Comp. 2 – Macromolecules
Organic compounds
 ____________________ _____________________ - usually bonded to oxygen, hydrogen, and other carbon
atoms.
 Most of the matter in your body is _______________!!
 These are compounds that usually come from organisms
Macromolecules
 Cells and their organelles are made up of smaller building blocks called ______________________________.
 There are 4 basic types of macromolecules. They are:
o ________________
o ____________________
o __________________________
o ________________ ______________
 Monomers and polymers
o Macromolecules are actually made up of even smaller subunits. Each subunit of a
macromolecule is called a ________________
o The macromolecules themselves are called ___________________, because they are made up of
many of these subunits.
o Monomer: ______________ basic unit or subunit
o Polymer: a chain of ____________ basic units
Carbohydrates
 Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a _____________ __________________.
 Key source of ______________ - found in fruits and vegetables.
 _________________________________ - single sugars.
o The building blocks of carbs
o Ends in __________
o Examples: glucose, fructose, maltose
 Monomer (basic unit): simple sugars or _________________________________
o Ex: glucose
 Polymer (chain of units): complex carbohydrates or __________________________
o Ex: starch, cellulose, chitin, glycogen
 Disaccharides and polysaccharides
o Disaccharides - _________ sugars
 Glucose + fructose = sucrose
o Polysaccharides
 A macromolecule made of ______________ _____________
 Storehouse for _______________
 Excess energy is stored as:
 ________________ - in plants
 _________________ - in animals
 _________________ - found in plant cell walls
 Indicator tests
o Simple sugars
 ____________________ __________________: blue solution turns orange/green/brown
o Complex carbs
 _______________ _______________/ ____________________: turns from orange-red-brown to
black-purple
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Let’s draw a glucose molecule!
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Dehydration synthesis: making carbohydrates
o Dehydrate means to ___________ ______________ ________________
o #1 and #4 carbon will form a _______________ by removing water.
o What is left?
__________________________ - adding water to break the bonds
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Lipids
 Are ____________________
 Fats, phospholipids, _______________ (cholesterol) and waxes
 Fats are lipids that store ________________ for long term, make up the cell membrane (phospholipids),
provide cell __________________, and provide insulation
 Lipids are made by combining two types of molecules
o __________________
 A three carbon alcohol
o 3 ____________ _____________
 Long hydrocarbon chains
 Non polar
 Monomer (basic unit): ______________ ___________
 Polymer (chain of units): _____________
o Specific examples: triglycerides, phospholipids
 Saturated = __________________ bond
 Unsaturated = ________________ bond
 Indicator test
o _______________ _____________ test
 Smear substance onto paper bag. If see-thru, it contains lipids.
Proteins
 Build and repair muscle and tissues
 __________________ - proteins that speed up chemical reactions
 Made of chains of _______________ ______________
 There are 20 known amino acids. These are found in all biological species
 _______________________ - protein found in skin
 ____________________________ - blood clots, and muscles.
 Structure:
o Monomer (basic unit): ____________ _____________ (20 different kinds!)
o Polymer (chain of units): __________________
 More specifically __________________________. (amino acids linked by _______________________
bonds)
o _________________ _____________________ - makes center of amino acid
__________________ ________________
____________________ _________________ - this is an acid
A single hydrogen
___________________ ___________________
 There are 20 R groups
 Therefore there are 20 different amino acids in all living things
Lets draw an amino acid
o
o
o
o
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Proteins have complex structures. The ________________ of a protein determines its ____________________!
The levels of protein structure are:
o __________________ ____________________: polypeptide chain
o _______________________ ___________________: polypeptides in coils or sheets
o ____________________ ______________________: coils or sheets form a tangle
o ________________________ ____________________: more than one tangle combine to make a very
complex protein!
 Indicator test:
o _____________________ ______________________: turns from blue to purple if protein is present
Nucleic Acids
 Function: Stores and carries ______________________ information
 Structure
o Monomers (basic unit): _______________________
o Polymers (chain of units): ____________ or ___________
 Made of ___________________
 Nucleotides contain a sugar, phosphate and a nitrogen base
 _____________ - double stranded and makes up chromosomes
 _____________ - single stranded, used in making proteins
ATP-adenosine triphosphate
 ______________ currency for the cells
 Cells need a constant supply of ATP to function
 Organisms need energy for life processes
o ______________ - the ability to move or change matter
o Energy is stored and released by _______________ ____________________
o Example:
 Freezing water releases energy
 Melting ice absorbs energy
Energy
 Energy is needed to start a chemical reaction
o ___________________ __________________ - the energy needed to start a chemical reaction
o Chemical push
 _________________ help biochemical reactions occur
o Allows reactions to occur quickly and at ___________ temperatures
o Increases the ________________ of chemical react ions
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o Most are _________________
o Act as _____________________ - reduce the amount of activation energy required
o Helps maintain homeostasis.
Enzymes end is ______________
Enzymes affect specific substances
o ______________________ - substance on which an enzyme acts
 Ex: amylase – breaks down starch into glucose
o ______________ _______________ - deep folds in the surface of the enzyme.
 __________________ fits into the active site
Enzymes are biological catalysts
Three things that affect enzyme action.
o Amount of enzyme __________________________
o ____________________________
o ____________