Supplementary material (S2) for the manuscript: “Cross-scale
impact of climate temporal variability on ecosystem water and
carbon fluxes”
Athanasios Paschalis a,b*, Simone Fatichi b, Gabriel G. Katul a,c, Valeriy Y. Ivanov d
a
Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University
b
Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich
c
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University
d
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
Figures illustrating validation of the T&C model for all the study sites are presented in the following. We
included only figures containing the most reliable and long observations available for each site. More
detailed information concerning the model performance for the same sites can be found elsewhere [Fatichi,
2010; Fatichi et al., 2012a, 2012b, 2014; Fatichi and Ivanov, 2014]. Specifically, the results for the UMBS
were reported in Fatichi, 2010; Fatichi et al., 2012a, 2014, for Lucky Hills in Fatichi, 2010; Fatichi et al.,
2012a, 2014 and the results from SMEAR II, Manaus and Duke Forest are presented for the first time in
this manuscript.
Figure S1: Model validation for the UMBS site. (a) Observed versus simulated soil moisture at 5, 15 and 30 cm depth. (b) Observed
versus simulated daily Gross Primary productivity (GPP). (c) The mean daily cycles for the entire simulation period of net
radiation 𝑅𝑛 , latent heat flux 𝜆𝛦, and sensible heat flux 𝐻. Circles represent observed fluxes, and lines represent simulated fluxes.
Figure S2: Model validation for the Lucky Hills site. (a) Observed versus simulated soil moisture at 5, 15, and 30 cm depth at two
locations: LHMET and TDRL1. (b) Observed versus simulated daily Gross Primary productivity (GPP). Observed values of GPP
are derived from the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) satellite data product. (c) The mean daily cycles
for the entire simulation period of net radiation 𝑅𝑛 , latent heat flux 𝜆𝛦, ground heat flux 𝐺, and sensible heat flux 𝐻. Circles
represent observed fluxes, and lines represent simulated fluxes.
Figure S3: Model validation for the Manaus site. (a) The mean daily cycles for the entire simulation period of net radiation 𝑅𝑛 ,
latent heat flux 𝜆𝛦, and sensible heat flux 𝐻. (b) The mean daily cycles of the standard deviations for the same fluxes. Circles
represent observed fluxes, and lines represent simulated fluxes.
Figure S4: Model validation for the Duke Forest loblolly pine site. (a) Observed versus simulated soil moisture at 10 cm depth. (b)
Observed versus simulated daily Leaf Area Index (LAI). (c) The mean daily cycles of net radiation 𝑅𝑛 , latent heat flux 𝜆𝛦, and
sensible heat flux 𝐻 for the entire simulation period. Circles represent observed fluxes, and lines represent simulated fluxes.
Figure S5: Model validation for the SMEARII site. (a) Observed versus simulated daily values of Gross Primary Productivity
(GPP). (b) The mean daily cycles of latent heat flux 𝜆𝛦 and sensible heat flux 𝐻 for the entire simulation period. Circles represent
observed fluxes, and lines represent simulated fluxes.
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