Energy Efficiency trends and policies in the Czech Republic
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in the Czech Republic
1
Date: 14 August 2015
Contact person: Jiří Spitz, ENVIROS, s. r. o., Czech Republic
The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not necessarily
reflect the opinion of the European Communities. The European Commission is not responsible for
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in the Czech Republic
2
any use that may be made of the information contained therein.
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in the Czech Republic
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TABLE OF CONTENT
TABLE OF CONTENT .............................................................................................................................4
LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................................5
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..........................................................................................................................7
Overall trends .............................................................................................................................................. 7
Industry ....................................................................................................................................................... 7
Households .................................................................................................................................................. 7
Tertiary sector ............................................................................................................................................. 7
Transport ..................................................................................................................................................... 8
1.
ECONOMIC AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY CONTEXT ...................................................................8
1.1.
Economic context........................................................................................................................... 8
1.2.
Total Energy consumption and intensities ................................................................................... 10
Energy consumption .....................................................................................................................................10
Energy efficiency...........................................................................................................................................13
2.
1.3.
Energy efficiency policy background ............................................................................................ 20
1.3.1.
Energy efficiency targets .............................................................................................................. 21
ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BUILDINGS ....................................................................................... 21
2.1.
Energy efficiency trends ............................................................................................................... 21
Tertiary sector ..............................................................................................................................................21
Residential sector .........................................................................................................................................24
2.2.
3.
4.
Energy efficiency policies ............................................................................................................. 29
ENERGY EFFIENCY IN TRANSPORT ........................................................................................ 30
3.1.
Energy efficiency trends ............................................................................................................... 30
3.2.
Energy efficiency policies ............................................................................................................. 32
ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN INDUSTRY ........................................................................................ 33
4.1.
Energy efficiency trends ............................................................................................................... 33
4.2.
Energy efficiency policies ............................................................................................................. 35
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in the Czech Republic
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Indices of GDP and value added at constant prices of 2005 ................................................................... 8
Figure 2: Yearly growth rates of GDP and value added at constant prices of 2005 ............................................... 9
Figure 3: Development of value added by sectors .................................................................................................. 9
Figure 4: Structure of value added by sectors ...................................................................................................... 10
Figure 5: Ratio of final and primary energy consumption .................................................................................... 10
Figure 6: Final energy consumption by sectors ..................................................................................................... 11
Figure 7: Structure of final energy consumption by sectors ................................................................................. 11
Figure 8: Final energy consumption by energy carrier .......................................................................................... 12
Figure 9: Structure of final energy consumption by energy carriers .................................................................... 12
Figure 10: Energy efficiency index (ODEX) ............................................................................................................ 13
Figure 11: Primary energy intensity ...................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 12: Comparison of primary energy efficiency in 2012 ............................................................................... 14
Figure 13: Comparison of primary energy efficiency in 2012 (PPP, scaled to average EU28 climate) .................. 14
Figure 14: Comparison of primary energy intensity (PPP, climate correction) ..................................................... 15
Figure 15: Decomposition of primary energy consumption change (2000 – 2012) .............................................. 15
Figure 16: Final energy intensity ........................................................................................................................... 16
Figure 17: Comparison of final energy efficiency in 2012 ..................................................................................... 16
Figure 18: Comparison of final energy efficiency in 2012 (PPP, scaled to average EU28 climate) ....................... 17
Figure 19: Comparison of final energy intensity (PPP, scaled to EU28 average structure and climate) ............... 17
Figure 20: Development of final energy intensity and impact of structural changes ........................................... 18
Figure 21: Variation of final energy consumption in 2000-2012 .......................................................................... 19
Figure 22: Variation of final energy consumption in 2000-2008 .......................................................................... 19
Figure 23: Variation of final energy consumption in 2008-2012 .......................................................................... 20
Figure 24: Final energy consumption of tertiary sector by energy carriers .......................................................... 21
Figure 25: Value added of tertiary sector at exchange rate.................................................................................. 22
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in the Czech Republic
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Figure 26: Energy intensity of tertiary sector ........................................................................................................ 22
Figure 27: Comparison of energy intensity of tertiary sector in 2012 (PPP, scaled to EU28 average climate) ..... 23
Figure 28: Comparison of energy intensity of tertiary sector (PPP, scaled to EU28 average climate) ................. 23
Figure 29: Decomposition of final energy consumption change in the tertiary sector (2000 - 2012) .................. 24
Figure 30: Final energy consumption of residential sector by energy carriers ..................................................... 24
Figure 31: Final energy consumption of residential sector by energy use ............................................................ 25
Figure 32: Final electricity consumption of residential sector by electricity use .................................................. 26
Figure 33: Comparison of unit energy consumption per dwelling in 2012 (scaled to EU28 average climate) ..... 26
2
Figure 34: Comparison of unit energy consumption per m in 2012 (scaled to EU28 average climate) .............. 27
Figure 35: Comparison of unit electricity consumption per dwelling in 2012 (scaled to EU28 average climate). 27
Figure 36: Comparison of unit energy consumption per dwelling (scaled to EU28 average climate) .................. 28
Figure 37: Decomposition of final energy consumption change in the residential sector (2000 - 2012) ............. 28
Figure 38: Decomposition of change of energy consumption for space heating in the residential sector (2000 2012) ............................................................................................................................................................ 29
Figure 39: Decomposition of final electricity consumption change in the residential sector (2000 - 2012) ........ 29
Figure 40: Passenger traffic and traffic of goods .................................................................................................. 31
Figure 41: Variation of consumption in transport (2000 - 2012) .......................................................................... 31
Figure 42: Comparison of energy intensity of freight transport in 2012 .............................................................. 32
Figure 43: Comparison of energy intensity of passenger transport in 2012 ......................................................... 32
Figure 44: Structure of final energy consumption in 2000, 2009 and 2012 .......................................................... 33
Figure 45: Energy efficiency index (2000=100%) .................................................................................................. 34
Figure 46: Comparison of energy intensity of industry in 2012 (PPP, scaled to EU28 average structure) ........... 34
Figure 47: Variation of consumption in industry 2000-2012 ................................................................................ 35
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in the Czech Republic
6
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report represents the case study of the Czech Republic for the IEE project “Monitoring of energy efficiency
in the EU (ODYSSEE MURE 2012)”. It describes energy efficiency trends in the Czech Republic in the period 2000
– 2012 and presents various energy efficiency indicators and comparisons from the ODYSSEE database.
Further it gives an overview of the most important energy efficiency policies and measures related to the
National Action Plan of Energy Efficiency which have been uploaded to the MURE database
OVERALL TRENDS
The energy efficiency index for the whole economy (ODEX) improved by 16.65 % during the period 2000 –
2012. Its decline was practically linear in the whole period. The EU28 average improvement was 13.54 % in the
same period. The improvement in the Czech Republic was faster than the EU28 average.
The primary energy intensity (in purchasing power parities) was 42.4 % higher in the Czech Republic than the
EU28 average in the year 2012. The final energy intensity (in purchasing power parities, scaled to EU28 average
climate and structure of sectors) was by 11.2 % higher than the EU28 average in the same year.
The Czech government decided to use an alternative scheme to comply with Article 7 of the Energy Efficiency
Directive and the selected alternative measures are mainly of financial character.
INDUSTRY
The energy efficiency index of industry improved with 18.2 % between 2000 and 2012. This improvement was
driven mainly by real technical energy savings. There are also high impacts of activity and of value of products.
However, these two factors almost compensate each other.
Energy intensity of manufacturing industry (in purchasing power parities, scaled to EU28 average structure of
sectors) was 2.3 % higher than in the EU28.
The main instrument to promote energy efficiency in industry is the Operational Programme Enterprise and
Innovation for Competitiveness.
HOUSEHOLDS
The energy efficiency index of households showed a drop of 23.2 % in the period 2000 – 2012. This decline in
energy consumption results from improving the status of buildings, better appliances and also high energy
prices. The improvements are partially compensated by higher living standard and more dwellings. The
decrease in the mentioned period is higher than EU-28 average of 18.7 %.
There are several subsidy programmes promoting energy efficiency in households. The most important
programme is the New Green Savings Programme 2014–2020 which can support measures on houses, where
subsidies from structural funds are not allowed.
TERTIARY SECTOR
The energy efficiency index of the tertiary sector decreased by 19.5 % during the period 2000 – 2012, whereas
the energy efficiency index of the EU28 did not decrease at all.
The main tools supposed to promote energy efficiency in the tertiary sector are the Operational Programme
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in the Czech Republic
7
Environment in the public sector and the Operational Programme Enterprise and Innovation for
Competitiveness in the commercial services.
TRANSPORT
In 2012, the energy efficiency index of the transport sector improved only by 6.8 % compared to the year 2000.
This development is influenced by a growth of road transport instead of public transport modes and lower
capacity utilisation in road transport. Import of old used cars from the Western Europe plays a negative role as
well. The improvement of the EU28 reached 13 % in the same period.
There is no special programme designed to promote energy efficiency in the transport sector. The required
savings will be reached mainly through reduction in the emission and energy intensity of passenger vehicles
placed on the market (common EU measure) and the Operational Programme Transport, which is primarily
oriented at improvement of transport infrastructure.
1.
ECONOMIC AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY CONTEXT
1.1.
ECONOMIC CONTEXT
The period 2000 – 2008 was characterised by a high economy growth reaching even more than 6 % yearly. On
the other hand, the economic recession after the year 2008 was one from the longest and deepest in the whole
EU and the country returned to economic grow only in the year 2014. The development of economic activity in
2015 is quite promising.
Figure 1: Indices of GDP and value added at constant prices of 2005
150
140
Index, 2005 = 100
130
120
GDP
Value added of agriculture
Value added of industry
Value added of tertiary
Private consumption of households
110
100
90
80
70
60
2000
2002
2004
2006
Year
2008
2010
2012
Source: ODYSSEE database
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in the Czech Republic
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Figure 2: Yearly growth rates of GDP and value added at constant prices of 2005
30%
20%
10%
[%]
0%
-10%
-20%
-30%
2000
GDP
Value added of agriculture
Value added of industry
Value added of tertiary
Private consumption of households
2002
2004
2006
Year
2008
2010
2012
Source: ODYSSEE database
Figure 3: Development of value added by sectors
140000
120000
[M€2005]
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
1995
Agriculture
2000
Construction
2005
Industry
2010
2012
Tertiary sector
Source: ODYSSEE database
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in the Czech Republic
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Figure 4: Structure of value added by sectors
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
1995
2000
Agriculture
2005
Construction
Industry
2010
2012
Tertiary sector
Source: ODYSSEE database
Industry has a high share on GDP formation in the Czech Republic – about 40 % – and its share is growing. It is
the dominant driver of the national economy.
TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND INTENSITIES
1.2.
ENERGY CONSUMPTION
The development of energy consumption corresponds to the economic activity. It grew in the favourable
period 2000 – 2008 and decreased after that. The ratio of final and primary energy consumption is relatively
low – about 60 % - and it slowly decreases. The low value of the ratio is given by a high share of nuclear power
generation (of about 40 %) with low energy efficiency. The decreasing tendency is given by electricity exports.
It is partially compensated by increasing share of renewable energy in the past years.
Figure 5: Ratio of final and primary energy consumption
2500
100%
2000
80%
1500
60%
1000
40%
500
20%
0
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Total primary consumption with climatic corrections [PJ]
Total final consumption with climatic corrections [PJ]
Ratio of final an primary energy consumption [%]
0%
2015
Source: ODYSSEE database
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in the Czech Republic
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Figure 6: Final energy consumption by sectors
1400
1200
[PJ]
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1990
Agriculture
1995
Industry
2000
Construction
2005
Tertiary
2010
Transport
2012
Residential
Source: ODYSSEE database
The structure of final energy consumption is characterized by a big drop in the share of industry, strongly rising
share of transport and slightly growing share of the tertiary sector.
Figure 7: Structure of final energy consumption by sectors
100%
90%
80%
70%
[%]
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
1990
Agriculture
1995
Industry
2000
Construction
2005
Tertiary
2010
Transport
2012
Residential
Source: ODYSSEE database
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in the Czech Republic
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Figure 8: Final energy consumption by energy carrier
1600
1400
1200
[PJ]
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1990
Coal
1995
Electricity
2000
Gas
Heat
2005
2010
Oil products
Renewable
2012
Source: ODYSSEE database
As regards structure of energy carriers in the final energy consumption, the share of coal decreases both in
absolute and relative figures. The heat consumption is dropping as well. The gas consumption in absolute
figures remains almost stable. The consumption of renewable energy sources is growing. The significant growth
of oil products consumption results from increasing road transport.
Figure 9: Structure of final energy consumption by energy carriers
100%
90%
80%
70%
[%]
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
1990
Coal
1995
Electricity
2000
Gas
Heat
2005
2010
Oil products
Renewable
2012
Source: ODYSSEE database
The following figure, showing ODYSSEE energy efficiency index, indicates, that energy efficiency improved in all
sectors during the period 2000 – 2012. The best improvement was reached in the households sector – 23.2 %.
Services and industry are performing also well (19.5 % respectively 18.2 %). Transport exhibits only a slight
improvement of 6.8 %.
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in the Czech Republic
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ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Figure 10: Energy efficiency index (ODEX)
120,0
100,0
80,0
60,0
40,0
20,0
0,0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Households 100,0 98,2 96,6 94,6 91,7 88,7 86,2 85,4 84,2 82,3 80,1 77,8 76,8
Industry
100,0 97,7 95,4 92,5 90,7 89,3 87,6 85,8 84,4 83,8 83,0 82,3 81,8
Tertiary
100,0 98,0 97,2 97,2 97,2 91,4 88,8 85,6 85,6 81,7 80,5 80,5 80,5
Transport
100,0 99,3 96,9 96,1 96,1 95,6 95,4 95,1 95,0 94,5 94,3 93,5 93,2
Source: ODYSSEE database
The primary energy intensity is shown in the following figure in two variants – at exchange rate and at
purchasing power parity (PPP) with correction to the EU average climate. It is obvious, that figures expressed at
PPP are substantially lower than those expressed at exchange rate. With exception of the year 2010, both
intensities are decreasing in the period 2000 – 2012.
Figure 11: Primary energy intensity
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1985
1990
1995
2000
In exchange rate [MJ/€2005]
2005
2010
2015
In PPP (2005) with climate correction [MJ/€2005p]
Source: ODYSSEE database
Following two figures compare primary energy intensity in the Czech Republic with other EU countries in the
year 2012. The Czech Republic has almost the highest primary energy intensity in the whole EU. It is three
times higher than EU average when expressed at exchange range and by 40 % higher when expressed at PPP.
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in the Czech Republic
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Figure 12: Comparison of primary energy efficiency in 2012
35
30
MJ/€2005
25
20
15
10
5
BG
CZ
SK
LV
PL
LT
SI
HR
FI
MT
CY
SE
GR
EU28
FR
NL
LU
DE
PT
ES
AT
IT
GB
DK
IE
BE
EE
HU
RO
0
Source: ODYSSEE database
Figure 13: Comparison of primary energy efficiency in 2012 (PPP, scaled to average EU28 climate)
12
MJ/€2005p
10
8
6
4
2
BG
FI
CZ
SE
SK
SI
PL
LV
FR
LU
LT
NL
CY
EU28
HR
DE
GR
AT
MT
IT
DK
ES
GB
PT
IE
BE
EE
HU
RO
0
Source: ODYSSEE database
The next picture compares the Czech primary energy intensity with some developed EU countries (expressed at
PPP). We can observe that the Czech primary energy efficiency is getting nearer to the selected countries.
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in the Czech Republic
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Figure 14: Comparison of primary energy intensity (PPP, climate correction)
16
14
[MJ/€2005p]
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1990
1995
AT
2000
BE
CZ
2005
EU28
FR
2010
DE
Source: ODYSSEE database
The insight in the primary energy intensity change in the Czech Republic between the years 2000 and 2012
presents the following figure. Decrease of final energy consumption causes drop of primary energy
consumption by 62.6 PJ. The climate correction between the years 2000 and 2012 amounts 32.5 PJ. As most
electricity is produced in thermal power plants, increased electricity penetration in the final energy
consumption leads to rise of primary energy consumption by 115.4 PJ. Introduction of renewable power
sources leads to decrease of primary energy consumption by 32.3 PJ. Finally, introduction of new blocks in the
nuclear power plant Temelin after the year 2000 increased primary energy consumption by 39.9 PJ.
Figure 15: Decomposition of primary energy consumption change (2000 – 2012)
140
Variation primary cons.
115,4
120
100
Var. cons. final (normal
climate)
80
[PJ]
60
41,1
39,9
32,5
40
20
Climate
Electricity penetration
0
Power mix (renewable)
-20
-40
-32,3
-60
-80
-62,6
Efficiency of thermal power
plants
Source: ODYSSEE database
The final energy intensity is shown again in two variants in the following figure – at exchange rate and at
purchasing power parity (PPP) with correction to the EU average climate and structure of sectors. We observe
similar pattern as with the primary energy consumption. Figures expressed in PPP and with correction to the
economy structure are substantially lower than those expressed at exchange rate. Both lines exhibit decreasing
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in the Czech Republic
15
tendency in the period 2000 – 2012.
Figure 16: Final energy intensity
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
At exchange rate [MJ/€2005]
At PPP (2005), adjusted for industry & economic structure & climate [MJ/€2005p]
Source: ODYSSEE database
Figure 17: Comparison of final energy efficiency in 2012
16
14
MJ/€2005
12
10
8
6
4
2
BG
LV
SK
CZ
LT
PL
HR
FI
SI
LU
CY
PT
GR
AT
SE
EU28
NL
DE
ES
IT
FR
MT
GB
DK
IE
BE
EE
HU
RO
0
Source: ODYSSEE database
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in the Czech Republic
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Figure 18: Comparison of final energy efficiency in 2012 (PPP, scaled to average EU28 climate)
9
8
MJ/€2005p
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
FI
LV
LU
BG
SI
SE
CZ
SK
PL
AT
HR
CY
LT
NL
DK
EU28
FR
DE
IT
PT
GR
ES
GB
IE
MT
BE
EE
HU
RO
0
Source: ODYSSEE database
Position of the Czech Republic among EU countries is not so bad in the year 2012 in comparison with the
primary energy intensity. However, the final energy consumption is still markedly higher than EU average. The
following figure shows comparison with selected developed EU countries. The Czech Republic progressed
toward to the EU average and outran two comparable countries.
Figure 19: Comparison of final energy intensity (PPP, scaled to EU28 average structure and climate)
8
7
[MJ/€2005p]
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1995
1997
1999
AT
2001
BE
2003
CZ
2005
EU28
2007
FR
2009
2011
DE
Source: ODYSSEE database
Following four figures analyse the partial changes behind the final energy consumption drop between the years
2000 and 2012.
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in the Czech Republic
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Figure 20: Development of final energy intensity and impact of structural changes
16
1,5
1,0
14
13
0,5
12
11
0,0
10
-0,5
9
8
-1,0
7
Impact of structural changes
6
-1,5
Impact of structural changes
[MJ/€2005]
Change of final energy efficiency
[MJ/€2005]
15
199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012
Source: ODYSSEE database
The decomposition of the final energy consumption variation is calculated by combining the sectoral
decomposition, i.e. by adding the contribution of the different drivers by end-use sector (industry, transport,
households, services and agriculture) in broad categories, as follows:







Activity effect: captures the changes in the value added and measures the impact of the
economic activity on the energy consumption;
Demography effect: increasing number of dwellings;
Lifestyles: more appliances and larger dwellings for households
Effect of structural changes: Illustrates the fact that individual branches with different energy
intensities are not growing at the same rate
Energy savings: derived from ODEX, an indicator that measures the energy efficiency progress by main
sector and for the whole economy. Energy savings represent “technical savings”, i.e. net of the
negative savings due to inefficient operation in case of low capacity utilization.
Climatic effect: climatic difference between years
Other effects: behaviours for households, value of product in industry, labour productivity in services
and "negative" savings due to inefficient operations in industry and transport.
Figure 21 shows variation of final energy consumption over the period 2000 – 2012. Final energy consumption
decreased by 30.1 PJ (blue bar on the left), which was the result of seven balancing effects: activity (0 PJ),
demography (22.1 PJ), lifestyles (25 PJ), structure (14,5 PJ), energy savings (-193 PJ), climate (32.5 PJ) and other
(68.7 PJ) where the main driver is passenger transport, which explains almost 55 PJ of increase.
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in the Czech Republic
18
Figure 21: Variation of final energy consumption in 2000-2012
100
68,7
32,5
50
22,1
25
0
Total
14,5
Activity
[PJ]
0
-50
Demography
Lifestyles
-30,1
Structure
Energy savings
-100
Climate
-150
Other
-200
-193
Source: ODYSSEE database
Figure 22 shows variation of final energy consumption before the financial crisis. Final energy consumption
increased by 35.4 PJ. Better performance of the economy led to increase of 61.2 PJ, while energy savings
contributed to decrease 144.7 PJ. If we look at Figure 23 which shows variation of final energy consumption
during and after the crisis, we can see structural changes, which led to decrease of 9.3 PJ. Most of the gains do
not come from energy savings but from the activity effect. This figure clearly shows, that the financial crisis
affected not only industry and service sector, but also residential sector (the lifestyles effect).
Figure 22: Variation of final energy consumption in 2000-2008
100
61,2
50
52,7
35,4
14,4
18,8
23,8
9,2
[PJ]
0
Total
Activity
Demography
Lifestyles
-50
Structure
Energy savings
-100
Climate
-150
-144,7
Other
-200
Source: ODYSSEE database
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in the Czech Republic
19
Figure 23: Variation of final energy consumption in 2008-2012
100
Total
50
7,7
23,2
6,3
[PJ]
0
Activity
Demography
-9,3
Lifestyles
-50
-100
16
-65,6 -61,2
-48,3
Structure
Energy savings
Climate
-150
Other
-200
Source: ODYSSEE database
ENERGY EFFICIENCY POLICY BACKGROUND
1.3.
To comply with Article 7 of the Energy Efficiency Directive, the Czech Republic has opted to implement a set of
other policy measures in accordance with Article 7(9).
Of the other policy measures offered and described by the Directive, the Czech Republic will make use of
financing schemes and instruments, as well as training and education, including energy advisory programs, that
lead to the application of energy-efficient technology or techniques and have the effect of reducing end-use
energy consumption.



Financial engineering instruments
Investment subsidies
Non-investment subsidies (analyses of the appropriateness of the Energy Performance Contracting
method, energy management, education: advice centres, seminars, publications)
These methods enjoy a long-standing tradition in the Czech Republic. Appropriate processes are established
here for the approval of individual projects, and all stakeholders (public authorities, entrusted parties and
beneficiaries from the ranks of natural persons and legal persons – public administration, businesses, housing
cooperatives, and unit owner associations) have experience in them.
If financial resources for the above forms of support are exhausted and are insufficient to achieve the savings
target set by the Directive, the government will investigate other instruments feasible under alternative policy
measures. If further alternative measures cannot be used and there are insufficient financial resources to
pursue the energy-saving target in an alternative scheme, it is assumed that an energy efficiency obligation
scheme will be introduced in order to work towards the target. Presumably, the introduction of an energy
efficiency obligation scheme will be preceded by a trial stage in which companies will be able to take part on a
voluntary basis.
At this stage, the government has no plans to introduce any of the following beyond the requirements of EU
legislation:

Taxes (on energy or carbon dioxide);
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in the Czech Republic
20



Regulation;
Stricter rules and standards;
Labelling.
1.3.1. ENERGY EFFICIENCY TARGETS
Besides the National Energy Efficiency Action Plan, the Czech Republic has no sector specific or cross-cutting
energy efficiency targets. The NEEAP-2014 energy savings target for the year 2020 was set at 47.78 PJ.
2.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BUILDINGS
2.1.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY TRENDS
Tertiary and residential sectors represent a substantial part of energy consumption in buildings.
TERTIARY SECTOR
The following figure shows development and structure of final energy consumption of the tertiary sector.
Figure 24: Final energy consumption of tertiary sector by energy carriers
160
140
120
[PJ]
100
80
60
40
20
0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Coal
Electricity
Gas
Heat
Oil
Renewable
Source: ODYSSEE database
The energy consumption growth of services up to the year 2004 was driven mainly by the rapid development of
supermarkets and their feeding infrastructure. As regards structure of energy carriers, we can observe two
noticeable changes in consumption of the tertiary sector:


Consumption of coal decreased from 10.1 to 1.1 PJ in the period 2000 – 2012;
Consumption of heat decreased from 25.7 to 18.2 PJ in the same period.
The drop of coal and heat was replaced by electricity and gas.
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in the Czech Republic
21
Figure 25: Value added of tertiary sector at exchange rate
70000
60000
[M€2005]
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Source: ODYSSEE database
The value added of the tertiary sector grew between the years 2000 – 2008. The economic recession stooped
the growth after the year 2008. The growth was renewed only in the year 2014.
Combining the energy consumption and value added of the tertiary sector we obtain a bit strange development
of energy intensity of this sector.
Figure 26: Energy intensity of tertiary sector
3,5
3
2,5
2
1,5
1
0,5
0
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
At exchange rate [MJ/€2005]
At PPP (2005) and normal climate [MJ/€2005p]
Source: ODYSSEE database
The following figure informs us, that energy intensity of the tertiary sector is substantially higher than the EU
average and the position of the Czech Republic is not very favourable.
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in the Czech Republic
22
Figure 27: Comparison of energy intensity of tertiary sector in 2012 (PPP, scaled to EU28 average climate)
1,6
1,4
MJ/€2005p
1,2
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
FI
LV
SK
SE
CZ
LU
PL
BG
IT
NL
SI
LT
EU28
FR
DK
HR
DE
CY
AT
GR
GB
PT
IE
ES
MT
BE
EE
HU
RO
0,0
Source: ODYSSEE database
The same conclusion we can draw from the comparison with selected developed EU countries over a longer
period, as illustrated on the next figure.
Figure 28: Comparison of energy intensity of tertiary sector (PPP, scaled to EU28 average climate)
1,8
1,6
[MJ/€2005p]
1,4
1,2
1
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
1990
1995
AT
2000
BE
CZ
2005
EU28
FR
2010
DE
Source: ODYSSEE database
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in the Czech Republic
23
Figure 29: Decomposition of final energy consumption change in the tertiary sector (2000 - 2012)
50
38,6
40
30
Variation consumption
[PJ]
20
10,6
10
Climate
2,1
Activity
0
Energy savings
-10
Productivity
-20
-19,8
-30
-27,3
-40
Source: ODYSSEE database
We can make the following conclusions from the decomposition of final energy consumption change in the
tertiary sector in the period 2000 – 2012:




Climate correction can explain 10.6 PJ of the total change in final energy consumption of the tertiary
sector.
Activity growth of the sector led to increase of final energy consumption of the tertiary sector by 38.6
PJ.
Energy saving caused drop of final energy consumption of the sector by 27.3 PJ.
Increase of productivity is responsible for savings of 19.8 PJ.
RESIDENTIAL SECTOR
Figure 30: Final energy consumption of residential sector by energy carriers
350
300
[PJ]
250
200
150
100
50
0
1990
1995
Coal
Electricity
2000
Gas
2005
Heat
Oil
2010
2012
Renewable
Source: ODYSSEE database
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in the Czech Republic
24
The structure of energy carriers used in the residential sector is changing.





Coal consumption decreased and it remains almost stable after the year 2010. The current stagnation
is caused by presence of locations, where individual coal boilers are still the most affordable heating
technology.
Gas replaces coal and its share in the final consumption of residential sector increased. However, high
gas prices limit further use of gas and there are still quite a lot places without connection to the
transmission pipelines.
Heating with electricity is expensive as well and so electricity consumption for heating in households
does not change substantially.
Heat use in households decreases as a result of massive insulation of collective houses. We observe
also an adverse tendency – households fed from gas-based CHPs experience increasing heat prices and
tend to disconnect from district heating and switch to local gas boilers.
Use of wood in family houses rises.
Figure 31: Final energy consumption of residential sector by energy use
300
250
[PJ]
200
150
100
50
0
1995
2000
Cooking
2005
Space heating
2010
2012
Other
Source: ODYSSEE database
Structure of energy consumption by type of use did not change in the period 2000 – 2012.
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in the Czech Republic
25
Figure 32: Final electricity consumption of residential sector by electricity use
60
50
[PJ]
40
30
20
10
0
1995
2000
Cooking
2005
Space heating
2010
2012
Other
Source: ODYSSEE database
Uses of electricity are changing. Use of electricity for space heating is decreasing as a consequence of high
electricity prices. Use of electricity for cooking increased and from the year 2005 remains stable. Consumption
of appliances growths – rising number of appliances overshadows the energy efficiency improvement of
electric appliances.
Figure 33: Comparison of unit energy consumption per dwelling in 2012 (scaled to EU28 average climate)
100
90
80
GJ/dwelling
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
LU
GR
FR
AT
FI
IE
SI
GB
IT
DE
NL
DK
EU28
SE
LV
CZ
PL
HR
ES
SK
LT
CY
BG
PT
MT
BE
EE
HU
RO
0
Source: ODYSSEE database
Unit energy consumption per dwelling is lower in the Czech Republic than the EU average. Even though, the
insulation of houses in the Czech Republic still lags behind other comparable countries, Czech dwellings are
smaller and ownership ratio of appliances is also lower in the Czech Republic. The following figure, where the
unit energy consumption is calculated per square meter, confirms our statement on poorer thermal insulation
of houses in the Czech republic.
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in the Czech Republic
26
Figure 34: Comparison of unit energy consumption per m2 in 2012 (scaled to EU28 average climate)
1 000
900
800
MJ/m2
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
LV
GR
SI
FR
PL
DE
GB
CZ
AT
FI
HR
IT
EU28
SE
LT
SK
IE
ES
NL
DK
BG
PT
CY
BE
EE
HU
LU
MT
RO
0
Source: ODYSSEE database
Figure 35: Comparison of unit electricity consumption per dwelling in 2012 (scaled to EU28 average climate)
12 000
kWh/dwelling
10 000
8 000
6 000
4 000
2 000
SE
FI
FR
IE
CY
AT
LU
GB
ES
GR
SI
HR
EU28
DK
DE
CZ
NL
BG
PT
MT
SK
IT
LV
PL
LT
BE
EE
HU
RO
0
Source: ODYSSEE database
Unit electricity consumption per dwelling in the Czech Republic is also lower than the EU average.
The unit energy consumption per dwelling remains under that of comparable countries for the whole period
1990 – 2012, but the difference is slowly decreasing. As regards the trend in the Czech Republic, it was
stagnating up to year 2003 and then it began to decrease – by 5.4 PJ in the period 2000 – 2012.
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in the Czech Republic
27
Figure 36: Comparison of unit energy consumption per dwelling (scaled to EU28 average climate)
120
100
[GJ/byt]
80
60
40
20
0
1990
1995
AT
2000
BE
CZ
2005
EU28
FR
2010
DE
Source: ODYSSEE database
Following three figures analyse the change of final energy consumption of dwellings in the Czech Republic
between the years 2000 and 2012.
Figure 37: Decomposition of final energy consumption change in the residential sector (2000 - 2012)
40
24,3
21,9 22,1
20
Variation consumption
0,8
Climate
[PJ]
0
-4,8
-5,4
-20
More dwellings
More appliances per dwelling
Larger homes
-40
Energy savings
Other
-60
-80
-69,6
Source: ODYSSEE database
The biggest item of energy consumption change in household consumption belongs to energy savings (69.6 PJ).
It corresponds to massive insulation of old collective houses during the past decade. Climate difference,
eradication of new living houses, larger dwellings in new houses and more electric appliances led to increase of
the final consumption by 69.1 PJ together. Other effects decreased the consumption by 4.8 PJ.
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in the Czech Republic
28
Figure 38: Decomposition of change of energy consumption for space heating in the residential sector (2000 - 2012)
30
21,9
20
15,6 17,5
5,1
10
Variation consumption
Climate effect
0
[PJ]
-10
-5,4
-5,5
More dwellings
-20
Larger homes
-30
Penetration of central heating
-40
Energy savings
-50
Behaviour
-60
-60,2
-70
Source: ODYSSEE database
As space heating constitutes a significant part of the energy consumption of households, decomposition of its
change exhibits similar pattern as the change of total energy consumption. Energy savings amount to 60.2 PJ,
climate, increased number of dwellings, larger homes and penetration of district heating increased the unit
consumption for space heating per dwelling by 60.1 PJ and other effects bring about savings of 5.4 PJ.
Figure 39: Decomposition of final electricity consumption change in the residential sector (2000 - 2012)
4
3,2
3
2
[PJ]
1
0
Variation consumption
-1
Equipment ownership
-2
-3
Energy savings
-1,9
-4
-5
-6
-5,1
Source: ODYSSEE database
The change of electricity consumption in households decreased due to energy savings (5.1 PJ), increased
equipment ownership caused energy consumption rise by 3.2 PJ.
2.2.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY POLICIES
The New Green Savings 2014–2020 programme represents the flagship among measures designed for the
household sector. The New Green Savings Programme, managed by the Ministry of the Environment and
administered by the State Environmental Fund, is financed from revenues generated by auctions of emission
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in the Czech Republic
29
allowances within the EU ETS. Section 4 of the Act on the Conditions of Trading in Greenhouse Gas Emission
Allowances (Act No 383/2012) purposefully links at least half of the revenue from auctions to measures
reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. Of that amount, roughly two thirds of the revenue will be channelled
into the budgetary heading of the Ministry of the Environment and one third will make its way to the budgetary
heading of the Ministry of Industry and Trade in the period between 2013 and 2020. Revenue for the heading
of the Ministry of the Environment up to 2020 is estimated at CZK 27 billion. These resources have been
declared for use in the New Green Savings Programme. The New Green Savings Programme focuses on singlefamily buildings (energy-saving renovation and construction to the passive energy standard) because this area
cannot be covered with European Structural and Cohesion Funds. It may also be used to finance other types of
buildings that cannot be supported under the new operational programmes (e.g. the new construction of
multi-family buildings to a passive standard, energy-saving renovation of multi-family buildings in Prague). The
expected energy savings are 14.3 PJ.
As regards operational programmes in the new programming period, the support of energy savings in buildings
is mentioned in four programme documents: OP Enterprise and Innovation for Competitiveness, OP
Environment, Integrated Regional Operational Programme and OP Prague – Growth Pole. In the way they have
been configured, the OP Enterprise and Innovation for Competitiveness will promote energy savings in
buildings in the business sphere, while the OP Environment will focus on public buildings, the Integrated
Regional Operational Programme on multi-family buildings, and the OP Prague – Growth Pole on selected
public buildings in the capital. The expected budgets allocated for energy savings and energy savings are as
follows:



Proposed budget of the OP Environment for energy savings is 10 billion CZK for the households sector
with expected savings of 3 PJ and 13.4 billion CZK for the tertiary sector with expected savings of 1.98
PJ.
The Integrated Regional Operational Programme has proposed budget of16.9 billion CZK and expected
energy savings 9 PJ.
The OP Prague – Growth Pole has only a marginal expected energy savings of 0.033 PJ with a budget of
1 billion CZK.
3.
ENERGY EFFIENCY IN TRANSPORT
3.1.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY TRENDS
The transport sector consumed 182.6 PJ in 2000. In the period 2000 – 2008, the energy consumption increased
by 5.5 % per year and reached 279.8 PJ. Since 2008, energy consumption has been decreasing quite rapidly
having dropped to 253.2 PJ in 2012.
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in the Czech Republic
30
80
106
70
104
60
102
50
100
40
98
30
96
20
Traffic of goods
94
10
Total passenger traffic
92
0
Passenger trafifc [Gpkm]
Traffic of goods [Gtkm]
Figure 40: Passenger traffic and traffic of goods
90
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Source: ODYSSEE database
The economic crisis resulted in a remarkable drop in the traffic of goods which was in 2009 by 13 % lower than
in 2008. Similarly, but one year later, it happened in passenger traffic as well – in 2010 it was by 8 % lower than
in 2009. In 2012 passenger traffic was only 1% higher than in 2000. Figure 41 explains, why the energy
consumption increased in the period 2000 – 2012 while passenger traffic were more or less unchanged and
traffic of goods increased only by 15 %. Variation in consumption (70.5 PJ) is mainly caused by other effects
(64.5 PJ), which means that average rate of car occupancy (person/car) dramatically decreased.
Figure 41: Variation of consumption in transport (2000 - 2012)
80
70
60
50
[PJ]
40
30
Variation consumption
70,5
64,5
Energy savings
20
10
Modal shift
18,7
3,7
0
-10
Activity
Other effects
-16,4
-20
-30
Source: ODYSSEE database
Variation consumption:
Activity:
Energy savings:
Modal shift:
Other effects:
passenger transport 45.4 PJ, freight transport 25.2 PJ
passenger transport 7.5 PJ, freight transport 11.2 PJ
passenger transport -14.9 PJ, freight transport -1.9 PJ
passenger transport -1.9 PJ, freight transport 5.9 PJ
passenger transport 45.4 PJ, freight transport 25.2 PJ
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in the Czech Republic
31
Figure 42: Comparison of energy intensity of freight transport in 2012
7
6
MJ/tkm
5
4
3
2
1
LV
SI
DK
CZ
DE
AT
SE
FI
ES
EU28
PT
NL
FR
HR
GB
IT
IE
GR
0
Source: ODYSSEE database
Energy efficiency of freight transport is below the EU28 average. It is due to higher rate (21.6 %) of rail traffic in
total traffic of goods in the Czech Republic. However, this rate was much higher in 2000 (30.5 %). Average EU
countries rate was 18.1 % in 2012.
Figure 43: Comparison of energy intensity of passenger transport in 2012
3,5
MJ/personkm
3,0
2,5
2,0
1,5
1,0
0,5
LV
HR
FR
IT
GB
SE
GR
EU28
DE
FI
AT
PT
CZ
NL
DK
ES
SI
IE
CY
0,0
Source: ODYSSEE database
Passenger transport is more energy intensive than EU28 average. The reasons are as follows:
 Average cars in the Czech Republic are older with high specific consumption
 lower occupancy rate per car
ENERGY EFFICIENCY POLICIES
3.2.
There are only four measures promoting energy efficiency in the transport sector in the NEEAP.

Reduction in the emission and energy intensity of passenger vehicles placed on the market. It is a
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in the Czech Republic
32
common EU measure and it is expected to bring the highest energy savings of 6.11 PJ in the transport
sector.
Operational Programme Transport, which should support mainly infrastructure development of road
and rail transport, is supposed to bring 3.016 PJ of energy savings.
National strategy for the development of cycling transport is a measure with only low energy savings
of 0.315 PJ
Operational Programme Prague Growth Pole – transport part will initiate only marginal energy savings
of 0.091 PJ.



4.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN INDUSTRY
4.1.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY TRENDS
Industry consumed 34 % of final energy in 2012, which is less than in 2000 (40 %). Energy consumption in 2012
was 20 % below its 2000 level (10 % below 2009 level). The main reason is the impact of the crisis, because
industrial activity (measured in value added) was on the same level in 2012 and in 2009.
Figure 44: Structure of final energy consumption in 2000, 2009 and 2012
100%
90%
80%
70%
Electricity
60%
RES
50%
Heat
40%
Gas
30%
Oil
20%
Coal
10%
0%
2000
2009
2012
Source: ODYSSEE database
In the period 2000 – 2012 we can see structural changes in final energy consumption, which was however
caused by the crisis. Electricity consumption increased from 68.2 PJ in 2000 to 78.5 PJ in 2009 and 81.7 PJ in
2012. Share of coal decreased to 27 % in 2012 (36% in 2000). Share of renewable energy sources increased
from 1 % in 2000 to 7 % in 2012.
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in the Czech Republic
33
Figure 45: Energy efficiency index (2000=100%)
100
Czech Rep.
%
95
European Union
90
85
80
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
Source: ODYSSEE database
Energy efficiency improved rapidly in the Czech Republic between 2000 and 2008 (1.9 %/year). Since 2008
there is slight progress, which is on the same level like in all EU states. The average trend in energy efficiency
over 2000 – 2012 was 1.3 %/year in the Czech Republic and 1.1 %/year in the EU. Since the beginning of the
crisis, the energy efficiency index of the Czech Republic keeps in line with the development of the index of the
European Union.
Figure 46: Comparison of energy intensity of industry in 2012 (PPP, scaled to EU28 average structure)
14
12
MJ/€2005p
10
8
6
4
2
MT
LT
CY
HR
GB
SI
SK
DK
IT
PL
GR
ES
DE
NL
AT
EU28
CZ
LV
LU
BG
IE
FI
0
Source: ODYSSEE database
Energy intensity of industry expressed at purchase power parities and scaled to EU average structure shows
that the Czech Republic is just a little bit behind EU average.
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in the Czech Republic
34
Figure 47: Variation of consumption in industry 2000-2012
80
60
40
20
[PJ]
Variation consumption
53,4
Activity
10,8
0
Structure
-14,4
-20
-40
-53,7
-83,8
-80
-60
Value of products
Energy savings
Other
-80
-100
Source: ODYSSEE database
Industrial energy consumption decreased by 83.8 PJ between 2000 and 2012. It is almost equal to the energy
savings achieved. Industrial activity contributed to increase in consumption by 53.7 PJ, which was balanced by
the effect of the decreasing value of production (lower value added per unit of production). Structural effects
had only a marginal effect.
4.2.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY POLICIES
Promoting of energy efficiency in the Czech Republic is represented by a financial measure – Operational
Program Enterprise and Innovation for Competitiveness (OP PIK), which follows the previous Operational
Program Industry and Enterprise. OP PIK has 4 priority axes. Priority axis 3 focuses on the shift to energyefficient, low-carbon economy consisting primarily of increasing the energy efficiency in industry and using
renewable energy sources. Target audience are all business entities (small, medium-sized and, where
appropriate, large enterprises).
Expected energy savings based on ex-ante evaluation are 6.9 PJ for the period 2014 – 2016 and 9.14 PJ for the
period 2016 – 2020. Additional 4 PJ of energy savings are expected in the tertiary sector. The Operational
Programme Enterprise and Innovation for Competitiveness is the most important measure how to achieve
national target of final energy savings (47.8 PJ).
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in the Czech Republic
35