“Reducing Risks of Highly Hazardous Pesticides(HHPs)
in Mozambique”
FAO - Francesca Mancini, Harold van der Valk, Khalid Cassam and Mark Davis
Overview
Intensification of pesticide use in Mozambique over the last decade
… but also increased pesticide use per unit
agricultural production
Steady increase of pesticide imports …
Overview
Intensification of pesticide use in Mozambique over the last decade
… but other risks have increased over time
(here the total toxic load for fish)
A larger fraction of imported pesticides with lower
acute hazard to human health indicates success of
government policy …
Overview
Project outline
1.
Review pesticides registered in Mozambique against HHP criteria defined
by the Joint Meeting on Pesticide Management
2.
Conduct field surveys of identified HHPs to assess actual use and
exposure
3.
Develop a risk reduction plan for HHPs and cropping systems or use
situations posing high risks
4.
Initiate implementation of action plans (priority risk reduction activities)
Detailed steps/activities (next slide)
Step 1
Identification of registered HHPs
(mainly human health)
Step 2
Analysis of imported quantities
Step 3
Identification of pesticides of concern
(environment )
Throughout
Consultations with key stakeholders
Step 4
Survey on uses and conditions of use
Step 5
Recommendations for risk reduction
• Screening of pesticide products registered (till June 2012) using
JMPM criteria for HHPs
• Occupational health risk modeling
• Analysis of pesticides imported in terms of:
• Volumes
• Values
• Category of pesticides
• Assessment of pesticides imported (from 2002 to 2011) for their
hazard to:
• Fish and aquatic invertebrates (acute toxicity)
• Bees (acute toxicity)
• Leaching potential to ground water (GUS index)
• Bilateral meetings and workshops with e.g.:
• Commodities and pesticides companies
• Research institutes; Extension services
• Public health sector
• Field survey on key crops:
• Pesticide/crop/pest combinations
• Condition of use
• Health effects
• Based on step 1- 4, formulation of recommendations to reduce
the risks posed by HHPs and other pesticides of concern
Registered HHPs (JMPM criteria)
Step 1
Identification of registered HHPs
Review all pesticides authorized in Mozambique against the JMPM HHP
criteria:
• WHO classes Ia & Ib
• GHS carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, reproduction toxicity categories 1A &
1B
• Stockholm Convention: Annex A & B, and pesticides meeting criteria of
Annex D
• Rotterdam Convention: Annex III
• Montreal Protocol
• [… high incidence of severe or irreversible adverse effects on human
health or the environment.]
Step 1
Identified HHPs and “close-to-HHPs”
of which imported
(2010-2013)
HHPs: 13 a.i’s
Close to HHPs: 11 a.i.’s
Pesticides of concern to environmental health
(Hazard indicators for fish, aquatic invertebrates,
algae, bees and ground water leaching)
Overview
Trends in environmental risks of pesticides use in Mozambique over the last decade
Groundwater leaching potential
No significant changes in overall risk of groundwater
contamination
After years of increased risks to bees, the last few
years see safer pesticides being imported
Mozambique – Imported pesticides of specific concern to environmental
health
Type of hazard
Pesticides of primary concern
Fish
Lambda-cyhalothrin
Algae
Acetochlor
Honey bees
Imidacloprid
Leaching to groundwater
Tebuthiuron
Field survey
Practices and pesticides of concern to human health
Mozambique – Pesticides of concern to human health
Field survey on 325 farmers in 7 provinces
Farmer survey: Distribution of farmers over different crops
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Cotton
Tobacco
Vegetables, roots and tubers,pulses
Mozambique – highly hazardous pesticides
Field survey
Crop/pest/pesticide
combinations mentioned by farmers
• Diseases
Mancozeb
Methamidophos
Lambda Cyhalothrin
•bollworm complex
•aphids
•whitefly
Cypermethrin
• aphids
• bollworm
• grasshoppers
• snails
• whitefly
• Note: Farmer reporting on
wrong usage against
insects
• aphids
• bollworm
• grasshoppers
• mites
• snails/slugs
• whitefly
Imidacloprid
• ants
• aphids
• bollworm
• grasshoppers
• whitefly
Mozambique – highly hazardous pesticides
Field survey
Farmer exposure: PPE usage across the 7 provinces
Farmers hardly have
nor use PPE when
applying pesticides
Mozambique – highly hazardous pesticides
Field survey
Farmer Exposure: Discomfort or illness experienced during or after pesticide application
The majority of
farmers reports
symptoms of
pesticide exposure
or poisoning
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
no data
Não, nunca
40%
Sim, constante
30%
Sim, algumas vezes
20%
10%
0%
Cabo
Delgado
Nampula
Niassa
Cotton
Tete
Zambesia
Niassa
Tete
Tobacco
Gaza
Maputo
Maputo
Ciudade
Vegetables, roots and
tubers,pulses
Mozambique
– highly
hazardous pesticides
Você já sentiu
algum
desconforto/doença
depois
Field survey
ou durante a aplicação de pesticidas?
•
Pesticides most mentioned by farmers to cause discomfort or illness
(commercial names):
– Zakanaka Pro (profenofos + lambda-cyhalothrin)
– Zakanaka Top (acetamiprid + lambda-cyhalothrin)
– Zakanaka (undefined) (acetamiprid and/or lambda-cyhalothrin and/or profenofos)
– Zakanaka 6% & Lambda-cyhalothrin
– Methamidophos
– Cypermethrin
Recommendations
Registered HHPs not/hardly imported – Proposed measure
 immediate cancellation of all registrations
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Alachlor
Aldicarb
Carbendazim
Carbofuran
Diafenthiuron
Diazinon (> 300 g/L)
Diclofop–methyl
Difenacoum
Ethion
Fenamiphos
Iprodione
Furfural
Methidathion
Methiocarb
Monocrotophos
Terbufos
Thiodicarb
Zinc phosphide
Registered
HHPshazardous
still imported
Mozambique
– highly
pesticides
Proposed measures
Proposed
measures
2. Rodenticides
Brodifacoum (liquid formulation – 0.75 & 2.5 g/L)
– Imported and used for “liquid baiting”
– Extremely hazardous if it would become available on the
general market (Class Ib)
Difenacoum, Difethialone
– Small amounts imported
– Stockholm Annex D: persistent & bioaccumulative
Proposed measure
 Cancellation of all registrations
Alternatives to HHPs
Remain registered as rodenticides:
• Brodifacoum (blocks & pellets), Bromadiolone,
Coumatetralyl, Salmonella enteritidis
Registered HHPs still imported
proposed measures
3. Nematicides
Fenamiphos, furfural, aldicarb, carbofuran
• not/hardly imported
Oxamyl:
• Small amounts imported
• Very high acute toxicity
Proposed measure
 Cancellation of all registrations
Alternatives to HHPs
• Remain registered as nematicides:
Ethoprophos, Paecilomyces lilacinus
• Other (slightly) lower hazard
nematicides are available on the market
 Promote cultural control of nematodes:
crop rotation, solarisation, resistant
varieties, etc.
Registered HHPs still imported
proposed measures
4. Stored products
5. Quarantine
Aluminium phosphide
Proposed measure
 Maintain restricted registration;
• Distributor to certify sales only to
licensed users;
• Identify/test alternatives.
Methyl bromide (used but not
registered)
Proposed measure
 Register only for use in quarantine
and pre-shipment applications
(ref. Montreal Protocol)
•
Permethrin (+ pirimiphos-methyl) [also
domestic & public health use]
Proposed measure
 Review consumer risks in more detail
(suspected carcinogen);
• Possibly cancel use on food crops
Professional use only
Registered HHPs still imported
proposed measures
6. Malaria control
DDT (Stockholm Convention)
Proposed measure
 Maintain restricted registration
• Establish independent monitoring;
• Provide as water-soluble bags;
• Develop/promote alternative vector
control methods;
• Re-notify to Stockholm DDT Register
Bendiocarb (acute toxicity)
Proposed measure
 Maintain registration
Registered HHPs still imported
proposed measures
7. Vegetables
Mancozeb
 Maintain registration
• Re-assess minimum effective dose rates;
• Develop and fund full-fledged IPM programme
in smallholder vegetable production
Endosulfan (Stockholm & Rotterdam Conventions)
 Cancel all registrations at end of 2014
•
Methamidophos
 Cancel all registrations immediately
•
Speed up registration of low risk
alternative insecticides;
•
Develop and fund full-fledged IPM
programme in smallholder vegetable
production
Rotterdam Convention project will assess
alternatives
Registered HHPs still imported
proposed measures
7. Sugar cane
•
•
•
2,4-D dimethylamine (class Ib, dermal)
Paraquat (chronic toxicity)
Diuron (suspected carcinogen)
Proposed measure
 Cancel all registrations at end of 2014
• But discuss with sugar sector what alternatives available and whether realistic
risk reduction measures are still possible
Registered HHPs still imported
proposed measures
8. Others
Benomyl (mutagen, reproduction toxicant)
 Cancel all registrations
Chlorfenvinphos (WHO class II, but oral hazard
close to Class Ib)
 Cancel all registrations
Methomyl 900 g/kg (class Ib)
 Cancel all registrations
Methomyl 200 g/L
 Maintain registration
Carbaryl (in combination with metaldehyde)
[suspected carcinogen]
 Cancel all registrations
•
Register only metaldehyde as molluscicide
Dichlorvos 1000 g/L (class Ib)
Dichlorvos 100/195 g/L (class II)
 Restrict registration to: domestic fumigation,
pheromone traps
Oxyfluorfen (suspected carcinogen)
 Cancel all registrations
Formaldehyde (carcinogen)
 Further assess its actual use as
disinfectant, and associated risks
Other pesticides of concern
9. Pesticides with specific environmental concern
Acetochlor
Proposed measure
Imidacloprid
Lambda-cyhalothrin
 Conduct risk assessment using locally appropriate
models
Tebuthiuron
 Include in MICOA-AQUA monitoring programme
9. Pesticides with specific human health concern
Various
“Zakanaka”
products
Cypermethrin
Proposed measure
 Conduct detailed epidemiological
field study into health effects
Mozambique – highly hazardous pesticides
Mozambique – highly hazardous pesticides
Proposed measures
General
• Intensify information and awareness building of pesticide
users and about good practices and risk reduction
• Strengthen inspection and control of pesticide-related
activities
• Harmonize registration cancellations of highly hazardous
pesticides with neighbouring countries (ref. through SAPReF)