ in Jaisalmer and Johads in
other parts of Rajasthan.
 In the semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan, particularly in Phalodi, Bikaner and
Barmer most of the houses, had underground tanks or ‘tanks’ for storing water.
 In these regions rooftop rainwater harvesting system was used to store water and these
tanks were part of well developed rooftop rainwater harvesting regions.
 These tanks were connected to the sloping roofs through a pipe.
 Rain falling on the rooftops would travel down the pipe and was stored in these
underground ‘tanks’. The first spell of rain was usually not collected as this would clean
the roofs and the pipes. The rainwater from the subsequent showers was then collected.
Importance of rainwater harvesting:




It is reliable source of water when all other sources of water dry up.
It is considered the pure form of natural water.
It is also given to sick people.
It can be used to beat the summer heat if underground rooms adjoining the tanks are
built.
Today, in most of arid and semi-arid regions of India the practice of rooftop rainwater
harvesting is on the decline as plenty of water is available due to the perennial canal. There
are only few houses which still maintain the tanks since they do not like the taste of tap
water. Fortunately, there are some parts of India where rooftop rainwater harvesting is
being successfully adapted to store and conserve water. In Gendathur, a remote backward
village in Mysore, Karnataka, villagers have installed in their households rooftop rainwater
harvesting system to meet their growing water needs. Nearly 200 households have installed
this system and the village has earned the rare distinction of being rich in rainwater.
Gendathur receives an annual precipitation of 1,000 mm and with 80 percent of collection
efficiency and of about 10 fillings, every house can collect and use about 50,000 liters of
water annually.
Q.
A.
Explain how water becomes a renewable resource.
All water on the surface of the earth evaporates because of the heat of the sun. It turns into
clouds and falls on the earth in the form of rain. Rainwater again flows into the river and
ocean or percolates. Underground plants absorb soil moisture and release water into the
atmosphere through transpiration. Hence water is renewed continuously by nature and
thus becomes a reversible source.
Q.
A.
Compare the advantages and disadvantages of multipurpose river projects.
Advantages:
(i)
They help to produce electricity. Indirectly, these projects are helpful in agricultural
and industrial production.
(ii)
These projects help to check floods.
(iii)
They provide ideal conditions for the development of fisheries.
(iv)
They can become centres of tourists’ attraction.
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Disadvantages:
(i)
These projects are the graveyards of civilization
(ii)
Multipurpose projects cause earthquakes for e.g.,(Koyna)
(iii)
Waterborne diseases, pests and pollution of water that results from excessive use.
(iv)
These projects lead to displacement of large number of people which is in serious,
social and economic problem.
Q.
A.
Discuss how rain water harvesting in semi-arid regions of Rajasthan is carried out ?
In the semi-arid areas of Rajasthan like Barmer, Bikaner, Phalodi, etc. most of the houses
have underground tanks or tanks for storing potable water. These tanks measure 6.1 metre
deep, 4.27 meter long and 2.44 meter wide. These tanks are part of the well developed roof
top rainwater harvesting system and are built inside the main house or the court yard. A
pipe draws rainwater into the tank. The first spell of rain is generally not collected as it is
contaminated by pollutants present in the atmosphere. The first shell of rainwater is used
for cleaning the roof tops and system of pipes. Water from subsequent spells of rain is
collected.
Q.
Describe how modern adoptions to traditional rainwater harvesting methods are being
carried out to conserve and store water.
In Ancient India, people developed an extra ordinary method of water harvesting. They
knew the pattern of rainfall and types of soil. Keeping in view the conditions prevalent in
their region and their water needs, they developed various methods to harvest rainwater,
groundwater, river water and flood water. In the hilly areas, they built diversion channels
called ‘guls’ or ‘kuls’ for agriculture. Roof top rainwater harvesting was mostly practiced
to store drinking water particularly in Rajasthan. In Bengal where the plains received a lot
of rainwater, people constructed inundation channels to irrigate their fields. In dry regions,
agricultural fields were used as rain fed storage structure which moistened the soil. This
method was mostly used in Jaisalmer and other parts of Rajasthan.
A.
Q.
A.
What is the need of conserving water resources?
We have a need of conserving water resources to safeguard ourselves from health hazards,
continuation of our livelihood, to ensure food security and to prevent degradation of our
ecosystem.
Q.
Give some examples of the conflicits over the water distribution between different states of
India.
(i) Cauvery water dispute between TamilNadu and Karnataka.
(ii) Water dispute between Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan over Sutlej water.
A.
Q.
A.
Give one example of conflict over river water between different nations.
Ganga water dispute between India and Bangladesh.
Q.
Write the names of three important multipurpose projects of our country. Also give the
names of four rivers associated with them.
(i) Bhakhra dam on Satluj
(ii) Hirakud on Mahanadi
(iii) Damodar valley on Damodar
(iv) Chambal on Chambal.
A.
Q.
A.
Write down some techniques to recharge groundwater.
First, percolation pits should be dug. Second, trenches should be dug around the fields.
Thirdly, check dams should be constructed on small rivers. Fourthly, dug wells have to be
filled.
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Q.
A.
What is river pollution? What are the major sources of pollution of our rivers?
Undesirable and harmful change in the quality of river water which affects biological life is
called river pollution.
The major sources of river water pollution are industrial effluents, pesticides, municipal
wastes and fertilizers used in agriculture.
Q.
Which state of India has made roof top harvesting structure compulsory for all the houses
across the state and why?
To meet the shortage of water, to meet the future needs and to increase the ground water
table, the Government of Tamilnadu has made rainwater harvesting structure compulsory
for all the houses across the state.
A.
Q.
A.
Name the new social movements which have been started on account of the construction of
large dams.
(i) Narmada Bachao Andolan
(ii) Tehri Dam Andolan.
Q.
A.
Why the intensity of cropping in Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh is very high?
In the state of Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh many areas are under assured
irrigation. Tube wells and canals are used for irrigation.
Q.
A.
Name any four states which have high percentage of ‘new sown area under irrigation.
Punjab has the highest new sown area under irrigation, i.e. 91 percent and Mizoram has
the lowest net sown area irrigation, i.e. 7.2 percent
Q.
A.
What is watershed development? What is the importance?
The watershed is basin of tributary which may have small streams of water. During the
rainfall, water flows from its. So, it is considered as physiographic unit which can be used
for integrated development of small natural units areas to meet the needs of the people.
Importance: the development of these natural units includes programme for soil and
moisture conservation, water harvesting afforestation, pasture development, horticulture
and upgradation of community land resources.
Q.
A.
Write a note on Narmada Bachao Andolan.
A non-governmental organization “Save Narmada Movement” is protesting against the
construction of Sardar Sarovar Dam across the Narmada river in Gujarat. In the beginning,
it focused on the distribution of trees that would result on account of the construction of the
dam. Now, it is also speaking for those people who have been displaced by the dam. It is
trying to get full rehabilitation facilities from the government.
Q.
A.
How dams are classified?
Dams are classified on the basis of structure, purpose or height.
On the basis of structure, dams are of three types:
(i) Timber dams
(ii) Embarkment dams (iii) Masonary dams
On the basis of height, dams are of three types
(i) Large
(ii) Medium
(iii) Small dams
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Q.
A.
What is rainwater harvesting? Give different methods of rainwater harvesting in different
regions of India.
Rainwater harvesting is a technique by which recharge of water can be increased. It is done
by artificial recharging of abandoned wells.
Different methods of rainwater harvesting in different regions of the country:
(i) Guls and Kuls: These are the diversion channels used in western Himalayas for
irrigation. The water of streams and rivers is channelised and taken to fields for
irrigation.
(ii) Roof top Rainwater Harvesting for Drinking Water: This system is practiced in
Rajasthan to store drinking water.
(iii) Inundation Channels: People of west Bengal use these channels to irrigate their
fields.
(iv) Khadins of Jaisalmer and Johads of other parts of Rajasthan: Khadin is a
system of growing crops on harvested and stored water by constructing an earthen
bund
across the gentle slope of the farm in the valley bottom. It was invented during
15th
Century for runoff farming by Paliwal Brahmin community in Jaisalmer area.
In Jaisalmer district as many as 500 big and small Khadins have been found
productive with even 4 cm of rainfall.
Q.
A.
What are the objective of rainwater harvesting?
(i) To fulfill the growing needs of water of a large population.
(ii) To stop groundwater pollution by improving the quality of groundwater.
(iii) To save water.
(iv) To increase the groundwater storage and raise the water table.
(v) To check flooding of roads.
Q.
A.
Why irrigation is necessary in India?
First, irrigation is necessary in India as our economy is agriculture based economy.
Secondary, Indian crops like jute, sugarcane and rice require a lot of water. Thirdly, in
India, period of rainfall is very short, i.e. three of four months. The remaining part of the
year remains dry. Fourthly, to meet the increasing demand of grains, production is being
increased every year. So, it is necessary to bring more and more land under irrigation.
Q.
A.
What do you know about bamboo drip irrigation system?
It is a type of irrigation which evolved in Meghalaya and is prevalent for the last 200 years.
In this type of irrigation, betal leaf crop areas is irrigated in which water trickles drop by
drop. In this system, water is channelized from natural streams located at higher level. The
bamboo pipes are supported on ground surface by wooden support. The whole system
enables the distribution of 18-20 litres of water per minute entering the main channel to
20-80 drops per minute at the site of water application.
Q.
A.
What is a dam? How will you distinguish it from barrage?
A dam is a barrier of earth rock, masonry or concreate built across the course of river hold
back the flow of water for specific purpose.
Barrage also serves the purpose of holding large quantity for water. Barrage is generally
used for irrigation while dam is built for various purpose specially for generating electricity
and providing irrigation facilities.
Q.
What do you know about the Krishan Godawari dispute between Karnataka and Andhra
Pradesh?
Krishan Godawari dispute between Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh is regarding the
diversion of more water at Koyna by the Maharashtra government for multipurpose project.
As this would reduce the quantity of water which would flow into Karnataka and Andhra
Pradesh, these states feel that it will have adverse effect on their agriculture and industry.
A.
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68°E
76°
72°
80°
84°
88°
92°
36°
96°
36°
MAJOR RIVERS AND DAMS
Salal Project
32°
32°
PAKISTAN
CHINA
(TIBET)
Bhakra Nangal
Tehri
28°
NEPAL
BHUTAN
24°
Rana Pratap Sagar
Gandhi Sagar
BANGLADESH
TROPIC OF
CANCER
Rihand
Sardar Sarovar
Hirakud
MYANMAR
20°
20°
Ramagunda
m
Koyna anc
16°
Nagarjuna Sagar
ARABIAN
SEA
BAY OF
BENGAL
Tungabhadra
12°
12°
Periyar Dam
8°N
8°N
INDIAN OCEAN
72°
E
76°
SRI
LANKA
84°
88°
92°
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3. AGRICULTURE
3.1(a) Agriculture
The term agriculture is derived from two Latin words, ager meaning ‘land’ and culture
meaning ‘cultivation’. Agriculture thus, means land cultivation. However, in modern days
agriculture also includes animal husbandry, forestry and pisiculture.
Importance of Agriculture
India is primarily an agricultural country. Even after more than 50 years of independence,
64% of the total work force is still engaged in this activity. Agriculture contributes 25% of
the net national product, Agriculture is responsible for feeding our more than 1027 million
population and provides fodder to over 10 crore animals. Many industries draw their raw
materials from agricultural produce and are known as agro-based industries.
India is unique country from agricultural point of view. Its vast area, fertile soils, high
percentage of cultivable land, wide climatic range and long growing seasons provide a solid
base to agriculture. Due to all these favorable conditions India is the world’s largest
producer of tea, sugarcane, coarse grains and some oil-seeds. She is the world’s second
largest producer of rice, jute, jowar, and bajra, third largest producer of tobacco and fourth
largest producer of wheat, cotton and silk.
3.1(b) Type of Agriculture in India
1
Shifting Agriculture: In this agricultural system a patch of land is cleared, crops are
grown and the patch is then deserted until the soil regains its fertility. This is the oldest
type of agriculture. This is also known as the ‘slash –and –burn’ method. In India it is
known as Jhumming. Shifting agriculture is carried on in some hilly regions of north-east
India where there is plenty of rainfall and the hills are covered with thick forests. These
areas include hill slopes in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, some districts of
Chhattisgarh and Nagaland.
2
Subsistence agriculture: Subsistence agriculture is carried out in most parts of India.
Subsistence agriculture is that type of agriculture in which crops grown are consumed by
the farmer and his family. The crop specialization is not possible because farmer grows
varied crops to fulfill the needs of the family. Farmers intensively cultivate the land to
produce a variety of crops from a small piece of land. Thus farming tends to be intensive.
This type of agriculture is known as the intensive subsistence type.
Animals play a major role in the subsistence agriculture. They are also used for
transportation. Animal manure is used to fertilize the fields.
Intensive Agriculture: This type of agriculture is practiced in those areas or regions or
countries where the cultivable land is limited and density of population is very high. Major
features of intensive agriculture are:
(i) Per hectare yield is high.
(ii) Farmers apply modern inputs like fertilizers, pesticides, High Yielding Varieties of
seeds etc. to obtain high yield.
(iii) Farmers have small land holdings.
(iv) More than one crop is grown in the same field.
(v) It is a labour intensive farming.
This type of agriculture is practiced in Punjab, Haryana, West Bengal etc.
3
INDIA TYPES OF AGRICULTURE
Shifting
Subsistence
Slash and Burn
Farmers produce for
self consumption
Intensive
Practiced in high
density
Commercial
Plantation
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4
Extensive agriculture: This type of agriculture is generally practiced in those regions
where land is abundant and population is sparse. Major features of extensive agriculture
are:
(i) Large land holdings
(ii) It is done on large scale and most of the farm activities are carried out with the help of
modern machinery.
(iii) Pre hectare production may be less but total production is very high.
(iv) This type of agriculture is practiced in Russia, USA, Canada, Argentina etc.
This is also practiced in the Himalayan and some northern states like sugar belts of U.P.
5
Plantation agriculture: It is an agricultural system under which a single crop is grown
on large scale like tea, coffee, rubber, etc. Plantation agriculture is carried on in some parts
of India like the hills of South India and N.E. India where tea, coffee and rubber are
cultivated.
3.1(c) Agricultural Seasons
1
2
3
3.2
3.2(a)
Rabi Crops: The crops which are sown in winter from October to December and harvested
in summer from April to May. Some of the important Rabi crops are wheat, barley, peas,
gram and mustard. Though these crops are grown in most parts of India, states from the
north and north-western parts such as Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and
Kashmir, Uttaranchal and Uttar Pradesh are important for the production of wheat and
other rabi crops. There are many factors which are responsible for the growth of rabi crops:
(i) Availability of precipitation due to western disturbances.
(ii) Fertile alluvial traits deposited by rivers fro the north.
However, the success of green revolution in Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh and
parts of Rajasthan has also been an important in the growth of the above –mentioned rabi
crops.
Kharif Crops: The crops which are sown with the onset of monsoon and harvested in
September-October are known as Kharif crops, rice, maize, jowar, bajra, moong, cotton,
jute, groundnut are some of the important kharif crops.
Different varieties of paddy are grown in India. In states like Assam, West Bengal and
Orissa, three crops of paddy are grown in a year i.e. Aus, Aman and Boro.
Zaid Crops: The crops which are grown in between rabi and the kharif crops are known as
zaid crops. Watermelon, cucumber, vegetables and fodder crops are most important
examples of zaid crops.
Crops of India
With varied types of relief, soils, climate and long growing season Indian farmers grow
almost each and every crop.
Food Crops: Rice, wheat, maize, millets and pulses are the main food crops of India.
Rice and wheat are staple food of India. Pulses are rich in proteins so they form a very
important part of the Indian diet. The success of green revolution has resulted in
tremendous increase in the production rice and wheat.
CROPS OF INDIA
Food crops
(Rice, wheat, millets etc)
Cash crops
(Cotton, jute, etc)
Commercial Plantation crops
(Coffee, rubber, tea etc)
Food Crops of India
Food crops cover about 3/4 of the total cropped area in the country. Rice, wheat, maize,
millets and pulses are important food crops of India.
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Rice: India is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China. This is the
staple food of the people living in the eastern and southern parts of India.
Rice is the most important crop of India and is widely cultivated throughout India. In the
north it is a Kharif crop and in the south it can be cultivated throughout the year if
irrigation is available.
Geographical requirements:
(i)
Temperature: The mean monthly temperature of about 24°C with minor variation during
the sowing, growing and harvesting season is suitable for the growth of plant. Bright
sunshine and water is essential during the ripening stage.
(ii) Rainfall: Rice needs abundant rainfall ranging between 150cm to 300cm. It can grow in
areas with less rainfall but with assured irrigation. Rice is grown in Punjab and Haryana
with the help of irrigation.
(iii) Soil: Rice can grow in a variety of soils including silts, loams and gravels but it grows best
in alluvial soil with a sub-soil of impervious clay. The impervious sub-soil layer prevents
water from draining away and allows the water to stagnate in the fields. Rice is also
cultivated on hill-slopes that are terraced.
Areas of Production: Rice is cultivated in almost all the states of India but most of its
cultivation is concentrated in the river valleys, delta of rivers and the coastal plains. The
main rice producing states are West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar,
Punjab, Orissa, Karnataka, Assam and Maharashtra.
Rice is also cultivated in Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Kerala and Gujarat. Some rice is also
grown in the Kashmir valley. West Bengal is the largest rice producing state in India.
2
Wheat: Wheat is the second most important food crop of India. It is the staple food of the
people of the north and north-western part of the country. India is the fourth largest
producer of wheat in the world after Russia, U.S.A and China. Wheat is a temperate crop so
it is cultivated in winter (rabi-crop) in India. It is grown in the northern parts of India and
in areas where the temperature does not rise beyond 10°C to 15°C in winter. Wheat, cannot
be cultivated in the eastern and southern parts of India because the mean monthly
temperature is high.
Geographical requirements: Wheat grows well in a cool and moist climate, fertile soil
with moderate rainfall.
(i) Temperature: Wheat is a crop of the temperate region and grows well in cool climate. It
grows well in areas having mean monthly temperature of 24°C . The ideal temperature is
10°C to 15°C during the growing season and about 25°C to 28°C the time of ripening. In
India it is grown in winter. It is sown in October-November and harvested in March-April.
(ii) Rainfall: Wheat required rainfall ranging between 50 cm to 75cm during the growing
season. With irrigation wheat can be cultivated in areas with less than 40 cm of rainfall.
The ‘Western Disturbances’ originating from Mediterranean Sea cause lighting of the
country. Although the amount is meager, it is highly beneficial to the wheat crop.
(iii) Soil: Wheat grows best on well –drained fertile soil, heavy textured soil with some
amount of lime. It grows well in the clayey, loamy soil of the Ganga Plain and the black soil
of the Deccan Plateau. The use of fertilizers, rich in nitrogenous compounds benefits the
yield of the crop.
Areas of Production: There are two important wheat growing zones in India i.e. the
Ganga-Sutlej plains in the north-west and the black soil piece of the Deccan.
Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana are the three major producers of wheat. Rajasthan,
Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh are the other
wheat producing states.Uttar Pradesh has the largest area under wheat cultivation
whereas per hectare yield is highest in Punjab
3
Millets:
Jowar, ragi and bajra are some of the important millets grown in India. Millet is the
common name for several species of the grass family. Millets are very important due to
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their nutritional value. The grain is used as food by human-beings, while the leaves and
stalk are used as fodder for livestock. Area under millets has decreased due to preference of
high value crops.
(i) Jowar: It is third most important food crops of India with respect to area and production.
It is a rainfed crop which can be grown in the arid areas which hardly need irrigation.
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh are the leading produce of
Jowar. Maharashtra is the largest producer of Jowar in India.
(ii) Bajra: Bajra is a dry crop which grows well on sandy and shallow black soil. Rajasthan is
the largest producer of bajra. Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Haryana are other
leading producers of bajra.
(iii) Ragi: Ragi is a crop of dry regions and grows well on red, black, sandy, loamy and shallow
black soils. Karnataka is the largest producer of ragi followed by Tamil Nadu. Apart from
these states, Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Sikkim, Jharkhand and Arunachal Pradesh
are also important for the production of ragi.
(iv) Maize: It is also a coarse grain used both as food and fodder crop. It is a Kharif crop which
requires temperature between 21°C and grows well in old alluvial soil. Use of modern
inputs such as HYV seeds, fertilizers and irrigation have contributed to the increasing
production of maize. Major maize-producing states are Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar,
Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
(v) Pulses:
1
2
3
Pulses help in restoring the soil fertility because there are certain bacteria in the roots
of pulses (leguminous plants) which have the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen to form
nitrogen compounds.
Tur, urad and moog are grown as kharif crops.
Masur, peas and gram are grown as rabi crops.
Geographical Requirements
Pulses can be grown in all types of soil but dry soil is most suitable in the areas of low to
moderate rainfall (50cm to 25cm). Too much rainfall after sowing and during flowering is
damaging. It needs temperature between 20°C to 30°C.
Harvesting: The crop matures in 4 to 5 months. The plants are pulled out when the
leaves become dry and begin to shed. They are dried for about a week and then threshed by
trampling under the feet of bullocks or beating with a stick.
Areas of Production
Pulses are cultivated all over India. The important states are Punjab, Haryana, Uttar
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Bihar. The production of pulses is
lagging behind the demand. The gap between demand and supply is being bridged by
importing pulses.
3.4(b) Food crops other than Grain:
1
Sugarcane: Sugarcane is tropical and is indigenous to India.
(i) The sugarcane plant belongs to the grass family.
(ii) India has the largest area under sugarcane but due to low per hectare productivity is
the second largest producer after Brazil.
Geographical Requirements
1
2
3
It grows well on fertile soil with high temperature and heavy rainfall. It depletes the soil
and a regular supply of manure is essential.
Temperature: Sugarcane needs hot and humid climate with temperature ranging between
21°C to 27°C. Very high temperature is harmful for its growth while low temperature slows
its growth. It cannot with stand frost. Cool temperatures are needed at the time of ripening.
Rainfall: It grows best in areas receiving 75cm to 150 cm of rainfall. Too heavy a rainfall
results in low sugar content.
Soil: Sugarcane grows on well-drained fertile soil. It can grow on a variety of soils including
black alluvial, loamy and reddish loam.
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But the best soil is alluvial soil of the Ganga Plain and the black soil of southern India.
Sugarcane exhausts the fertility of the soil. Hence, the use of manure is essential to ensure
high yields.
Areas of Production
Uttar Pradesh is the largest producer of sugarcane. The other states in the Ganga Plain are
Bihar, Punjab and Haryana. The important sugarcane producing states in Peninsular India
are Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.
2
Oil Seeds
Oil seeds constitute a very important group of commercial crops in India. The oil extracted
from oil seeds from an important item of our diet. India is the leading oil seeds producing
country of the world. It must, however, be noted that the production has always fallen short
of demand and there has always been a need to import oil seeds.
Economic importance of oil seeds
(i) Most of these are edible and used as cooking medium.
(ii) Extracted oil is also used as raw material for manufacturing large number of items like
paints, varnishes, hydrogenated oil, soaps, perfumes, lubricants etc.
(iii) Oil cake which is the by-product, obtained after the extraction of oil from oil seeds is
excellent cattle feed.
(iv) Oil cake is also used as fertilizer.
3.2(c) Beverages
Tea and Coffee are the most important beverages crops of India .
(i) Tea
Tea is an important beverage crop of India. India is the largest producer of tea in the world.
China and Sri-Lanka are other important producers. Tea cultivation is classic example of
plantation agriculture in India.
Geographical Requirements
1
2
3
Tea is tropical and a sub-tropical shrub and thrives well in hot and humid climate.
Temperature: Tea plant can grow in temperature ranging between 20°C and 35°C but
25°C is the ideal temperature. Frost damages the plant.
Rainfall: Tea plant needs heavy rainfall ranging between 150 cm and 250cm. The rainfall
should be well distributed throughout the year.
Soil: The plant requires a light loamy soil. The soil should be rich in humus and iron
content. Tea is soil exhausting crop so frequent use of chemical fertilizers and manure is
essential.
Producers:
Major tea-producing states are Assam. Hills of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri Districts, West
Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Apart from these, Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal,
Maghalaya, Andhra Pradesh, Tripura are also tea-producing states in the country.
(ii) Coffee
Coffee is an important beverage crop of the world Coffee is one of the oldest plantation
crops of India. It was the Britishers who introduced the systematic cultivation of coffee in
plantation in 1830. The first plantation was set up in Karnataka.
There are three varieties of coffee grown in India.
Geographical Requirements
1
Coffee is a typical highland crop of the tropics. It grows best at altitudes ranging from
1100 m to 2400 m.
Temperature: Coffee is usually grown in highland condition where the mean monthly
temperature ranges from 14°C to 26°C. Bright sunlight and warm weather are necessary
for harvesting and preparation of the berries. The plant cannot tolerate frost, snowfall, high
temperature above 30°C and strong sunshine and is generally grown under shady trees.
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3
Rainfall: It needs rainfall ranging between 125 cm to 250 cm. Rainfall should be well
distributed throughout the year. As stagnant water is harmful, the crop is grown on hill
slopes.
Soil: Coffee plant grows well in deep, porous soils with high humus content. The soil must
be properly manured to retain and replenish fertility. In India coffee is grown on red and
literate soil.
Producers: India produces about 4% of the world’s coffee. Karnataka (Nilgiri Hills) is the
largest producer producing more than 70% of the total production. Tamil Nadu and Kerala
are other two producers.
3.2(d) Horticulture Crops:
India is the largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world. Indian mangoes and
bananas are in great demand outside the country. India is a producer of tropical as well as
temperature fruits. Mangoes of Maharshtra. Andhra Predesh, Uttar Pradesh and West
Bengal, Oranges of Nagpur and Cherrapunjee (Meghalaya), Banana of Kerala, Mizoram,
Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu, Lichi and guava of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, pineapple of
Meghalaya, grapes of Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra, apple, pears, apricots and
walnuts of Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh are in great demand.
3.2(e) Rubber
Natural rubber is an equatorial crop native of the Amazon equatorial forest but it can be
grown in tropical and sub-tropical areas. It is a kind of natural plastic with many
invaluable qualities such as elasticity, resistance to water and non-conduction of electricity.
Rubber tree grows well in regions having hot and humid climate. In India rubber tree
grows in a narrow belt of approximately 400 km extending from Kanyakumari in the south
to the windward side of the Western Ghats. Kerala is the largest produer and contributes
90% of the total rubber production of the country.
Geographical Requirements
1
2
3
Temperature: It is a tree of the tropical forests and requires a constant high temperature
above 25°C. Thus the tree cannot be grown at high altitudes.
Rainfall: It needs heavy and well distributed rainfall throughout the year. Plant needs
rainfall ranging between 200cm to 400cm.
Soil: The plant requires alluvial or laterite soil.
Area of Production
India ranks 5th among the world’s natural rubber producers. Kerala is the largest producer
of rubber. Kerala accounts for about 91% of the total area under rubber plantation. Tamil
Nadu, Karnataka and Andaman and Nicobar islands Garo Hills of Himalaya are the other
producers.
3.2(f) Fibre Crops
Cotton, jute, hemp and natural silk are the most important fiber crops of India.
(i) Cotton
Cotton is the most important fiber crop of India. It is one of the basic raw materials for the
cotton textile industry. India is the third largest producer of cotton in the world after
China, U.S.A and Russia.
Geographical Requirements
1
Cotton is the crop of tropical and sub-tropical areas. But it can be cultivated in higher
latitudes provided there is no frost. It is cultivated as a kharif crop and requires 6 to 8
months to mature.
Temperature: Cotton needs a warm climate, summer temperatures of 21°C to 27°C and
abundant sunshine is necessary during the growth of the plant. A long growing-period of at
least 200 frost-free days is also necessary for the plant to mature.
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3
Rainfall: Moderate to light rainfall is adequate for cotton cultivation. Rainfall ranging
between 50 cm to 80cm is adequate. The crop can be successfully grown in areas of low
rainfall with the help of irrigation.
Soil: Cotton can be grown on a variety of soils but the black cotton soil of the Deccan
Plateau which has the ability to retain moisture is most suitable. It also grows well in
alluvial soils of the Satluj-Ganga Plain.
Areas of Production
The leading cotton producing states are Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab,
Haryana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Madhya Pradesh. Punjab and Haryana grow the
long staple variety.
(ii) Jute
Jute is a tropical fibre plant and grows well in the delta region of the Ganga-Brahmaputra
Valley. India is the second largest producer after Bangladesh. Jute is the golden fibre of
India because India earns valuable foreign exchange by exporting jute. Jute is used in
making gunny bags, nuts, ropes, yarn, carpet and other ornamental arte facts. Due to high
cost its market is threatened by the development of plastics and synthetic fibres. Many
commodities are now packed in polythene bags rather than sacks.
3.3
Factors Responsible for Low Productivity in India
1
2
3
4
5
Per hectare yield of India is very low. There had been some improvement in recent years,
particularly during the plan period. But condition in agriculture has not changed much.
From the above table, it is clear though the GDP rate is increasing but share of agriculture
has remained the same. The stagnant growth rate in agriculture is an alarming situation.
Over crowding in agriculture: The real problem of Indian agriculture is that there are
too many people who depend on agriculture. Since, 1901 the proportion of people dependent
on agriculture has almost remained constant i.e. 70%.
Problem of inputs: Indian agriculture has suffered because of in the inadequacy of
finance, seeds fertilizers, marketing, transportation etc.
Size of land Holdings: The average size of holding in India is very low, less than 2
hectares or 5 acres. Not only agricultural holdings are small but they are also fragmented.
In certain parts of the country plots of land have become so small that it is impossible to
use modern machinery. Since the average agricultural holdings are too small, no scientific,
cultivation with improved implement, seeds etc. is possible. Small sized holdings lead to
great waste of time, labour and cattle power.
Pattern of land tenure: A very important factor for low agricultural productivity was the
absence of proper incentive. Under the Zamindari system the cultivator was only a tenant
who could be turned out of the land. Even though the Zamindari system has now been
abolished and tenancy legislation have been enacted to protect the tenants, the position of
the tenant is far from satisfactory. The cultivator has to pay high rents for the land he
cultivates and he has no security of tenancy and may be tanned out of his land at any time
the landlord desires. Under these difficult conditions, it is impossible to expect the tiller to
increase agricultural productivity.
Poor techniques of production: The Indian farmers have been using old and inefficient
methods and techniques of production. Only in recent years and that too to a limited extent,
the farmers have started adopting modern machines like tractors, threshers, combines etc.
There is also shortage of various kinds of inputs like HYV seeds, fertilizers. Pesticides etc.
INTISTUTIONAL REFORMS
3.4
Technological and Institutional Reforms
1
2
3
Collectivization, consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari etc were
given priority.
Land Reform was the main focus of ‘‘First Five Year Plan”.
Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease, establishment
of Grameen banks Loan on low interest rates and subsidies are given to farmers.
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5
6
Kissan Credit Card (KCC), Personal Accident Insurance scheme (PAIS) are some other
schemes introduced by the Government of India.
Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers were introduced on the
radio and television.
Government declares minimum support price for crops every years.
Technological reforms
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
New Techniques for irrigation
Tractors and iron ploughs.
Roads and communications.
Chemical fertilizers
Quality seeds
Green and White revolution.
3.5(a) Contribution of agriculture tot eh national economy, employment
and output:
1
2
3
4
Agriculture provides employment to 63% people.
26% of GDP comes from agriculture.
Provides raw material to agro based industries.
Ensures food security
3.5(b) Challenges faced by Indian peasants
1
2
3
Reduction in public investment in agriculture sector particularly in irrigation, power, rural
roads, market and mechanization.
Subsidy on fertilizers is decreased leading to increase in the cost of production.
Reduction in import duties on agricultural products have proved harmful for agriculture in
the country.
3.6(a) Food Security
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
Food is a basic need and every citizen of the country should have access to food which
provides minimum nutritional level.
India’s food security policy has primary objective to ensure availability of food-grains to the
common people at an affordable price.
Food security system consists of two components. Buffer stock and public distribution
system.
Public Distribution (PDS) is a programme which provides food grains and other essential
commodities at subsidized prices in rural and urban areas.
Food Corporation of India(FCI) is responsible for procuring and stocking food grains,
whereas distribution is ensured by public distribution system.
The FCI procures food grains from the farmers at the government announced minimum
support price (M.S.P).
3.6(b) Problem Created:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
3.7
Excessive and imprudent use of fertilizers and water has led to waterlogging salinity and
depletion of essential micronutrients in the soil.
The high M.S.P. subsidies in input and committed FCI purchases have distorted the
cropping pattern.
Consumers are divided into Balon Poverty Line (B.P.L) and Above Poverty Line (APL) with
different issue price, this categorization is not perfect and number of deserving poor have
been excluded from the BPL category
Free power to a section of farmers has encouraged them to pump ground water, which has
reduced water storage in aquifers.
Farmers lack bargaining power, higher the supply, lower is the demand.
Globalization and Indian agriculture:
Linking any economy with other economics of the world is known as globalization. It is not
a new phenomenon. Even in the 19th century European traders used to come to India and
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1
2
3
Q.
A.
Q.
A.
Q.
A.
Indian traders exported many items to other countries. Now let us study the concept of
globalization with reference to Indian agriculture.
Increase in production (Green Revolution): The introduction of high-yielding varieties
of wheat derived from Mexican wheat, coupled with proper irrigation and increased use of
fertilizers, weedicides and pesticides, resulted in record production of wheat crop and led to
the green revolution in our country.
Liberalization of agriculture trade: Before 1990 there were many restrictions on
agriculture trade but under the New Policy of globalization the export of all major
agriculture commodities, barring a few exceptions such as cotton, onion etc, have been
liberalized.
Biotechnology: Use of biotechnology or green revolution is being encouraged. The seeds
produced through biotechnology made the crops more resistant to insects, pests diseases.
This reduces the use of pesticides insecticides and helps in saving the environments
Genetically modified crops require less wet compared to other crops. This ultimately, will
reduces the cost of production and will help in improving environment.
How did the partition of the country in 1947 affect the jute industry?
At the time of partition of India, the jute growing areas of India went to East Pakistan now
called Bangladesh. It is estimated that areas produced about 70% of the total jute
production of pre-partition India. On the other hand, jute mills were located in India. As a
result, India had no supplies of raw jute to feed the jute mills. The Government of India
encouraged the farmers in West Bengal Orissa and Bihar, Gorakhpur and Bareily districts
in U.P., deltas of Mahanadi, Godawari and Krishna, North Estern states of Meghalaya,
Tripura and Manipur to cultivate jute. As a result, India was able to increase raw jute
production on a large scale and the jute mills were saved from closure.
Describe the impact of globalization on Indian agriculture.
The impact of globalization is that
1
It has transformed Indian agriculture from subsistence to commercial farming. Even
private corporate sector has entered this field and has made huge investments it it.
2
The government no more give subsides or other help to the farmers. Thus, Indian
agriculture has to face severe competition in the global market.
3
It will encourage capital formation in agriculture which in turn will help in making
funds available for development of agriculture.
4
Globalization has brought Indian agriculture under the market forces. It has
prevented different countries from entering into trade agreements. It has also
provided agricultural products to the consumers at cheaper rates.
5
The increased income of the farmers and recognition of their intellectual property
rights lead to the introduction of improved and new technology in agriculture.
6
With the help of W.T.O. new institutions will be established to provide improved
means or irrigation, good quality seeds, credit and storage facilities.
India is the second biggest producer of rice in the world but it exports very little, why?
The main cause of law export of Indian rice is due to its high domestic demand and
overpopulation of the country.
Q.
A.
What is the importance of growing pulses?
Pulses are the major sources of protein in vegetarian diet, Pulses fix nitrogen in the soil to
restore its fertility.
Q.
A.
Why pulses are grown as rotation crop?
Because pulses are leguminous crop. They have the capacity to fix atmospheric nitrogen in
the soil. These help to maintain soil fertility.
“Kerala leads in the production of rubber”. Give the reasons.
1 Production of Rubber requires cheap labour which is easily available in Kerala.
2 Rubber production requires high temperature and sufficient rainfall. Kerala has both
these requirements.
Q.
A.
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Q.
A.
Which spicie is called king of spicies?
Pepper is called the king of spices. Kerala is the largest producer of it.
Q.
A.
What is meant by green Revolution?
To overcome scarcity of food grains, the government asked the farmers to adopt modern
scientific methods to increase their production. The farmers adopted new techniques and
revolutionised Indian agriculture. This revolution is called Green Revolution.
Q.
A.
What steps are taken by government to check the exploitation of farmers by speculators?
To checks the exploitation of farmers by middlemen and speculators, the government
announces minimum support price, remuneration and procurement prices for important
crops.
What was Bhoodan movement? Why is it called a bloodless revolution?
It was a movement started by Vinoba Bhave to provide land to the landless farmers, Vinoba
Bhave persuaded some big landlords to denote a part of their land so as it may be given to
the landless. Some zamindars who were owners of many villages even offered to given away
some of their villages to the landless labourers. It was known as Gramdan. However many
land owners chose to provide some part of their land to the poor due to the fear of land
ceiling act. The Bhoodan-Gramdan movement is also known as bloodless revolution.
Q.
A.
Q.
A.
What is the share of agriculture in gross domestic product?
Share of agriculture in the gross domestic product is 22 per cent
Q.
A.
What is net sown area? Also tell the new sown area of India.
The total land cultivated in a year is called net own area. The net sown area of India is 143
million hectare which is about 47 % of the geographical area.
Q.
A.
What is meant by gene revolution?
These days the agricultural scientists are advocating the gene revolution to get more
production. Seeds of crops can be genetically modified to offer resistance to insects and pest.
Q.
A.
What is plantation agriculture? Write its characteristics.
It is also a type of commercial farming. In this type of farming single crop is grown on a
large area. It is also called bush or tree farming.
1
For plantation agriculture we need large areas of land.
2
There is only single crop farming.
3
Intensive labour is employed in this type of agriculture.
4
Modern and scientific techniques are used.
5
Crops produced are mainly for sale.
6
It requires huge capital.
Q.
Give four examples where India agriculture has been transferred from subsistence to
commercial farming.
The factors responsible for transferring Indian agriculture from subsistence to commercial
farming are:1
Increase of wheat production from 660 kg/ hectre to 2,470 kg/hectre.
2
Passing of legislative measure to abolishe zamindari system which has helped
peasants to be land owner.
3
Through consolidation, small holdings of farmers have been combined together into
bigger piece of land which is more economical and profitable to the farmers.
4
Primitive tools and methods of agriculture have been replaced by modern scientific
methods.
A.
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Q.
A.
Why are the Indian farmers shifting from food crops to cash crops?
The Indian farmers are gradually shifting from food crops to cultivation of cash crops like
fruits, vegetables, oil seeds to earn more profit. To supplement their come farmers also
taking to pisciculture, horticulture, bee farming and animal husbandry.
Q.
A.
How can Indian agricultural products compete in the global market?
The Indian farmers can face the global competition is the agricultural products through the
use of bio-technology, machinery, new methods of agricultural marketing and availing
themselves of the infrastructure like cheap power, irrigation and cheap credit facilities.
Q.
A.
Give four cause of low yield per acre in India.
(i) Illiteracy of farmers
(ii) Old method of agriculture
(iii) Insufficient means of irrigation
(iv) Lack of adequate credit facilities result in low per acre yield in India.
Q.
A.
What is food security? What are its two aspects?
Food security means to ensure that all people at all times have both physical and economic
access to reliable and nutritionally adequate supply of food. There are two aspects of food
security:
1
Individual: At individual level people should have enough food for the whole year in
their stores or they should have enough money to purchase food items as and when
need occurs.
2
National: At national level there should be sufficient production of foodgrains to
satisfy the needs of all the people of the country. In case of insufficient production of
foodgrains, the country should have enough foreign exchange to import them from
the countries which have surplus for export.
Q.
A.
What are major components of the food security in our country?
There are two major components of food security in our country:
1
Buffer stock: Food Corporation of Indian (FCI) procures and maintains the stock of
food-grains. It produces food-grains at minimum support price announced by the
government from time to time.
2
Public distribution System: Through this system government provides food-grains
pulses and some other items such as kerosene to the people who are below poverty
line.
Q.
A.
What are the disadvantages of subsidies given by the government to the farmers?
Government provided to farmers subsidized fertilizers, electricity and water. Too much use
of fertilizers and water has led to the water logging and decrease of nutrients in the soil.
These concessions have distorted the cropping pattern. Now the farmers grow more wheat
and paddy because of minimum support price given by the government. This has created an
imbalance in crop parities.
Q.
A.
What measures have been taken by the government to the modernization of agriculture?
The government has given top priority for establishment and modernization of agricultural
institutions like Indian Institute of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Agricultural universities,
veterinary services and animal breeding centres, horticulture development and meteorology
and weather forecast.
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Q.
A.
Distinguish between the flowing:
(i) Commercial farming and Subsistence farming. (ii) Rabi crops and Khariff Crops
(i) Commercial farming and Subsistence farming
Commercial farming
Subsistence farming
1 In commercial farming the crops are 1 In subsistence farming, farmers raise
produced mainly for sale.
enough crops for subsistence
2 Commercial farming is done on 2 Practicised on small scattered patches
large pieces of land.
of land
3 Modern technology and implements 3 Primitive types of tools and technology
are used for irrigation.
are used for irrigation.
4 Heavy doses of fertilizers.
4 No usage of fertilizers.
(ii) Rabi crops and Khariff crops
Rabi crops
1 Rabi crops are sown in the months
of Oct. – Nov.
2 Harvesting in the months of MarchApril.
3 Barley, gram, wheat and oil seeds
are its major crops.
Q.
A.
1
2
3
Khariff crops
Khariff crops are sown in the months of
June-July.
Harvesting in the months of Oct-Nov.
Maize, millets, rice, cotton and ground
nut are its major crops.
How is tea grown on the mountain slopes? How is it processed for marketing?
The common method of growing tea is intiated by preparing nursery beds and then
propagating through clonal planting. Tea shrubs are grown in a rows at a distance of 1
meter in between. On one hectre of land about 7,500 tea shrubs are grown. A tea plant is
not allowed to grow beyond a height of one metre. Pruning and plucking of tea leaves is
done by hand. After plucking, tea leaves are spread over rocks and air is blown over them.
It is called weathering. These leaves are passed through rollers to break the cells allowing
fermentation under controlled condition. Leaves are then placed on a conveying. Belt for
drying called firing. It is followed by sifting of large and small leaves. It is then graded and
packed for commercial sale.
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4. MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES
4.1(a) Mineral:- They are naturally occurring homogenous substance having physically
properties of hardness, color and form. They occur in rocks. (Study of rocks is called
GEOLOGY)
Ore:- The mineral occurring in combination with the other impurities is called an Ore.
Mining:- The process of obtaining minerals from the earth interior.
4.1(b) Classification of Minerals
Metallic
1
(Minerals which have metals)
Iron ore, Gold, Silver, Cobalt etc
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
They have iron metal
They contain metals
other than iron
Gold, Silver, Bauxite,
Copper
Iron ore, chromites,
nickel
2 They have luster
3 They are mostly associated with igneous
and metamorphous rocks
4 These minerals are malleable
5 They are generally solid and heavy
Non-Metallic
1
(Minerals which do not have metals)
Mica, Coal, Limestone, Potash etc
2
3
They are dull in luster
They
are
mostly
associated
with
sedimentary or metamorphic rocks.
4 These minerals are not malleable
5 They are neither solid nor heavy. Some of
then are found in liquid as wells as gaseous
states.
4.1(c) Mode of Occurrence of Minerals
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
In igneous and metamorphic rocks minerals may occur in the cracks, crevices, laults or
joints. The smaller occurrences are called veins and the larger are called veins and the
larger are called lodes. In most cases, they are formed when minerals in liquid/ molten
and gaseous forms are forced upward through cavities towards the earth’s surface.
They cool and solidify as they rise. Major metallic minerals like tin, copper, zinc and
lead etc. are obtained from veins and lodes.
In sedimentary rocks a number of minerals occur in beds or layers. They have been
formed as a result of deposition, accumulation and concentration in horizontal strata.
Coal and some forms of iron ore have been concentrated as a result of long periods
under great heat and pressure. Another group of sedimentary minerals include
gypsum, potash salt and sodium salt. These are formed as a result of evaporation
especially in arid regions.
Another mode or formation involves the decomposition of surface rocks, and the
removal of soluble constituents, leaving a residual mass of weathered material
containing ores. Bauxite is formed this way.
Certain minerals may occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley floors and the base of
hills. These deposits are called ‘placer deposits’ and generally contain minerals, which
are not corroded by water. Gold, silver, tin and platinum are most important among
such minerals.
The ocean waters contain vast quantities of minerals, but most of these are too widely
diffused to be of economic significance. However, common salt, magnesium and
bromine are largely derived from ocean waters. The ocean beds, too, are rich in
manganese nodules.
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4.2
Distribution of Minerals
(i) India is rich in mineral resources.
(ii) Peninsular rocks contain ost of the reserves of coal, metallic, mica and other nonmetallic minerals.
(iii) Sedimentary rocks in Gujrat and Assam have most of the Petroleum deposits.
(iv) Rajasthan has reserves of many non-ferrous minerals.
4.2(a) Ferrous Minerals:- They provide a strong base for the development of metallurgical
industries.
(1) Iron Ore
(i)
It is the basic mineral and the backbone of industrial development. Iron is such an
important metal that our modern age is sometimes called the Iron Age. All machines
and machine parts are made of Iron. Iron is also used for making buildings and
bridges.
(a) Magnetite is the finest iron ore with a very high content of iron up to 70 percent. It
has excellent magnetic qualities, especially valuable in the electrical industry.
(b) Hematite has a slightly lower iron content than magnetite. It is the most
important industrial iron ore in terms of quantity used.
(c) Limonite contains 40 – 60% iron content.
(d) Siderite contain 40 – 50%.
(ii) Major iron ore belts in India are
 Orissa – Jharkhand belt
 Durg – Bastar – Chandrapur belt in Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra.
(iii) Bellary-Chitradurga- Chikmaglur – Tumkur belt in Karnataka.
(iv) Maharashtra-Goa belt includes the state of Goa and Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra.
(v) India exports iron to Japan, Korea and European and Gulf countries.
(2) Manganese:- It is used in the manufacture or steel, preparing alloys, manufacturing
bleaching powder, insecticides, paints and batteries.
Major Producing States:- Maharashtra, M.P., Orissa, Karnataka and Andhra
Pradesh.
4.2(b) Non-Ferrous Minerals
These minerals include copper, bauxite, lead, zinc and gold, play a vital role in a number of
metallurgical, engineering and electrical industries.
(1) Copper
Being malleable and ductile good conductor electric cables, electronic and chemical
industries.
Major Producing States:- Balaghat mines in M.P., Khetri mines in Rajasthan,
Singbhum ditrict of Jharkand, Karnataka and A.P.
(2) Bauxite



It is a light metal and used in manufacturing aero-plane, untesils and other household
goods.
It combines the strength of metals such as iron with extreme lightness and also with
good conductivity and great malleability.
Bauxite producing state in India and Panchpat deposits in Koraput district are the
most important mali bauxite depsits in the state.
4.2(c) Non-Ferrous Minerals
Mica




It has insulating characteristic di-electric strength, low power loss factor and resistance
to high voltage it is used in manufacture of electrical goods and electronic industries.
India stands first among the Mica producing countries of the world.
Koderma gaya – Hazaribagh bet of Jharkhand > 50% of India’s mica.
Nellore mica belt of Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan.
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4.2(d) Rock minerals
Lime Stone

It is associated with rocks composed of


They are mainly used in cement industry, smelting iron and chemical industry.
M.P, Chattisgarh, A.P., Rajasthan, Gujrat, Himachal Pradesh and Karanataka.
Ca2 CO3 and MgCO3 .
4.3(a) Conservation of Minerals
(i) Only one percent of the earth’s crust contains workable mineral deposits.
(ii) The geological process of mineral formation are so slow that the rates of replenishment
are infinitely small in comparison to the present rates of consumption.
(iii) Continued extraction of ores leads to increasing costs as mineral extraction comes from
greater depths along with decrease in quality.
4.3(b) Methods to conserve minerals
(i)
Efforts should be made be made to use mineral resources in a planned and sustainable
manners.
(ii) Improved technologies need to be constantly evolved to allow use of low grade ores at
low costs.
(iii) Recycling of metals using scrap metals and other substitutes are steps in conserving
our mineral resources for the future.
4.4
Energy resources


Energy is required for all activities. It can be generated from fuel minerals like coal,
petroleum, natural gas, uranium and from electricity.
Energy resources can be classified as Conventional and non-conventional sources.
Conventional sources of energy
Non-Conventional source Energy


These are the sources which have been in
use since the industrial period started
They are expensive
They are exhaustible and cannot be
replenished
They are convenient and versatile form of
energy and are in great demand by
industry
e.g. coil, oil, natural gas, hydro electricity
and nuclear energy






These are the new energy resources which
have begun to be used.
They are inexpensive
They are renewable and inexhaustible

They are not very convenient and versatile
and are not in demand by industry.

e.g. sun, wind, tide, geothermal energy,
biomass etc
Renewable resources
Non-renewable resources
1
1
These resources are those which once mined
and used cannot be regenerated
2
e.g. coal, petroleum, natural gas etc
They are those resources which may be
obtained continuously year after year for
the production of electricity
e.g. Hydro electricity, sun wind, human,
and animal waste etc
2
4.5(a) Conventional Energy Resources –
1
COAL
(i) It has been a major industrial fuel and is also used as raw material in iron and steel
industry and chemical industry
(ii) Coal is used for the generation of electricity of thermal power plant
(iii) It is used as raw material for getting ammonia and dyes.
(iv) It is used for smelling iron ore in blast furnace
(v) Coal is a bulky material and loses weight on use as it is reduced to ash. Hence heavy
industries and thermal power station are located on or near the coal fields.
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Coal is of four types
(a) Anthracite (i) This is the best quality of coal which contains more than 80% of carbon content in it.
(ii) It is generally formed when the beds of coal are subjected to extreme pressure due to
the earth’s movements
(iii) It is found only in J & K
(b) Bituminous
(i) This type of coal contain 60 – 80% of carbon
(ii) This type of coal is most widely used.
(iii) It is mainly found in Jharkhand, Orissa, Chattisgarh, M.P., West Bengal.
(c) Lignite (i) It contains 50 – 60% of carbon contents
(ii) It is inferior quality of coal and is brown in colour hence it is also called brown coal
(iii) It is found in Rajasthan, Neyveli m, Tamil Nadu and Assam
(d) Peat(i) It contains less than 50% of carbon
(ii) It burns like charcoal and wood and emits smoke
Location:Major resources of gondwana coal, which are metallurgical coal, are located in Damodar
Valley. Bokaro Raniganj, Jharia are imp coal field. The Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and
Wardha Valleys also contain coal deposits.
2 PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS
(a) Petroleum



It is another important fuel. It is used in generating power, running automobiles, flying
aeroplanes, lubrication machines etc.
It provides fuel for heat and raw materials for a number of manufacturing industries.
Petroleum refineries act as a “nodal industry’ for synthetic textile, fertilizer and
numerous chemical industries.
Most of the petroleum occurrence in India are associated with anticlines and fault traps
in the rock formation of the tertiary age.
PETROLEUM RESERVES(i)
63% of the total production comes from Mumbai High, Mumbai, Bassun and Aliabet are the
three major shores off oil fields in Western India
(ii) 18% from Gujrat. Important oil fields of Gujrat are in Ankleshwar
(iii) 16% from Assam. Oil fields of Assam are located at Digboi, Naharkalia and MoranHugrijan.
(b) Natural Gas – They are found in association with mineral oil in the oil fields. But there
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
are some fields which exclusively produce Natural gas
Uses
It is used as source of power
It is also used as raw material in Petro-Chemical Industry
It takes less time in establishing a power plant based on natural gas.
Fertilizers are also produced by Natural gas.
Its transportation is very easy and economical as it is transported through pipelines over long distances
It is environment friendly because of low carbon dioxide emissions.
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LOCATIONThe fields are located in Tripura, Assam and Rajasthan and in all the off shore fields of Mahandi,
Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri river basins, Andaman and Nicobar islands.
 Natural gas supplied for domestic use is called L.P.G. (Liquefied Petroleum gas)
 Gas used in running vehicles is known as C.N.G. (Compressed Natural Gas)
 Gas Authority of India ltd (GAIL) handles the transportation, processing and marketing of natural
gas.
Oil Refining – Oil is refined and numerous petroleum products are separated from it in the oil refineries
North India – Mathura, Panipat and Bhatinda
Western India – Mumbai, Trombay, Koyali, Jamnagar
South India – Manglore, Kochi, Chennai, Vishakhapatnam, Narimanam and Tatipaka
East India – Digboi, Numaligarh, Guwhati, Bongaigaon, Barauni, Haldia
Central India – Bina
Importance of Bombay High –
(i) The discovery of oil in the sea bed near Bombay is known as Bombay High
(ii) It is the richest oilfield of India
(iii) The deposit of oil in Bombay High were deep under the seabed, India developed this oilfield with the
help of mobile offshore drilling platform
3 Electricity – Per capita consumption of Electricity in India is 349kwh. Electricity in India comes from
three sources water, mineral fuel and atomic minerals.
1
Hydro Electricity (i) It is generated from turbines run by the use of running water
(ii) It is permanent source of electric supply
(iii) It is pollution free
Thus every country of world is depending more and more on hydel power.
(iv) Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Orissa and Punjab are the major hydel power producing states
the country.
2
Thermal Electricity (i)
3
1
2
3
4
It is generated by using coal, petroleum and natural gas. These sources are of mineral origin. They
are so often called fossil fuels.
(ii) This is not a permanent source of electricity as the coal, petroleum and natural gas deposits are
showing signs of exhaustion.
(iii) It is not pollution free.
Nuclear Electricity- Atomic energy is generated by splitting nuclear substances such as atoms of
uranium, thorium under controlled conditions. Splitting of these atoms gives out a lot of energy which can
be used for generating electricity. India is deficient in coal, petroleum and natural gas so she has to
depend either on hydro electricity or on nuclear power. Where it is difficult to produce hydro-electricity,
the nuclear power plays an important part
Uses
India is the first country to utilize atomic energy for agricultural purposes.
It is used for medicinal purposes also.
This energy is also being used for improving quality of seeds
For developing man made lakes and diverting the river channels.
Six atomic power stations
1
2
3
4
5
6
Tarapur situated on the borders of Maharashtra and Gujrat
Rawatbhata situated near Kota in Rajasthan
Kalpakkam situated near Madras in Tamil Nadu
Narora in U.P.
Kakrapara in Gujrat
Kaiga in Karnataka
4.5(b) NON CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES:- These resources are renewable or
inexhaustible and are inexpensive in nature. The non-conventional sources of energy includes wind, tides,
geothermal energy, biomass, farm and animal waste.
1
Wind Energy: (i) Wind energy farms need huge installation costs.
(ii) It is used in pumping water, moving wind mill, irrigating farms and generating electricity.
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(iii) Tamil Nadu has the largest wind farm cluster and Gujrat is well placed for setting wind farms
(iv) 45000 MW of energy can be obtained from wind energy
2
Tidal Energy
(i) Electricity is produced from the energy created by high tides which enter the narrow creeks.
(ii) Gulfs of Kachh and Cambay are best suited for harnessing tidal wave energy
3
Geo-Thermal Energy
(i) It is the energy obtained from hot earth in the form of hot springs, geysers and wells.
(ii) Cold storage plants can be energized by the use of energy
(iii) It is generated in Himachal Pradesh
4
Farm Animal and Human Wastes(i)
Urja Gas generated by using biomass, animal and poultry wastes and human excreta. Gobar gas plant
is being set up in villages to fulfill power needs
(ii) This energy is being used in lighting homes and streets cooking and irrigation purposes.
5
Solar Energy(i) Sun is the most inexhaustible and abundant source of energy.
(ii) Solar cell is used to trap solar energy for producing electricity. Photovoltaic technology converts
sunlight into electricity.
(iii) It has a huge potential
(iv) It is universal
(v) Solar energy is used in cooking, water heating, water desalination, space heating and crop during.
(vi) Solar energy can help in saving our foreign exchange when we have to import mineral oil in large
quantities.
(vii) India is a tropical country as such it has wider scope for the production of solar energy.
(viii)There Desert of Rajasthan has become the biggest solar energy house of India
4.6
Conservation of Energy Resources
(i)
Consumption of energy in all forms has been steadily rising all over the county
Promotion of energy conservation and increased use of renewable energy sources are
the twin planks of sustainable energy
(ii) Methods of Conservation of energy resources
(a) Judicious use
(b) Use of public transport instead of individual vehicles
(c) Use of power saving devices.
(d) Switching off electricity when not in use.
(e) Use of non-conventional sources of energy.
Q.
A.
Why do you think that solar energy has a bright future in India?
(i) Solar energy is most abundant source of energy. In India, generation potential of
20 MW solar power per sq. km of land area exists.
(ii) Solar energy can be used for various purposes, cooking, street lightening, pumping
water etc.
(iii) India has Thar Desert in Rajasthan which has the potential to become the biggest
power house in India.
(iv) As India is a fast developing country so the consumption of power must increase. In our
country non-renewable sources of energy are in short supply. So the solar energy can
easily supplement the non-renewable sources of energy.
Q.
A.
In which mineral India is self-sufficient?
India is self sufficient in coal, raw material for glass, sand, aluminium, limestone, dolomite,
raw material for cement etc.
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Q.
A.
What is GAIL and what are its functions?
GAS Authority of India (GAIL) is the apex body for transportation, processing and
marketing of natural gas. Natural gas is distributed through pipelines from Gujarat to
Mumbai.
Q.
A.
How does natural gas score over oil?
Natural gas is more useful than oil where energy is concerned:
1
India has vast reserves of natural gas.
2
It takes less time for a power plant to be built on natural gas.
3
It is environmental friendly because it emits very low carbon-dioxide.
4
It is an industrial raw material for Petro chemical industry.
Q.
A.
Make a comparison between natural gas and bio-gas.
1
2
3
Natural gas
It is a mixture of various combustible
gaseous hydrocarbons and non-hydro
carbons occurring commonly with
petroleum in the rocks of earth’s
crust.
Natural gas is used as raw material
in petro chemical industries.
Natural gas is mainly used in towns
and cities.
1
2
3
Bio-gas
Bio
gas
is
produced
by
the
decomposition of animals and plants
waste with the help of micro organism
in the presence of water.
Bio gas is mainly used as a fuel and for
lightning and houses and streets.
Bio-gas is mostly used in villages.
Q.
A.
How tides are used for generation of electricity?
The tides are channeled into narrow passage along the coastal lines where high tides occur.
These tides are used to turn generators. A barrage is constructed across a creek where high
tides occur. The open flood gates of the barrage allow the tidal water inside and then close.
After this, this tidal water is allowed to flow through a pipe. This outgoing tidal water is
used to turn generators.
Q.
A.
Given main economic significance of minerals.
Economic importance: Chief economic significance of minerals relates to the following:
1
Almost all minerals are used as raw materials for making finished products. For each
industrial product not only one but several minerals are needed. Therefore, efficient
use of minerals is essential for economic development.
2
Commercial exploitation is carried out where minerals occur in sufficient quantities.
Therefore, mining activity takes place over a comparatively longer period. It provides
employment to many people and results in growth of other services and ancillary
economic activities.
3
Many minerals occur as alluvial deposits in sedimentary rocks. They are removed by
weathering and erosion and settle in streambeds. They become commercially very
attractive.
4
On account of scarcity of many minerals, synthetic substitutes provide profitable
opportunities and create new markets.
5
Development of mineral resources and mining activity leads to increase in natural
income and contributes to industrial development.
6
Transportation systems, roads, railways which link the mining sites with the
markets and manufacturing sites receive great impetus.
7
Development of furnaces, recycling of scrap metals, many innovations and inventions
are a result of economic importance of minerals.
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Q.
A.
Describe the factors which help in conserving the minerals:
The following factors play an important role in conserving minerals.
1
Technology: technology of both mining methods and adding value to resources plays
a crucial role not only in exploitation but efficient utilization of resources.
2
Landscape restoration: Mining, particularly open cast mining causes great
damage to landscape. This means exploiting resources with out any regard for future
generations. For conservation of resources, landscape restoration should proceed side
by side so that other resources that may be lying nearby can be used in course of time
and also by future generation.
3
Dealing with Wastes and Pollution: Wastes and pollution are a part of mining
activity as well as processing of minerals for commercial use. While exploiting
resources, dealing with waste and pollution should be an important consideration.
4
Recycling: Resources cannot last forever and further uses of resources create lots of
wastes on the surface of the earth. For these two chief reason, recycling of resources
is critically important. Many used resources like steel crap, paper and almost all biodegradable can be usefully recycled into economic goods. Dumping of certain wastes
pollutes the earth’s environment. These radioactive wastes can also be made least
harmful through recycling. Even polluted water can be recycled for further use in
industry.
5
Synthetic Substitutes: Ever since plastics and other synthetic alternatives were
developed, for example rubber, there is a strong movement towards finding synthetic
substitutes to natural resources. Now, bio-degradable plastics are also being
developed. Eco-friendly synthetic substitutes can indeed be a great step in
conservation of resources.
Q.
A.
Describe the various methods which have been used to conserve energy resources in India.
Conservation of Energy Resources
(i) Choosing an Energy Supply:- India has evolved a wide gamut of all available
technologies to use renewable sources of energy as well as conventional sources. It has
given a wide choice to consumers especially in rural areas for choosing an appropriate
source of supply. Renewable sources are finding wider acceptance in rural areas.
(ii) Coal Conservation:- The Coal Conservation and Development Act, 1974 is already in
existence. Under this Act applied research is carried out for improving productivity,
safety, environment and ecology protection on account of coal mining.
(iii) Improving Efficiency of Thermal Power Pants:- Low efficiency of thermal power
plants is a global phenomenon. Over the years, India has made a steady improvement
and the load factor has improved from 52.8 per cent in 1990-91 to 69 percent in 2001.
This also includes minimizing losses in transmission of power.
(iv) Petroleum Conservation:- Petroleum as earlier stated, is the primary source of
energy as well as raw material for petrochemical industry. Consumption of petroleum
has jumped from 3.5 MMT in 1950-51 to 110MMT in 2001-02. Among the steps taken
for conservation of petrol and petroleum products include.
Q.
A.
What is the origin of petroleum?
Petroleum or crude oil is a liquid fuel. It comes from the decay of billions of tiny ore
particles called marine organism. The remains of these organisms become trapped in
muddly bottom sediments in some parts of the sea. As the sediments are compated under
pressure, the water is sequezed out to form shale (a sedimentary rock). Organic matter in
the shale is converted into oil droplets. Pressure forces oil droplets from the shale into near
by beds of porous and permeable rocks. This rock is commonly sandstone or limestone. Oil
collects between the grains of sandstone or along the bedding planes or sandstone or
limestone. At the time of folding, sedimentary rocks are bent to form synclines and
anticlines. The oil trapped in such sandstones or limestone’s tends to rise to the top of the
anticlines.
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Q.
A.
How is biotechnology beneficial to the farmers? How is it able to maintain safe and
sustainable environment. Explain with suitable examples.
Biotechnology is the science which has helped to develop various agricultural techniques
which are environmentally sustainable. It has helped the farmers by increasing the per
hectare yield. It is beneficial in many other ways. With its help, the scientists have
genetically modified different crops to increase their yield. This has helped in meeting our
requirements of food, fodder and fiber. The crops grown with the help of technology are
more resistant to insects, pests and diseases. Dependence on insecticides has also
decreased. Most of all biotechnology is both sustainable and environmentally safer.
Q.
A.
What do you know about NTPC (National thermal Power Corporation).
It is one of the principal central government undertaking charged with the responsibility of
development of power. At present, it has thirteen coal based thermal power projects and
seven projects based on gas/liquid/ fuel. It has installed capacity of 19,435 mega watt which
represents about 27 percent of all India thermal capacity.
Q.
A.
Write a note of geothermal energy.
This type of energy is produced from the heat of hot water springs. In India about 340 hot
springs have been identified which can be used to generate electricity. A geothermal power
plant has been installed at Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh. There is also a plan to
produce thermal energy at Puga valley of Ladakh in Jammu and Kashmir.
Q.
A.
Write a short not on Hazira-Bijapur Jagdishpur pipeline.
Hazira-Bijapur Jagdishpur gas pipeline connects Bombay High and Bassien to Delhi and
its suberbs Loni and Bahadurgarh. It Supplies gas to power plants and fertilizers industry
of western and north-western India. This pipeline has helped industries to grow in these
areas. C.N.G. has reduced the air pollution in Delhi and other cities.
Q.
What should India do to meet the demand of those minerals in which India is deficient?
Give two facts with examples.
(i) We should make sincere efforts to locate new deposits of the minerals in which India is
at present deficient. New technology and new scientific methods should be employed in
this direction. Such efforts have already been made in case of the production of mineral
oil and natural gas.
(ii) Some alternate material should be used to lessen the use of metals in which India is
deficient. For e.g. plastic or stainless steel may be used in place of lead, nickel, copper
etc.
A.
Q.
A.
In nuclear energy going to play are important role in India?
Nuclear energy is going to play an important role in India because
(i) Coal and mineral oil are exhaustible sources of energy and we cannot fully depend on
them.
(ii) Rainfall in our country is uncertain. Therefore, the rivers can not be totally depended
upon to produce hydro electric power.
(iii) Nuclear energy is, of late, proving very useful and economical. Also Nuclear power
plants can set up at any convient place.
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68°
E
36°
76
°
72
°
80
°
84
°
88
°
92
°
96
°
36°
IMPORTANT MINERALS
32°
32°
PAKISTA
CHINA
(TIBET)
N
28°
NEPAL
BHUTA
Ajmar
N
Beawar
24°
Gaya
BANGLADESH
Katni
Hazaribagh
Amarkantak
Balaghat
Nagpur
Durg
20°
TROPIC OF
CANCER
Sundergarh
MYANMAR
Mayurbhan
j
Bilaspur
20°
Koraput
BAY OF
BENGA
Bailadila
16°
ARABIA
N SEA
12°
Shimoga
L
Bellary
Nellore
IRON ORE MINES
Kudremukh
MANGANES
E
BAUXITE
12°
MICA
8°N
INDIAN
72°
E
76
°
SRI
LANKA
8°N
OCEAN
84
°
88
°
92
°
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68°
E
36°
72
°
76
°
80
°
84
°
88
°
92
°
96
°
36°
CONVENTIONAL ENERGY
RESOURCES
32°
32°
PAKISTA
CHINA
(TIBET)
N
28°
NEPAL
BHUTA
N
24°
Singarauli
BANGLADESH
Raniganj
Bokaro
Kalol
Jharia
TROPIC OF
CANCER
Korba
Ankaleshwar
20° Bassien
MYANMAR
Talcher
BAY OF
BENGA
Mumbai High
16°
20°
Singareni
L
ARABIA
N SEA
COAL MINES
OIL FIELD
12°
12°
Neyvali
8°N
INDIAN
72°
E
76
°
SRI
LANKA
8°N
OCEAN
84
°
88
°
92
°
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5. MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
Many of the natural resources cannot be utilized directly without processing and converting then
into various things for example we can wear clothes but not cotton. This conversion of primary
products into more refined and useable form is known as manufacturing.
5.1(a) Importance of Industrial Development
Industrialization plays a vital role in the economic development of a country
1
Utilization of Natural resources: Utilization of huge volume of natural resources
has become possible with the development of industries in the country.
2
Balanced Sectoral Development: Indian economy has been facing an unbalance
sectoral development. Growth in industrialization in the country can attain balanced
sectoral development and its can reduce the too much dependence of the economy on
the agricultural sector by providing jobs to the people in secondary and tertiary
sectors.
3
Enhanced Capital Formation: With the growing industrialization of the economy,
the volume and rate of capital formation in the country are gradually being enhanced
due to increase in the level of income and saving capacity of people in general.
Moreover, increasing volume of investment in industries has led to enhancement in
the rate of capital formation in the country.
4
Increase in National Income and foreign Exchange: Organized and
unorganized industries are jointly contributing a good portion of the total national
income of the country. Moreover, as a result of industrialization the level of national
income and capital income of he country also increase at a satisfactory rate. Export of
manufactured goods brings much needed foreign exchange.
5
Increase in Job Opportunities: Development of industrial sector would increase
the job opportunities for a large section of the population of the country. Setting up of
new industrial units can create job opportunities.
5.1(b) Contribution of Agriculture to Industry
1
2
3
4
5
Agriculture provides raw material to industry such as jute, cotton, sugarcane etc.
It also acts as a source of capital formation which can be utilized in industry.
It provides food to the industrial workers.
It provides good market to the industrial product.
It also decreases pressure on industry.
5.1(c) Contribution of Industry to Agriculture
1
2
3
4
5.2
Industry provides inputs to the Agriculture such as fertilizers, pesticides, tractors etc.
It provides infrastructural facilities to the industry.
It can absorb surplus labourers or workers of Agriculture and reduces pressure on
Agriculture.
Industry provides processed product to the agriculture, it also increases the market
value of agriculture product.
Classification of Industries
I
On the Basis of Capital Investment
1
2
Large Scale Industry: Industries which employ a large number of labourers in each
unit are called large scale industries. Huge investment i.e. more than 1 core is
involved in large scale industries. Cotton or jute textile industries are large scale
industries.
Small Scale Industries: Industries which are owned and run by individuals and
which employ a small number of labourers are called small scale industries. It is also
defined on capital invested. The industries in which less than 1 crore rupees are
invested are known as small scale industries.
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II On the Basis of Raw-Material and Finished Goods
Industries classified on the basis of raw materials and finished goods are:
1
Heavy Industries: Industries which use heavy and bulky raw-materials and
produce products which are heavy and bulky are called heavy industries. Iron and
steel industry presents a good example of heavy industries.
2
Light Industries: The light industries use light raw-materials and produce light
finished products. Electric fans and sewing machines are light industries.
III On the Basis of Ownership
Since the start of the planned development of Indian economy in 1951, industries are
divided into the following four classes:
1
Private Sector Industries: Industries owned by individuals or firms such as Bajaj
Auto or TISCO situated at Jamshedpur are called private sector industries.
2
Public Sector Industries: Industries owned by the state and its agencies like
Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. Or Bhilai Steel Plant or Durgapur Steel Plant are
public sector industries.
3
Joint Sector Industries: Industries owned jointly by the private firms and the
states or its agencies such as Gujarat Alkalies Ltd. or Oil India Ltd. fall in the group
of joint sector industries.
4
Co-operative Sector Industries: Industries owned and run co-operatively by a
group of people who are generally producers of raw materials of the given industry
such as a sugar mill owned and run by farmers are called co-operative sector
industries.
IV On the Basis of Source of Raw Material: On the basis of source of raw materials,
industries are classified as under
1
Agro Based Industries: Agro based industries are those industries which obtain
raw material form agriculture. Cotton textile, jute textile, sugar and vegetable oil
industries are representative industries of agro-based group of industries.
2
Mineral Based Industries: the industries that receive raw materials primarily
from minerals such as iron and steel, aluminium and cement industries fall in this
category.
V
According to their role
1
2
5.3
Cottage Industries: Industries which artisans set up in their own houses, work with
wood, cane, brass, stone etc. are called cottage industries. Handloom, khadi and leather
work at the artisan’s houses fall in this category.
Consumer Industries: Consumer industries covert raw material or primary products
into commodities which are directly used by the people. Cotton textile, sugar industry,
vegetable oil etc. are some of the consumer industries.
Factors in the Location of Industries
1
2
3
4
Availability of Raw Material: Availability of raw material is the major factor
affecting the location of the industry. An agro based industry will be located in
agriculture dominating areas whereas mineral based industry will be located in
mineral dominating areas. For example, cotton textile mills are located in
Maharashtra due to availability of raw cotton.
Power: Most of the industries tend to concentrate at the source of power. Though
power can be transmitted but those industries which consume large quantities of
power are located near the source of power.
Labour: Labour is major input in most types of industries. So labour intensive
industries mostly concentrate in densely populated area or labourers migrate to the
industrial centre.
Transport: Transport system helps in the movement of goods and raw material.
Heavy industries like iron and steel industry are located near railway stations or
ports so that goods and raw material can be easily transported.
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5
Market: the entire process of manufacturing is useless until the finished goods reach
the market. Nearness to market is essential for quick disposal of manufactured goods
and for purchasing raw material. Nearness to market reduces the cost of
transportation. Most of the manufacturing industries concentrate in big cities as
these provide market and other basic infrastructure. Thus industrialization and
urbanization go hand in hand. Cities provide markets and also provide services such
as banking, insurance, transport, labour, consultants and financial advice, etc. to the
industry. Many industries tend to come together to make use of the advantages
offered by the urban centres known as urbanization economies.
INPUTS
Raw materials:
Factors of
production:
i.e. Land,
Labour, Capital
Entrepreneur,
Infrastructure
Transportation Industry
Processing
OUTPUT
S
Finished Goods
Transport to
Market
MONEY
6
5.4
Government Policies: Government activity in planning the future distribution of
industries, for reducing regional disparities, elimination of pollution for air and water
and for avoiding their heavy clustering in big cities, has become an important
location factor.
Agro Based Industries
(a) Textile Industry
The textile industry’s predominant presence in the Indian economy is manifested in its
significant contribution to industrial production, generation of employment and foreign
exchange earnings.
1
It adds about 14 percent tot eh industry production and about four percent to the
GDP.
2
It provides employment to about 35 million persons. Together with allied agriculture
sector, it provides employment to over 90 million people.
3
It is the only industry which is self –reliant, from raw material to the highest value
added products, viz, Garments.
Importance of Textile Industry
1
2
3
4
Close association with agriculture: This industry has close link with agriculture
and provides living to farmers, cotton boll pluckers and workers engaged in ginning,
spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing, packaging, tailoring and sewing.
Demand Creative: Cotton textile is a demand creative industry i.e. it support many
other industries such as chemicals, dyes, mill stores, packaging material and
engineering works.
Employment: The industry provides employment to large number of skilled as well
as unskilled workers. The handspun khadi provides large scale employment to
weaves in their homes.
Export: The major share of India’s exports comes from cotton textile industry. India
exports yarn to Japan. Other importers of cotton goods from India are U.S.A., U.K.,
Russia, France, East European countries, Nepal, Singapore, Sri-Lanka and African
countries. The Cotton textile industry is developed in most parts of the country, but
most of the mills are concentrated in the states of Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil
Nadu.
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Maharashtra: Maharashtra excels all other states in the development of cotton textile
industry. It produces 42.49% mill cloth and 16.55% yarn of India. Mumbai is the largest
centre in India having 63 mills out of Maharashtra’s total of 122 mills.
(i)
Climate: Mumbai enjoys humid climate which is essential for this industry because
thread does not break so frequently.
(ii)
Transportation: Mumbai is a very important port which helps in the import of
machinery and long staple cotton.
(iii)
Power: Cheap hydroelectricity is readily available from the nearby areas.
(iv)
Raw Material: The black-cotton soil in the hinterland of Mumbai provides cotton
as the basic raw material.
(v)
Cheap labour: As Mumbai and surrounding cities have high density of population
so both skilled and unskilled labour is available in large number.
(vi)
Market: There is ready market for Mumbai products both in India and abroad.
(vii)
Capital: Mumbai is a great commercial and financial centre of India. So capital
which is required is easily available.
Gujarat: Gujarat is the second largest producer of cotton textiles. This state accounts for
over 23% of the mill cloth and over 8% of the yarn production of the country. Ahemdabad is
the largest center where 73 out of 118 mills of Gujarat are located. Ahmedabad is the
second largest center of cotton textile industry after Mumbai.
Problem of Indian Cotton textile Industry
1
2
3
Problem of raw material: The industry faces the problem of building up a regular
supply of its raw material-cotton-inadequate quantities. Despite the importance of
the industry and the long period of the growth, the position of raw material has
remained unstable. The most disappointing feature of cotton cultivation is that
feature of cotton (26 percent of the world acreage) the country accounts for only 10%
of the world output of cotton.
Problem of power: the textile industry in our country had suffered badly for want
of adequate and unfailing supply of power. Frequent power cuts and load shedding
had affected the industry badly. The inadequacy of coal supplies had also affected the
progress of the industry.
Obsolete machinery and need for modernization: The mill sector has been
working with obsolete machinery. According to one estimate, over 80% of the
machinery in the cotton textile mills is old and should be scrapped. The problem of
replacement of obsolete machinery and modernization have become really acute since
the Indian mill industry has to compete with countries like Taiwan, Hongkong, South
Korea etc. all of which are using the latest sophisticated machinery.
(b) Jute Industry
Jute industry is one of the most important traditional industries in India. At present most
of the jute mills are concentrated in West Bengal. Kolkata is the most important centre of
jute textile in India.
Importance of the Industry
1
As it is a labour intensive industry so it provides employment to skilled as well as
unskilled workers.
2
Jute products are the major items of exports. India is the second largest exporter of
jute products after the Bangla Desh. It accounts for more than 20% of the total export
earning.
West Bengal: West Bengal has the largest concentration of jute industry. Over 84% of jute
goods production of India comes from West Bengal. Andhra Pradesh is other main
producer. Most of the mills are within a distance of 64 km from Kolkata along the Hugli
river. As a matter of fact, there is a narrow belt of jute mills which is 100 km long and 3 km
wide along both the banks of Hugli river.
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The following factors have been responsible for the high concentration of jute mills in the
Hugli basin:
1
Raw Material: the fertile Ganga-Brahmaputra delta grows about 90% of India’s jute
and provides raw material to jute mills here. Coal which is require for power is
obtained from Raniganj and Asansol coal fields.
2
Transportation: cheap water transportation is available. The area is also served by
a network of roads and railways.
3
Water: Abundant water is available for processing, washing and dyeing jute from the
river Hugli.
4
Port City: Kolkata is a big port which helps in the import of machinery and spare
parts and in the export of finished jute products.
5
Labour: High density of population in West Bengal and in the neighbouring parts of
Bihar provides abundant cheap labour. Some labour comes form U.P.
6
Finance: There is easy flow of capital because big capitalists are living in and
around Kolkata. Banking and insurance facilities are also available.
Problems of the Indian Jute Industry
Indian Jute industry is facing very serious problems. Some of them are briefly described as
under.
1
Problem of raw material: After independence most of the jute-producing areas
went to Bangladesh resulting in acute shortage of raw jute. Although successful
efforts have been made to increase the supply of raw jute since independence, it still
falls short of our current requirements.
2
International competition: Our jute industry has to face very tough competition
from synthetic packing materials of the advance countries of Europe and North
America. As such the market for jute goods has shrunk.
3
Less demand: Due to synthetic substitutes in domestic as well as international
markets the overall demand for jute products is gradually decreasing in the
international market.
4
High Prices: The Indian jute industry is being competed out of international
markets because of high prices. The high prices of Indian jute goods are explained by
the use of obsolete machinery, the existence of inefficient and uneconomic units, high
price of raw jute and highly unreliable supple position with regard to raw jute.
(c) Sugar Industry
The Sugar industry is one of the most important industries in India. India is the fourth
major sugar producing country in the world, the first three being Russia, Brazil and Cuba
in the order. Sugar industry occupies an important place among organized industries in
India. Most unique feature of this industry is that most of mills are under cooperative
sector because this industry is seasonal in nature.
Importance of the Sugar Industry
1
2
3
It ranks as the third largest industry in terms of its contribution to the net value
added by manufacture.
The industry employs more than 3.25 lakhs workers, besides creating extensive
indirect employment for 25 million cultivators of sugarcane.
It is also an importance source of excise duty for the central Government. There are
now 420 sugar factories in India with a total installed capacity of 15 million tones.
Distribution: U.P., Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Bihar are the major producers of sugar
industry has two major areas of concentration. One comprises U.P., Bihar, Haryana and
Punjab in north and other that of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and A.P., in the
south. The sugar industry is established in areas of sugar cultivation because
1
Its raw material is heavy and perishable.
2
Sugarcane cannot be stored for long as the loss of sucrose is inevitable.
3
Sugarcane cannot be transported over long distances because it may dry on the way.
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Difference between the Sugar Industry of Northern and Peninsular
India
There are marked differences between the sugar industry of there northern and the
peninsular India. As a result of better conditions prevailing in the peninsular India, the
sugar industry is gradually shifting from north India to the peninsular India. This is
evident from the fact that previously north India used to produce about 90% of India’s
Sugar which is reduce to 35-40 % now.
1
Climate: Sugarcane is a tropical crop. Peninsular India has tropical climate which
gives higher yield per unit area as compared to north India.
2
Higher sucrose: Due to favourable climatic conditions, the sucrose content is also
higher in tropical variety of sugarcane in the south.
3
Long crushing period: The crushing season is also much longer in the south than
in the north. For example, crushing season is of nearly four months in the north.
Whereas it is of nearly 7-8 months in the south.
4
Better management: the co-operative sugar mills are better managed in the south
than in the north.
Problems of Sugar industry
1
2
3
4
5
5.5
Low yield of sugarcane: Although India has the largest area under sugarcane
cultivation; the yield per hectare is extremely low as compared to some of the major
sugarcane producing countries of the world.
Short crushing season: Manufacturing of sugar is a seasonal phenomenon with a
short crushing season varying normally form 4 to 7 months in a year. The mills and
its workers remain idle during the remaining period of the year, thus creating
financial problems for the industry as a whole.
High cost of production: High cost of sugarcane, inefficient technology ,
uneconomic process of production and heavy excise duty result in high cost of
production. The production cost of sugar in India is one of the highest in the world.
Old and obsolete machinery: Most of the machinery used in Indian sugar mills,
particularly those of U.P. and Bihar is old and obsolete, being 50-60 years old and
needs rehabilitation.
Under-utilization of by-products: By products of sugar industry are not properly
utilized. After crushing the sugarcane, the baggase is either burnt as a fuel or is used
as a fodder.
Mineral Based Industries
Mineral based industries are those industries which used mineral as the basic raw
material. Mineral based industries from the economic backbone of a country. Iron and steel,
heavy engineering and electronics are the major mineral based industries of India.
5.5(a) Iron and Steel Industry
Iron and steel industry is a key or basic industry as it lays the foundation of other
industries. All the other industries, heavy, medium and light depend on it for their
machinery. The production and consumption of iron and steel is one of the most significant
measures of the level of industrialization and economic growth of a country. Most of the
other industries such as automobiles, locomotive, rail tracks, ship building, machine
building, bridges, dams and many other industries and commercial activities depend upon
iron and steel industry. Iron and steel industry is a heavy industry because all the raw
material as well as finished goods are heavy and bulky entailing heavy transportation
costs.
Locational Factors
1
Raw Material: Iron ore, cooking coal, limestone and manganese are the main raw
material, required by the industry. Iron and Steel industry used large quantity of heavy
raw materials and its localization is primarily controlled by the availability of raw
materials. So most of the plants are located where raw material i.e. coal and iron ore is
available. Most of the iron and steel plants of India in Jharkhand, Bihar, Orissa, M.P.,
Chhattisgar and Karnataka.
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Market: Another important factor influencing the localization of iron and steel industry
is the availability of market.
5.5(b) Aluminium Smelting
Aluminium smelting is the second most important metallurgical industry in India.
Aluminium is extracted from bauxite.
Use of Aluminium: Aluminium is a very light, yet strong metal with many uses. It is used
for making pots and pans because it is a good conductor of heat. Aluminium also conducts
electricity well and is used to make electrical wires. Aluminium is used to make cans for
various beverages and other liquids. It can be pressed into a thin foil that is used both
commercially and in homes for such purposes as wrapping foods, it is widely used in
airplanes and spacecrafts. It can be made even stronger by mixing it with other metals to
form alloys. Duralumin in such an alloy. It is used as the outer surface of many airplanes.
The bodies and parts of some automobiles, trucks, boats and trains are made from
aluminium alloys.
Production of Aluminium
India is a largest producer of bauxite in South Asia. There are 8 aluminium smelting plants
in the country located in Orissa, West Bengal, Kerala, U.P., Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra
and Tamil Nadu in 2004, India produced over 600 million tones of aluminium.
5.5(c) Chemicals Industry
It is one of the oldest, diversified and fastest growing industries of India. It is the 3 rd largest
in Asia and occupies the 12th place in the world in term of its size. It comprises both large
and small scale manufacturing units.
1
Inorganic Chemicals: Includes sulphuric acid (used to manufacture fertilizers,
synthetic fibres, plastics, adhesives, paints, dyes stuffs) nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash
(used to make glass, soaps and detergents, paper) asn caustic soda. These industries
are widely spread over the country.
2
Organic Chemicals: Include petrochemicals which are used for manufacturing of
synthetic fibres synthetic rubber, plastics, dye-stuffs, drugs and pharmaceuticals.
Importance of Chemical Industry
1
2
3
4
5
Employment: Chemical industry is one of the major sources of employment for large
number of skills as well as unskilled workers.
Foreign exchange: Export of chemicals and chemical products brings foreign
exchange to India.
Reduction of pressure on land: Chemical industry reduces pressure on land by
providing employment to workers.
Development of agriculture: Chemical industry supplies pesticides and weedicides
to agriculture. This has helped in the development of agriculture as these control
harmful insects and weeds.
Contribution to G.D.P. and national income: It contributes 3% of the G.D.P. It
also contributes 20% of the excise revenue to the government.
5.5(d) Fertilizer Industry
There are 57 fertiliser units manufacturing nitrogenous and complex nitrogenous
fertilizers: 29 for area and 9 for producing ammonium suphate as a by product and 68 other
small units produce single superphosphate. At present there are 10 public sector
undertakings and one in cooperative sector at Hazira in Gujarat under Fertiliser
Corporation of India.
Producing States: Before the Green revolution industry was concentrated only few states
but with the success of the Green Revolution it spread to most of the agricultural states.
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Production: The Fertiliser Industry is centered around the production of nitrogenous
fertilizers, phosphatic fertilizers and ammonium phosphate and complex fertilizer which
have a combination of nitrogen, phosphate and potash.
Problem of Industry
1
2
There is shortage of raw material especially that of potash.
Prices are controlled by the government.
5.5(e) Cement Industry
Cement is most advanced and important industry of India. The first cement plant was set
up in Chennai in 1904 and since then industry has expanded at a constant rate. After the
complete decontrol of price and distribution in 1989 and introduction of other policy
reforms, cement industry has made strides both in production and process technology.
Importance of Industry
1
2
Cement is essential for all construction activities.
It earns valuable foreign exchange. Improvement in quality of Indian cement has
found its ready markets in Bangladesh, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal, Middle East and
Africa.
Requirement of the Industry
1
2
Limestone, Silica, alumina, gypsum and coal are the main raw materials required for
its production.
Industry needs cheap power and transportation.
5.5(f) Automobile Industry
Automobile industry is another fast growing industry of India. Since 1992 the industry has
shown a very high percentage of growth rate due to following factors.
1
Automobile industry was delicensed in 1991 i.e. no licence is required for setting up
any unit for manufacturing.
2
100% foreign Direct Investment is permissible.
3
Due to loan and other finance facilities demand has risen many times.
4
Industry provides vehicles like trucks, cars, motorcycles, scooters etc.
At present, there are 15 manufactures of passenger cars and multi0unility vehicles, 9 of
commercial vehicles, 14 of the two and three-wheelers.
6.6
Electronics Industry
This industry covers a wide range of products including television sets, transistor sets,
telephone exchanges, cellular telecom, paging, computers and varied equipments for posts
and telegraph, defence, railway and meteorological departments. India has made
significant progress in electronic and computer technology. From 1996-97 to 2001 – 02 the
industry grew by a factor of over three times. Bangalore is the largest centre of electronics
goods production and is rightly termed as the Electronic Capital of India. The other major
producing centre are Hyderabad, Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Kanpur, Pune,
Lucknow, Jaipur.
The software has emerged as the major industry in the field of electronics. Software exports
have become an important part of India’s exports. Government of India has established 18
Software technology Parks which provide single window service and high data
communication facility to the software experts. India’s success in software has been built on
the foundations of public investments in human capital, outward orientation in policies and
a highly competitive private sector industry.
Importance of IT Industry
1
2
3
It has provided employment to over one million people.
This industry is major foreign exchange earner.
It has helped in the growth of service sector.
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5.7(a) Industrial pollution and Environmental Degradation
1
2
3
4
Air pollution: The smoke emitted by the industries pollute air and water very badly.
Air pollution is caused by the presence of a higher proportion of undersirable gases,
such as carbon monoxide monoxide and sulphur dioxide. Air-borne particulate
materials consists of both solid and liqid particles. Dust, fume, mist, spray and smoke
contain both types of particles. Human –made sources of pollutants are normally
industrial and solid wastes. Air pollution affects human health, animals, plants,
materials and the atmosphere.
Water pollution: Sources of water pollution are numerous. Most important are the
industrial effluents that are discharged into rivers. They are both organic and
inorganic. Coal, dyes, socaps, pesticides, fertilizers, plastics and rubber are some
common pollutants of water. The principal industries which create water pollution
are paperpulp, textiles, chemical, petroleum, refining, tannery and electroplating.
Industrial wastes containing toxic metals pollute land and soil.
Noise pollution: Unwanted loud noise is also pollution. It arises primarily from
industry and means of transport. Industrial noise, particularly from mechanical saws
and pneumatic drills, is unbearable and is a nuisance to the public. Noise pollution
can cause hearing impairment, increased heart rate and blood pressure and other
physiological effects.
Thermal and Nuclear pollution: Thermal pollution occurs when hot water from
factories and thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling. Wastes
from nuclear power plants nuclear and weapon production facilities cause cancers,
birth defects and miscarriages. Soil and water pollution are closely related. Dumping
of wastes specially glass, harmful chemicals, industrial effluents, packaging, salts
and garbage renders the soil useless. Rain water percolates to the soil carrying the
pollutants to the ground and the ground water also gets contaminated.
5.7(b) Control of Environmental Degradation
Though industrialization is must for economic development of a country but the
industrialization is also one of the major responsible for environmental degradation. There
is urgent need to tackle this problem. Following are some of the methods to control
industrial pollution.
1
Use of recycle under: Contaminated water is major sources of pollution. Water
pollution can be checked by minimizing use of water for processing by reusing and
recycling it in two or more successive stages.
2
Rain water harvesting: Harvesting of rain water should be encouraged to meet
water requirements.
3
Proper water treatment: Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in
rivers and ponds. Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases
(i)
Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves screening, grinding,
flocculation and sedimentation.
(ii)
Secondary treatment by biological process.
(iii)
Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes.
4
Control of air pollution: Air pollution can be checked by reducing particulate
matter. Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to
factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial
separators. Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.
5
Noise pollution: Noise pollution created by industries can be controlled by using
better design equipment.
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Q.
A.
How do industries pollute the environment?
Industries are the main culprits of pollution of various types on land, atmosphere and
water bodies.
1
Air pollution: Industries emit gases and smoke in atmosphere. The toxic gases
include choloroflouro carbon (CFC), carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, green house
gases and nuclear waters. These gases have caused depletion of ozone layer of
atmosphere. This has resulted in global warming. The toxic gases go on accumulating
in atmosphere and cause acid rain.
2
Water Pollution: Water discharged by industries contains toxic chemicals and
wastes which are let into various water bodies and cause damage to marine life.
Fertilizers chemicals and pesticides made by the industries are used in agriculture.
During rainfall storms and fast wind, these toxic chemical flow into water bodies
which lead to water pollution.
3
Land Pollution: Waste from industries like glass, harmful chemical, industrial
effluents, salts and garbage and packaging ruins the soil. Mining activities also
render the land useless.
Q.
A.
Discuss the steps to be taken to minimize environmental degradation by Industry.
Measures to control environmental degradation on account of industrial activity have three
broad aspects.
1
Conservation of Resources: This involves conservation of minerals, forest
resources, conservation of clean air and clean water, conservation of forests (flora and
fauna). The conservation measures include development of new technologies for
efficient use of all types of resources. For example, power projects, automobiles
industries etc. use energy resources at the efficiency level of 60 to 80 percent. By
utilizing resources efficiently, much of energy can be saved. The conservation aspect
also includes recycling of resources and finding alternative sources of energy.
Recycling processes are already in operation for most biodegradable wastes like
human wastes, paper, agro-wastes, etc.
2
Measures against Pollution: It involves both voluntary and legal measures. Some
of the environment related acts pertaining to industries include seeking environment
clearance for setting up major industries, the Prevention and control of Pollution Act,
1981 (for air); The Environment Protection Act 1986; The Public Liability Insurance
Act, 1991; and several other acts pertaining to general public. The policy statement
on Abatement of Pollution 1992 specially deals various policies to be complied by
industries.
3
Participation of Industries in Environment Management: Industries besides
having a stake have also resources to participate in environment management. The
“ECOMARK” is a labeling like that of quality standards meant to check pollution. In
the case of automobiles, the Euromark which ensures check on exhausts is also a
Ecomark. The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) in cooperation with enforcing
agencies and Ministries of the Government of India also keeps a watch on its
implementation. Recently, BIS has also issued similar guidelines for bottled water.
Essentially, however, Government is attempting to seek participation of industries
conscious about their responsibility towards management of environment. Many
national level awards have also been instituted to encourage participation of
industries in environment management.
Q.
A.
Why did Mahatama Gandhi lay emphasis on spinning yarn and weaving Khadi?
Gandhiji laid emphasis on spinning yarn and weaving Khadi to provide employment to a
large number of people and stop migration to the towns.
Why is it important for our country to keep the mill sector loomage lower than the
powerloom and handloom?
To save guard the interests of the small scale textile sector, the government has ordered
that some items of cotton cloth can only be produced by the small scale textile industry.
Q.
A.
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Q.
A.
Which country is the highest exporter of raw jute goods in the world?
Bangladesh is the biggest exporter of raw jute.
Q.
A.
Why sugar industry in ideally suited to co-operative sector?
This industries is seasonal in nature so it is ideally suited to co-operative sector.
Q.
A.
Why is the per capita consumption of steel so low in India?
Because India is a poor country. Its people cannot afford to buy this costly material for
building their houses.
Q.
A.
Why India has not been able to perform to its full potential in producing iron and steel?
India has not been able to perform to its full potential due to following reasons:
1 Poor infrastructure
2 Irregular supply of energy
3 Lower productivity of labour
4 Huge capital cost and limited supply of coal.
What is an integrated steel plant?
An integrated steel plant is spread over a large area where everything is handled in the
same complex from putting together raw material to steel making, rolling and shaping.
Every thing is done in the same complex.
What do you know about garden reach workshop?
Garden reach workshop is a ship repair workshop located near Kolkata. Apart from
repairing, it also manufactures ancillary equipments like dredger and barges end tugs.
How do you classify the economic activities?
Economic activities are generally classified into the following three groups:
1
Primary activities: These are concerned with production of raw material both
agricultural and mineral.
2
Secondary activities: These are concerned with processing fabrication and
manufacture of products in finished from,
3
Tertiary activities: These are concerned with distribution of primary and secondary
products. They include activities such as education, health, transport, tourism, etc.
Q.
A.
Q.
A.
Q.
A.
Q.
A.
Why was textile industry concentrated in Mumbai?
1 Production of cotton in the Deccan Plateau.
2 Availability of cheap labour.
3 Favourable climate of Bombay.
4 Availability of power from Tata hydro electric works.
5 Development of Mumbai port by the English.
6 Enterprising and wealthy Parsi community.
Q.
A.
Why are there agglomeration economies in the towns?
Manufacturing activities requires many facilities such as availability of raw material,
labour, capital, power, market, etc. As all these facilities are available in towns. So different
industrial units are located in urban centres. These centres are called agglomeration
economies.
Q.
Why is it important for us to improve our weaving sector instead or exporting yarn in large
quantities?
India produces fine quality yarn but it is not completely utilized by our weaving, knitting
and processing industries. Most of the factories supply their product to the local market.
Our trade in garments is only 4% of the world’s total trade. Many of our spinners export
cotton yarn white imports garments. So, it is important for us to improve our weaving
sector instead of exporting yarn in large quantities.
A.
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Q.
A.
Why were most of the jute mills set up in Hugli basin?
(i) Jute producing areas are nearer to Hugli basin.
(ii) Inexpensive water transport.
(iii) Good network of railway.
(iv) Vast network of roadways to facilitate the raw material to the mills.
(v) Abundant water supply for raw jute processing.
(vi) Availability of cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Orissa
and U.P.
Q.
A.
Why has there been tendency for the sugar mills to shift to southern and western states?
The following are the reasons.
1
Higher yield
2
Higher contents of sucrose in sugarcane.
3
Favourable geographic conditions.
4
Well-drained soils and absence of frost and water logging.
5
Fertilizers are easily available here.
In addition to this co-operative societies are more successful in these states.
Q.
A.
What are the challenges being face by sugar Industry?
Major challenges faced by the sugar industry are:
1
Seasonal nature of the industry.
2
Rotten methods of production.
3
Delays in transportation of sugar cane to factories.
4
Need to make the maximum use of baggase.
Q.
A.
What are the factors which favour the location of steel plant at Jamshedpur?
1 Iron ore available from Singhbhum in Jharkhand.
2 Coking coal from Jharia and Raniganj coal mines.
3 Limestone and Maganese as flux internal from Sundergarh.
4 Water for cooling from Subarnarekha river and from Kharkei.
5 Cheap labour from Bihar, Orissa and Jharkhand.
6 Availability of cheap transport facilities.
Q.
A.
Write a brief note on SAIL, TISCO.
SAIL Steel Authority of India. It is public sector undertaking. Its plants are located at
Bokaro, Bhilai, Rourkela, Durgapuri and Vishakhapatnum. Tisco Tata iron and steel
company. It is private sector steel company. Its pants is located at Jamshedpur.
Q.
A.
What is global warming? What are its effects?
The global warming is phenomenon of rising temperature throughout the world. An
indication of this was notices on north pole where glaciers are melting slowly and
increasing the level of water in ocean. It this trend continues there is danger of small
islands being submerged in sea water.
Q.
A.
Discuss the importance of industry to the economy of country.
1 Contribution to National Income:- Industries make a significant contribution to
India’s national income. The national income is the sum total of a country’s value of
all income like value of labour and materials, interest on capital invested, taxes paid,
etc. Since 1951, when the industrialization of the country began, share of industries
has been gradually rising. It was negligible in 1950-51 and has risen to about 18 per
cent in 2001.
2 Employment: In pre-independent India, almost 80% population depended on
agriculture for employment and sustenance. This proportion has now come down to
70% of total workforce. Industries provide employment to about 40 million people
today.
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3
4
5
6
7
Q.
A.
Value Addition: In the period prior to independence, India exported raw cotton,
unprocessed minerals and similar other products to England. After setting up
industries, manufactured cloth, finished good and even services linked with industries
are being exported. This brings extra income because manufactured goods are sold at
higher prices. The value addition or higher income is on account of industries.
Economic development: Industries help in faster economic development by raising
the living standards of the people.
Cumulative Advantages: Industries contribute to development of agriculture,
transport and communication as well. Tools, implements, fertilizers, tractors, etc are
all supplied by industry.
Growth of Trade: The industries provide variety of product and services for trade and
commerce which result in growth and all round progress in such areas.
Development of Transport and communication: First of al it is the industry which
manufactures all spots of transport vehicles and communication aids. Since industries
need minerals, raw material and market, they directly contribute to roadways, airways,
shipping etc. as well as development of communication.
Discuss the factors which affect localization of industries.
Factors Affecting location of Industries: Various factors affect the location of industries.
Where no such factors play a role, industries are simply termed as “footloose”. Chief factors
affecting location of industries are the following:
1
Geographical factors: Geographical factors such as, climate and raw material play
an important role in deciding location of industries. For many industries, availability
of water is an essential factor.
2
Transportation Costs: These include costs incurred on transportation of raw
materials, finished goods, personnel and even buyers and sellers to and form the
factory site. For example in earlier times, fertilizer factories were located near
sources of raw materials. Today, most fertilizer factories are located near the markets
or centres where it is easy for farmers to buy the fertilizers. It is because modern
fertilizer factories used natural gas both as a raw material and as a source of energy.
Gas is easily transported through pipelines at cheaper cost from gas field refineries in
Gujarat to factories is Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
3
Energy Supplies: Energy like raw materials is the most important factor for
location of industries. For example, thermal power plants are mostly located around
coal mines. Coal is also a direct source of energy to many factories. Coal is very bulky.
Its movement involves huge transportation cost. Therefore, factories such as iron and
steel are located near coal mines.
4
Other Factors:
(i)
Industrial regions: Industries like towns and cities prefer clustering.
(ii)
Mobility of Labour: Cheap labour, skilled labour, its availability, mobility
and cost also determine location of industries.
(iii)
Market: It is a prime consideration because almost all the industrial goods or
consumer goods are produced for the market.
(iv)
Services: These include banking, insurance, customer services etc.
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68°
E
36°
72
°
76
°
80
°
84
°
88
°
92
°
96
°
36°
IRON AND STEEL PLANTS
32°
32°
PAKISTAN
CHINA
(TIBET)
28°
NEPAL
BHUTAN
24°
Burnpur
BANGLADESH
Bokaro
Durgpur
Kalol
TROPIC OF
CANCER
Jamshedpur
Bhilai
Ankaleshwar
Raurkela
MYANMAR
20°
20°
BAY OF
BENGA
Vishakhapatanam
16°
ARABIA
N SEA
L
Vijaynagar
Bhadravati
12°
12°
Salem
8°N
INDIAN
72°
E
76
°
SRI
LANKA
8°N
OCEAN
84
°
88
°
92
°
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68°
E
36°
76
°
72
°
80
°
84
°
88
°
92
°
96
°
36°
SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY
Srinagar
32°
32°
PAKISTAN
CHINA
(TIBET)
Mohali
28°
NEPAL
Noida
BHUTAN
Jaipur
24°
BANGLADESH
Gandhinagar
Kolkata
TROPIC OF
CANCER
Indore
MYANMAR
Bhubaneshwar
20°
Mumbai
Pune
Vishakhapatanam
16°
ARABIA
N SEA
12°
20°
BAY OF
BENGA
L
Hyderabad
Bangalore
Chennai
12°
Mysore
8°N
INDIAN
72°
E
76
°
SRI
LANKA
8°N
OCEAN
84
°
88
°
92
°
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E
36°
76
°
72
°
80
°
84
°
88
°
92
°
96
°
36°
TEXTILE INDUSTRIES
Baramula
Srinagar
Anantnag
32°
32°
PAKISTAN
CHINA
(TIBET)
Ludhiana
Panipat
28°
NEPAL
Moradabad
Agra
BHUTAN
Bikaner
Kanpur
24°
Mirzapur
BANGLADESH
Murshidabad
Bankura
Ahmedabad
TROPIC OF
CANCER
Indore
Jamnagar
MYANMAR
Surat
20°
20°
Aurangabad
Mumbai
BAY OF
BENGA
Pune
16°
L
ARABIA
N SEA
12°
Belgaon
COTTON TEXTILE
Bangalore
WOOLLEN TEXTILE
SILK TEXTILE
Kolar
12°
Mysore
Coimbatore
8°N
Madurai
INDIAN
72°
E
8°N
SRI
OCEAN
LANKA
76
°
84
°
88
°
92
°
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36°
76
°
72
°
80
°
84
°
88
°
92
°
96
°
36°
POWER PLANTS
Srinagar
32°
32°
PAKISTAN
CHINA
(TIBET)
28°
Delhi
Naraura
Namrup
NEPAL
BHUTAN
Harduaganj
Bongaigaon
Rawat Bhata
24°
Barauni
BANGLADESH
TROPIC OF
CANCER
Chandrapura
Satpura
Loktak
Korba
Kakrapara
20°
MYANMAR
Bhusawal
Vishakhapatanam
16°
ARABIAN
SEA
12°
20°
BAY OF
BENGA
Ramagundam
Uran
L
Vijayawada
Kaiga
12°
Kalpakkam
Tuticorin
8°N
INDIAN
72°
E
76
°
SRI
LANKA
8°N
OCEAN
84
°
88
°
92
°
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6. LIFELINES OF NATIONAL ECONOMY
We use different material items in our daily life. Some of these are available in our immediate
surrounding but most of them are not available in our immediate environment. Have you ever
thought how these goods reach to us? These goods reach to us through mean of transport.
6.1
Importance of Means of Transport and Communication
Radio, Television, Telephone, e-mail, telegraph etc. are the main mean of communication
whereas roadways, railways, pipelines, airways and waterways are major means of
transport. At present it is the time of information and technology. The world is developing
very fast and means of communication play a very vital role in the development of the
world.
1
These help to transfer better technology from one country to other or from one part of
the state to the other.
2
Means of communication help the traders to have links with other traders and means
of transport provide essential products.
3
Means of communication act like nervous system in the human body. We can know
what is happening in other parts of nation and world only through this media.
4
Means of transportation carry common people from one place to another. Even they
carry skilled and unskilled workers from one place to another and maintain the
balance of demand and supply in the economy.
5
These play a very vital role in the Defence of a country.
6
It is the means of transportation and communication which have shortened the
distances between various places.
MEANS OF TRANSPORT
WATER
LAND
1
2
3
Roadways
Railways
Pipelines
1
2
Inland
Overseas
AIR
1
2
International
Airways
Domestic
Airways
Public Undertaking
6.2(a) ROADWAYS
Private Airlines
India has one of the largest networks in the world, aggregating to about 3.32 million
kilometers. Though in India roads are being constructed at a very fast pace but still density
of roads is very low. “The length of roads per 100 sq. km of area is known as density of
roads. Density of road is lowest in Jammu and Kashmir i.e. 10 km whereas it is highest in
Kerala i.e. 375 km”. Roadways have an edge over railways due to following features.
1
Roads require less investment is compared to railway.
2
These can be built at higher altitude and at any place.
3
Road transportation is easy and is within the reach of common man and is available
for 24 hours.
4
Maintenance cost is also low.
5
Extension of agriculture is possible only through road transportation.
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7
Road transportation has the merit of offering personal service.
Road system facilitates the transportation of perishable goods (milk, vegetables etc)
across different areas and thereby stimulates their production as well adds to the
knowledge of farmers who receive useful managerial and technical information.
6.2(b) Problems of Indian Roads
1
2
3
4
The road network is inadequate in India as compared to demand and volume of
traffic.
The condition of most of the roads is very poor; these become muddy during the rainy
season.
They are highly congested in cities.
Most of the highways lack side amenities like telephone both emergency health
services, police station etc.
6.2(c) In India, Roads are classified in six classes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Golden quadrilateral Super Highways: The Super Highway have been planned
to meet the requirement of fast movement of traffic. The government has launched a
major road development project linking Delhi-Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai and Delhi by
six-lane superhighways. The North-South corridors linking Srinagar (Jammu and
Kashmir) and Kanyakumari (Tamil Nadu), and East-West Corridor connecting
Silcher (Assam) and Porbander (Gujarat) are part of this project. The major objective
of these Super Highways is to reduce the time and distance between the mega cities
of India. These highway projects are being implemented by the National Highway
Authority of India (NHA).
National Highways: The main roads which are constructed and maintained by the
Central Public works Department (C.P.W.D) are known as National Highways. These
roads connect the state capitals, big cities, and important ports. The National
Highways maintain the availability of essential products. The state trade is possible
because of National Highways. All the essential products like raw material, finished
products, vegetables, food grain, etc are transported through these roads.
State Highways: these are constructed and maintained by the state governments
(State Public Works Department) and join the state capitals with district heat
quarters and other important towns. The total length of state roadways in India is 4
lakh km approx. These also contribute in the development of states.
District Road: These roads link the district centres with the major roads. Their
total length is nearly 6 lakh km. These roads are maintained by Zila Parishad.
Village roads: These connect the villages with the neighbouring towns and cities.
These play very vital role in the development of villages. These help the farmers to
take their products to cities and district headquarters.
Border Roads: The Border Roads Organisation (BRO) was established in 1960 for
the development of the roads of strategic importance in the northern and north
eastern border areas. These roads have increased accessibility in areas of difficult
terrain and have helped in the economic development of these area.
Other roads: Rural roads, which link rural areas and villages with towns, are
classified under this category. These roads received special impetus under the
“Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadak Yojana”. Under this scheme special provisions are
made so that every village in the country is linked to the major town in the country
by in all season motorable roads in all seasons.
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6.3(a) RAILWAYS
Railways are the principal mode of transportation for freight and passengers in India.
Railways also make it possible to conduct multifarious activities like business, sightseeing,
pilgrimage along with transportation of goods over longer distance. Railways in India
bound the economic life of the country as well as accelerate the development of the industry
and agriculture. The Indian Railway have a network of 7,031 station spread over a route
length of 63,221 km with a fleet of 7817 locomotives, 5321 passenger service vehicles, 1904
other coach vehicles and 228,170 wagons as on 31 March 2004.
6.3(b) Major Problems of Indian Railways
1
2
3
4
5
Most of the tracks are very old.
Many passengers travel without tickets.
People pull chains unnecessarily which cause heavy loss to the railway.
Frequent accident also cause great loss to the railways.
Airways is also giving it a tough competition.
6.4(a) PIPELINES
Pipeline transport is becoming a very important means of transportation especially for the
petrochemical industries. In the port pipelines were used only to transport water but now
they are used for transporting crude oil, natural gas, petroleum products etc.
6.4(b) Advantages of pipeline transportation
1
2
3
4
5
Transportation through pipe lines rules out delay and transportation losses. Many
fertilizer plants and thermal power stations are benefiting by the supply of gas
through pipelines.
Though initial cost of laying pipelines is high but running cost is very low.
It maintains continuous supply of gas and oil.
The pipes can be laid through difficult terrains as well as under sea.
The far inland locations of refineries like Barauni, Mathura, Panipat could be
thought of only because of pipelines.
There are three important networks of pipelines transportation in the
country.
1
2
3
From oil field in upper Assam to Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh), via Guwahati, Barauni and
Allahabad. It has branches from Brauni to Haldia. Via Rajbandh, Rajbandh to
Maurigram and Guwahati to Silgur.
From Salaya in Gujarat to Jalandhar in Punjab, via Viramgam, Mathura, Delhi and
Sonipat. It has braches to connect Koyali (Near Vadodara, Gujarat Chakashu and
other place).
Gas pipeline from Hazira in Gujarat connects Jagdishpur in Uttrapradesh, via
Bijapur in Madhya Pradesh. It has braches to Kota in Rajasthan, Shahajahanpur,
Sabrala and other places in Uttar Pradesh.
6.5(a) WATERWAYS
Waterways are the cheapest and oldest mean of transport.
6.5(b) Importance of Waterways
1
2
3
4
5
It is the most suitable fro carrying heavy and bulky goods.
It is a fuel efficient and environment friendly mode of transport.
The element of wear and tear is very less.
More than 95% of the country’s trade volume is moved by the sea.
With the development of National Waterways it has become main source of
transportation for the natural trade.
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6.5(c) Inland waterways
The government has declared the following waterways as National waterways.
1
The Ganga river, between Allahabad and Haldia (1620km).
2
The Brahmaputra river, between Sadiya and Dhubri (891km).
3
The West-coast canal, between Kollam and Kottayam in Kerala (168km).
4
The Champakara canal (14km) and the Udyogmardal canal in Kerala (22 km).
6.6
SEA PORTS
Major Sea Ports
The long coastline of 7,516.6 km. India is dotted with 12 major and 186 medium and minor
ports. Following are the major ports of India.
1 Kandla: It is in Kuchchh district of Gujarat. This was the first port developed soon
after Independence to ease the volume of trade on the Mumbai port, in the wake of loss
of Karachi port to Pakistan after the partition. Kandla is a tidal port. It caters to the
covenient handling of exports and imports of highly productive granary and industrial
belt stretching across the states of J & K, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana,
Rajasthan and Gujarat.
2 Mumbai: It is the biggest port with a spacious natural and well-sheltered harbour.
3 The Jawahar Lal Nehru, port at Nehru Sheva was planned with a view to decongest
Mumbai port and serve as a hub port for this region.
4 Marmagao Port (Goa): It is the premier iron ore exporting port of the country. This
port accounts for about fifty per cent of India’s iron ore export.
5 New Mangalore: The port is located in Karnataka. It caters to the export of iron ore
concentrates from Kudremumh mines.
6 Kochi: It is the extreme south –western port, located at the entrance of a lagoon with a
natural harbour.
Ports of East Coast
1
2
3
4
5
6
6.7
Tuticorin: This port is in Tamil Nadu. This port has a natural harbour and rich
hinterland. Thus it has flourishing trade handling of a large variety of cargoes to even
our neighbouring countries like Sri Lanka, Maldives etc and the coastal region of India.
Chennai: It is one of the oldest artificial port of the country. It is ranked next to
Mumbai in terms of the volume of trade and cargo.
Vishakhapatnam: It is the deepest landlocked and well-protected port. This port was
originally, conceived as an outlet for iron ore exports.
Paradip: The port is located in Orissa, specializes in the export of iron ore.
Kolkata: It is an inland riverine port. This port serves a very large and rich hinterland
of Ganga-Brahmaputra basin. It is a tidal port so it requires constant dredging of
Hoogly.
Haldia: The port is in West Bengal. It was developed as a subsidiary port, in order to
relieve growing pressure on the Kolkata port.
AIRWAYS
Air ways is the fastest mode of transport. Though it is still the costliest mode of transport
but with the entry of private companies there is every possibility that in near future it will
become chap and main source of transportation.
Advantages of Airways
1
2
3
4
Airways is the fastest means of transport and saves time.
It can cover very difficult terrains like high mountains, dreary deserts, thick forests
and long stretches of seas with great case.
Airways also help in increasing the trade especially that of perishable products.
It reduces pressure on roads and railways.
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The Air transport was nationalized in 1953. On the operational side, Indian Airlines,
Alliance air (subsidiary of India Airlines), private scheduled airlines and non-scheduled
operators provide domestic air services. Air India provides international air services.
Pawanhans Helicopters Ltd. Provide helicopter services to oil and natural gas commission
in its off shore operations to inaccessible areas and difficult terrains like the north-eastern
states and the interior parts of J & K, Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal. Indian Airlines
operations also extend to the neighbouring countries of South and South-east, Asia and the
middle- east.
6.8
COMMUNICATION
Means of Communication
Means of communication are no less important than the means of transport. Exchange of
information is necessary for trade and commerce, communication are necessary even for
functioning of the long distance means of trans. fact both means of transport and
communication to be developed simultaneously. Posts, telegram, telephones are the
common mean of communications.
(a)
Indian Postal System
The Indian Postal network is the large world. It handles parcels as well as personal
communications. Cards and envelopes are called first class mail and are airlifted between
covering both land and air. The second-class includes the book pockets, registered
newspaper periodicals. They are carried by surface mail, land and water transport. They
facilitate quick of mails in large towns and cities, six mail have been introduced recently.
They are Rajdhani channel, Metro Channel, Green Business Channel, Bulk Mail Channel
and Pet Channel.
(b)
Mass Communication
Mass communication provides entertainment and creates awareness among people about
various national programmes and policies. It includes radio, television, newspapers,
magazines, books and films. All India Radio (Akashwani) broadcasts a variety of
programmes in national, regional and local languages for various categories of people,
spread over different parts of the country. Doordarshan, the national television channel of
India, is one of the largest terrestrial networks in the world. It broadcasts a variety of
programmes from entertainment, educational to sports, etc. for people of different age
groups.
India publishes a large number of newspapers and periodicals annually. They are of
different types of depending upon their periodicity. Newspapers are published in about 100
languages and dialects. India is the largest producer of feature films in the world, produces
short films, video feature films and video short films. The Center Board of Film
Certification is the authority to certify both Indian and foreign films.
6.9(a) INTERNATIONAL TRADE
The exchange of goods and services among people, states and countries is referred as trade.
The market is the place where such exchanges take place. Trade between two countries is
called international trade. Trade takes place through sea, air or land.
6.9(b) Importance of Trade
1
2
3
No country can survive without international trade because resources are space
bound.
Advancement of international trade of a country leads to its economic prosperity
because such a trade provides so many jobs to workers as well as business to traders.
It is through international trade that we earn much of our foreign exchange which is
required for importing many essential goods.
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6.10
TOURISM
Tourism in India has grown substantially over last three decades. Foreign tourists arrivals
in the country witnessed an increase of 23.5 percent during the year 2004 as against the
year 2003, thus contributing Rs 21,826 crores of foreign exchange.
Importance of Tourism
1
2
Q.
A.
Q.
A.
Tourism helps in earning foreign exchange.
It provides direct as well as indirect employment to the people. Over 15 million
people are directly involved in the tourism industry.
3
It promotes national integration.
4
It supports cottage and handicraft industry because foreigners like to purchase these
products.
5
It helps in developing friendly relations with other countries and promotes
informational understandings.
What is hinterland?
A hinter land of a port is the area which serves as a source of supply of goods to it. For e.g.,
Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Punjab and Haryana serve as hinter lands to
the port of Bombay because goods produced in these states are exported to other countries
through this port.
Explain the term STD.
Subscriber’s Trunk Dialing (STD) is facility of direct dialing. Through this facility one can
talk to any person residing anywhere in the country.
Q.
A.
What is B.O.T. policy?
In recent years, private sector participation has been sought in road construction. The
scheme, known as build, operate and transfer, allows private parties to construct roads
particularly in metropolitan cities and large towns. The party has to bear all costs and then
operate and maintain these roads for a certain period and collect the toll tax to recover the
costs as well as make profits on the capital invested. After a certain specified number of
years, these roads have to be transferred to respective central/state government.
Q.
A.
Into how many zones is Indian railways divided? Name any five zones with its headquaters.
Indian railways are divided into 16 zones. The names of five zones are
1
Central railway its headquarter is at Mumbai.
2
Eastern railway, is headquarter is at Kolkata.
3
Northern railway, is headquarter is at New Delhi.
4
Southern railway, is headquarter is at Chennai.
5
North-Eastern railway, is headquarter is at Gorakhpur.
Q.
A.
What is railway gauge? Write its three types.
Railway gauge is gap between inner edges of railway track. These are of three types.
1
Broad Guage (1,676mm): This type of line is constructed generally in plains.
2
Metre Gauge (1,000 mm): These types track of were built as light railway, to carry
light goods and passengers.
3
Narrow gauge (762 mm and 610 mm): This types of line is constructed in hilly
regions. For e.g. Kalka to Simla, Darjeeling, Pathankot to Jogindernagar.
Q.
A.
Describe any three sea ports of west coast of India.
1 Mumbai: It has a well sheltered and large natural harbour. Mumbai is the largest sea
port of the country. It handles about 20 percent of India’s foreign trade.
2 Kandla: Kandla is a tidal port and is located on the coast of gulf of Kachch. It caters
to the need of export and import of vast hinterland. That includes the states of Jammu
and Kashmir, H.P. Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat. Its hinterland is rich in
agriculture and is industrially well developed.
3 Marmargao: It is an important port of Goa. Currently its major export is iron ore.
Almost 50% of India’s iron ore is handled by this port.
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Q.
A.
Q.
A.
Q.
A.
Q.
Ans.
Q.
A.
Name and describe any three sea ports of eastern coast.
1 Chennai: It is an old and important port. The harbour of this port is artificial and
shallow. It is second to Mumbai with respect to amount of handled cargo.
2 Vishakhapatnam: The harbour of Vishakhapatnam is the deepest and safest in India.
It is located on the coast of Andhra Pradesh. It handles various types of goods for
export and import.
3 Haldia: This port has been recently developed on the confluence of rivers Hugli and
Haldia about 105 km down stream from Kolkata. It s main purpose is to remove
congestion on the Kolkata port. It handles various items like petrol, chemicals, crude
oil etc.
What do you mean by open skies policy? Give the names of two public sector undertaking
airlines.
Open skies policy means that the private companies in India with foreign collaboration can
set-up any commercial undertaking if the need arise. They can compete with the two main
government undertaking airlines namely, Indian Airlines and Air India.
What do you know about “Pawanhans Helicopters Ltd’?
It provides helicopter services to major public sector undertaking specially in the oil sector
and north eastern states. The terrain here is difficult and these areas are in accessible by
other means of transport. Helicopter services are also provide to other hilly and
mountainous states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttrakhand.
What is the importance of pipeline transport?
1 Pipeline transport is inexpensive mode of transport for liquids and gas like petroleum
and natural gas from oil and natural gas fields to refineries, fertilizers, factories and
thermal power Plants.
2 Certain solids like iron ore can be transferred through pipes after converting them into
slurry.
3 Pipelines can be laid in difficult and hilly terrain.
4 Its transportation cost is very low.
5 There are no losses or delays in this system.
Describe the measure taken by the government of India to promote transport
communication system in the country?
1 As the building of express highways involves large investment, the government has
encouraged private sector companies to invest in transport and communication
system.
2 To develop and maintain the highways, the government invites the private companies.
3 The Indian railways have introduced Rajdhani and Shatabadi Express trains to
modernize the railways.
4 The Indian railways is converting all the railway lines into broad guage. The
government is connecting al the major ports through express ways.
How can you say that world is shrinking?
This is the age of globalization. Scientific inventions like the air crafts, telephone,
television, etc. have brought different countries closer. No country is self sufficient. It has
to depend on other countries to avail certain facilities which the other countries are capable
of providing. The world has been transformed into a large village on account of the
following factors.
1
Means of transportation: The modern means of transportation have a long way in
bringing different countries nearer. We can have our breakfast at Delhi our dinner at
London and come back to Delhi. The next morning long distances can be covered in a
matter of hours. These days no country feels isolated.
2
Means of Communication: The development of means of communication has also
brought people of different countries nearer. Messages can be conveyed through
telephone, telegraph, internet, etc. in a matter of seconds. This has produced a sense
of confidence and interdependence in different countries.
3
International Trade: No country in the world is self sufficient. Some countries have
to import raw material to manufacture goods in their factories and look for markets
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Q.
A.
to dispose of their products. Even the most powerful country in the world, the USA
has to export, grains, machines, motor cars etc. to other countries and import paper,
rubber, skins, tin etc. From the above account it is clear that world has become a
smaller unit as compared to the world about 50 years ago.
Describe the advantages of roadways.
1 Direct to Consumers Home: Roads provide door to door service. They are the means
of easy approach to farms, fields, industries and markets. The cost of loading and
unloading is avoided.
2 Easy and low cost of construction: The cost of construction and maintenance is
lower than railways.
3 Contraction in Difficult Terrain: It is easier to construct roads in difficult terrain
like hills and mountains. Roads can negotiate high gradients (30° - 40°) and sharp turn
which is impossible for railways.
4 Flexible, Reliable and Speedy: Road transport is flexible. Buses and trucks can be
stopped anywhere and any time for passengers and loading and unloading the goods.
5 Ideal for Perishables Commodities: It is easier to transport fruits, vegetables, milk
and flowers through roadways than railways.
6 Suitable for short distances: Road transport is ideal for short distance.
7 Feeder transports: Roads are used as feeder modes of transport. They link railway
stations, airports and seaports.
8 Suitable for Personal transport: Roads are economical for personal transport. They
are preferred to railways for small amount of goods and small number of passengers.
9 Promote tourism: Luxury buses are comfortable and convenient for tourists. They
can easily and speedily take tourists form on place to another.
10 Helpful at the time of Floods and Drought: It is easier to reach flood and drought
affected areas by road than by railways/
11 Suitable for Mass Contact: Roads make social, economic and political contracts
easier.
Distinguish between
(i)
Personal communication and Mass communication
(ii)
National highways and state highways
(i)
Personal communication and Mass communication
Personal Communication
Mass Communication
1 These are the means of communication 1 Mass communication is contact or
whose outreach is from Individual to
link
with large number of people at
Individual.
a time.
2 Messages are exchanged between sender 2 Messages are broadcast by the
and receiver.
sender, generally government to the
large audience.
3 Telephone, postcard, letter and other 3 Television,
radio,
newspaper,
postal services are the means of
magazines, film etc are means of mass
personal communication.
communication.
(ii)
1
2
3
4
National highways and state highways
National Highways
National Highways are the main roads 1
of the country
These roads are maintained by the 2
central government.
These
roads
are
politically
and 3
commercially more strategic.
The length of national Highways in 4
India is 65,569 km.
State Highways
State highways are the main roads
with
in the state.
These roads are maintained by the
state
government.
State highways have administrative
significance.
The road length of state highways is
around 1.29 million km.
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Describe the distribution of Indian railways.
1 The North Indian Plan: Vast level land. High density of population, advanced
agriculture and developed industries are favorable for the growth or railways, while
large rivers and their numerous tributaries have created problems and increased the
cost of construction.
2 Peninsular Region: Although hilly terrain of the plateau poses various problems in
the construction of a railway track, the advancement in technology has solved all the
problems by building long tunnels and high bridges.
3 Himalayan region: This is the region of high mountains, criss-crossing, deep gorges,
sparse population and largely undeveloped economy. All these are the un-favorable
factors for the construction of railway tracks.
4 Desert, Swampy and Forested Areas: It is difficult to construct railway line sin
desert regions of Rajasthan, the swampy regions of Gujarat and densely forested parts
of Madhya Pradesh, Chhatisgarh, Jharkahand and Orissa.
5 Sahyadri Region: Britishers never even thought of laying railway lines here in this
region. The higly dissected difficult terrain defied all efforts of surveying for a railway
line. The engineers of Konkan railway has done a great job b constructing railway line
in such an unfavourable terrain. The sinking of tracks and landslide phenomena are
common on the track. But all these problems have been solved and the movement of
passenger and goods trains is going on almost smoothly. This has become one of the
most important economic regions.
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68°
E
36°
76
°
72
°
80
°
84
°
88
°
92
°
96
°
36°
MAJOR POSRTS AND
INTERNATIONAL AIRPORTS
32°
32°
PAKISTAN
CHINA
(TIBET)
Amritsar
Raja Sansi
28°
Delhi
Indira Gandhi International
NEPAL
BHUTAN
24°
BANGLADESH
Kolkata
Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose
TROPIC OF
CANCER
Haldia
20°
Mumbai
Chhatrapati Shivaji
Jawaharlal Nehru
20°
BAY OF
BENGA
Hyderabad
16°
MYANMAR
Vishakhapatanam
L
Marmagao
AIR PORTS
12°
New Mangalore
Chennai
ARABIAN
SEA
8°N
72°
E
12°
SEA PORTS
Meenam Bakkam
Tuticorin
Kochi
Tiruvanantapuram
Nedimbacharry
INDIAN
76
°
8°N
SRI
LANKA
OCEAN
84
°
88
°
92
°
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