Automotive technologies: the UK’s current capability
Energy & Fuels Road Map
Inputs
to the
roadmap
Automotive
technologies:
the included
UK’s currentrecent
capabilityUK & EU studies
and the Pass Car, Commercial Vehicle & ICE roadmaps

Inputs:
– ERTRAC roadmap “Energy Carriers for Powertrains”
– E4Tech “A Harmonised Auto-Fuel Biofuel Roadmap for the EU to 2030”
– Element Energy (LowCVP) “A Fuel Roadmap for the UK”
– Auto Council Passenger Car & Commercial/Off-Highway Vehicle Roadmaps
2
Automotive
technologies:
the UK’slong
current term
capability
Energy
Roadmap
shows
transition
from gasoline
Automotive
Council
& diesel fuels to a majority renewable energy portfolio
Key:
Introduction
Mainstream
Phasing out
UK: Energy Roadmap for Passenger Cars, Commercial & Off-Highway Vehicles
Policy:
Targets: Vehicle CO2:
UK GHG (ref 1990):
RED/FQD/
Air Quality
“Tailpipe” CO2
Requirements
Security of Supply/Sustainability/Integrated
Energy Policies
Well to
Wheel CO2
-80%
-50%
-35%
-29%
Life Cycle based
Requirements
High level targets derived
from fuels, renewable
energy & air quality
directives
2015
Source: Automotive Council, ERTRAC, E4tech, Element Energy
2020
2025
2030
2040
2050
3
Automotive
technologies:
the UK’slong
current term
capability
Energy
Roadmap
shows
transition
from gasoline
Automotive
Council
& diesel fuels to a majority renewable energy portfolio
Key:
Introduction
Mainstream
Phasing out
UK: Energy Roadmap for Passenger Cars, Commercial & Off-Highway Vehicles
Policy:
Security of Supply/Sustainability/Integrated Energy Policies
RED/FQD/Air Quality
Targets: Vehicle CO2:
“Tailpipe” CO2 Requirements
Well to Wheel CO2
Life Cycle based Requirements
UK GHG (ref 1990):
-50%
-35%
-29%
-80%
Indicative Energy
Mix:
Gasoline
Diesel
Electricity
Natural
Gas
Hydrogen
Main energy
vectors colour
coded to match
energy mix
indicators
Indicative energy mix
highlights increased use
of alternatives to liquid
fossil fuels
Niche fuels
2015
Source: Automotive Council, ERTRAC, E4tech, Element Energy
2020
2025
2030
2040
2050
4
Automotive
technologies:
the UK’slong
current term
capability
Energy
Roadmap
shows
transition
from gasoline
Automotive
Council
& diesel fuels to a majority renewable energy portfolio
Key:
Introduction
Mainstream
Phasing out
UK: Energy Roadmap for Passenger Cars, Commercial & Off-Highway Vehicles
Policy:
Security of Supply/Sustainability/Integrated Energy Policies
RED/FQD/Air Quality
Targets: Vehicle CO2:
“Tailpipe” CO2 Requirements
Well to Wheel CO2
Life Cycle based Requirements
UK GHG (ref 1990):
-50%
-35%
-29%
Electricity
Indicative Energy
Mix:
Natural Gas
Electricity
Biofuels
Liquid
Fossil
Others
(Inc Power to
Gas: H2+CH4)
Liquid
Fossil
Biofuels
(including gas)
E20+
Current <E5
E5 + ‘Drop-in’ bio-gasoline (EN228)
Longer Term Protection
Grade (if required)
Protection grade for E10
E10
Diesel
Moving beyond E10 would require
a sustainable mix of "food" and
increasingly "non-food" crop
biofuels – supply of the latter is a
significant challenge
Electricity
Natural
Gas
Nat Gas
Liquid
Fossil
(including gas)
Subject to sustainable feedstock availability
Gasoline
-80%
Next step from E5/E10 either E20
with backwards compatibility issues
or more use of “drop-in” bio content
to retain standard fuel specifications
Hydrogen
Niche fuels
2015
Source: Automotive Council, ERTRAC, E4tech, Element Energy
2020
2025
2030
2040
2050
5
Automotive
technologies:
the UK’slong
current term
capability
Energy
Roadmap
shows
transition
from gasoline
Automotive
Council
& diesel fuels to a majority renewable energy portfolio
Key:
Introduction
Mainstream
Phasing out
UK: Energy Roadmap for Passenger Cars, Commercial & Off-Highway Vehicles
Policy:
Security of Supply/Sustainability/Integrated Energy Policies
RED/FQD/Air Quality
Targets: Vehicle CO2:
“Tailpipe” CO2 Requirements
Well to Wheel CO2
Life Cycle based Requirements
UK GHG (ref 1990):
-50%
-35%
-29%
Electricity
Indicative Energy
Mix:
Natural Gas
Electricity
Biofuels
Liquid
Fossil
Others
(Inc Power to
Gas: H2+CH4)
Liquid
Fossil
Biofuels
(including gas)
Nat Gas
Liquid
Fossil
(including gas)
Subject to sustainable feedstock availability
E20+
Current <E5
E5 + ‘Drop-in’ bio-gasoline (EN228)
Longer Term Protection
Grade (if required)
Protection grade for E10
Gasoline
-80%
E10
Diesel
Electricity
Natural
Gas
Hydrogen
Niche fuels
Introduction of E10 most likely in
2017 - dependent on Renewable
Transport Fuels Obligation target
being raised by Government
2015
Source: Automotive Council, ERTRAC, E4tech, Element Energy
2020
E20 could also include
butanol up to equivalent
oxygenate levels
2025
2030
Assume that protection
grade available as required
to enable continued
operation for older vehicles
2040
2050
6
Automotive
technologies:
the UK’slong
current term
capability
Energy
Roadmap
shows
transition
from gasoline
Automotive
Council
& diesel fuels to a majority renewable energy portfolio
Key:
Introduction
Mainstream
Phasing out
UK: Energy Roadmap for Passenger Cars, Commercial & Off-Highway Vehicles
Policy:
Security of Supply/Sustainability/Integrated Energy Policies
RED/FQD/Air Quality
Targets: Vehicle CO2:
“Tailpipe” CO2 Requirements
Well to Wheel CO2
Life Cycle based Requirements
UK GHG (ref 1990):
-50%
-35%
-29%
Electricity
Indicative Energy
Mix:
Natural Gas
Electricity
Biofuels
Liquid
Fossil
Others
-80%
Nat Gas
Liquid
Fossil
(Inc Power to
Gas: H2+CH4)
Liquid
Fossil
Biofuels
(including gas)
(including gas)
Subject to sustainable feedstock availability
Gasoline
Unlikely to go beyond B7 blend wall unless
vegetable oil availability increases or
alternatives such as microbial or microalgal
oils are successfully developed in volume
Current <B7
Diesel
B7 + ‘Drop-in’ Biodiesel (including HVO) (EN590 spec)
Electricity
Natural
Gas
HVO as “drop in” component
already used in current fuels
Potential growth in HVO
production capacity to provide
low carbon, sustainable drop-in
biodiesel and bio-naphtha
Hydrogen
Niche fuels
2015
Source: Automotive Council, ERTRAC, E4tech, Element Energy
2020
2025
2030
2040
2050
7
Automotive
technologies:
the UK’slong
current term
capability
Energy
Roadmap
shows
transition
from gasoline
Automotive
Council
& diesel fuels to a majority renewable energy portfolio
Key:
Introduction
Mainstream
Phasing out
UK: Energy Roadmap for Passenger Cars, Commercial & Off-Highway Vehicles
Policy:
Security of Supply/Sustainability/Integrated Energy Policies
RED/FQD/Air Quality
Targets: Vehicle CO2:
“Tailpipe” CO2 Requirements
Well to Wheel CO2
Life Cycle based Requirements
UK GHG (ref 1990):
-50%
-35%
-29%
Electricity
Indicative Energy
Mix:
Liquid
Fossil
Others
Gasoline
Natural Gas
Electricity
Biofuels
(Inc Power to
Gas: H2+CH4)
Liquid
Fossil
Biofuels
(including gas)
-80%
Nat Gas
Liquid
Fossil
(including gas)
Wide range of “niche” fuels – only likely to move
into mainstream if supported by policy drivers
(GHG/Air Quality) and associated economics/
availability/ supply infrastructure and fiscal regimes)
Diesel
Electricity
Natural
Gas
Hydrogen
Niche fuels
Depending on GHG
benefit/economics
LPG/CNG/LNG/H2/B30/E85 etc
2015
Source: Automotive Council, ERTRAC, E4tech, Element Energy
2020
2025
2030
2040
2050
8
Automotive
technologies:
the UK’slong
current term
capability
Energy
Roadmap
shows
transition
from gasoline
Automotive
Council
& diesel fuels to a majority renewable energy portfolio
Key:
Introduction
Mainstream
Phasing out
UK: Energy Roadmap for Passenger Cars, Commercial & Off-Highway Vehicles
Policy:
Security of Supply/Sustainability/Integrated Energy Policies
RED/FQD/Air Quality
Targets: Vehicle CO2:
“Tailpipe” CO2 Requirements
Well to Wheel CO2
Life Cycle based Requirements
UK GHG (ref 1990):
-50%
-35%
-29%
Electricity
Indicative Energy
Mix:
Liquid
Fossil
Others
Natural Gas
Electricity
Biofuels
Nat Gas
Liquid
Fossil
(Inc Power to
Gas: H2+CH4)
Liquid
Fossil
Biofuels
(including gas)
(including gas)
Direct use of electricity in transport in
line with Auto Council Pass Car and
Commercial Vehicle roadmaps
Gasoline
-80%
Power to gas technology
offers potential solution for
renewable electricity “storage”
Diesel
Electricity
Natural
Gas
Hydrogen
Niche fuels
Increasing Decarbonisation (direct use dependent on EV/PHEV growth/battery breakthrough)
Power to Gas (H2 & CH4)
Renewable electricity to Hydrogen
& Synthetic Methane dependent on
success of H2 Fuel Cell vehicles
and economics of supply
2015
Source: Automotive Council, ERTRAC, E4tech, Element Energy
2020
Lower Carbon NG/LNG
‘Green’ H2
2025
2030
2040
2050
9
Automotive
technologies:
the UK’slong
current term
capability
Energy
Roadmap
shows
transition
from gasoline
Automotive
Council
& diesel fuels to a majority renewable energy portfolio
Key:
Introduction
Mainstream
Phasing out
UK: Energy Roadmap for Passenger Cars, Commercial & Off-Highway Vehicles
Policy:
Security of Supply/Sustainability/Integrated Energy Policies
RED/FQD/Air Quality
Targets: Vehicle CO2:
“Tailpipe” CO2 Requirements
Well to Wheel CO2
Life Cycle based Requirements
UK GHG (ref 1990):
-50%
-35%
-29%
Electricity
Indicative Energy
Mix:
Liquid
Fossil
Others
Natural Gas
Electricity
Biofuels
(Inc Power to
Gas: H2+CH4)
Liquid
Fossil
Biofuels
(including gas)
-80%
Nat Gas
Liquid
Fossil
(including gas)
E20+
E5 + ‘Drop-in’ bio-gasoline (EN228)
Gasoline
Diesel
B7 + ‘Drop-in’ Biodiesel (including HVO) (EN590 spec)
Electricity
Potential use for “green” H2
and Synthetic Methane to
substitute for fossil Natural
Gas in refineries
Natural
Gas
Gas to Liquids & Refining
(replacing fossil Natural Gas)
Lower Carbon NG/LNG
‘Green’ H2
Hydrogen
Niche fuels
2015
Source: Automotive Council, ERTRAC, E4tech, Element Energy
2020
2025
2030
2040
2050
10
Automotive
technologies:
the UK’slong
current term
capability
Energy
Roadmap
shows
transition
from gasoline
Automotive
Council
& diesel fuels to a majority renewable energy portfolio
Key:
Introduction
Mainstream
Phasing out
UK: Energy Roadmap for Passenger Cars, Commercial & Off-Highway Vehicles
Policy:
Security of Supply/Sustainability/Integrated Energy Policies
RED/FQD/Air Quality
Targets: Vehicle CO2:
“Tailpipe” CO2 Requirements
Well to Wheel CO2
Life Cycle based Requirements
UK GHG (ref 1990):
-50%
-35%
-29%
Electricity
Indicative Energy
Mix:
Natural Gas
Electricity
Biofuels
Liquid
Fossil
Others
Biofuels
(including gas)
(including gas)
E20+
Current <E5
E5 + ‘Drop-in’ bio-gasoline (EN228)
Longer Term Protection
Grade (if required)
Protection grade for E10
E10
Current <B7
Diesel
B7 + ‘Drop-in’ Biodiesel (including HVO) (EN590 spec)
Electricity
Increasing Decarbonisation (direct use dependent on EV/PHEV growth/battery breakthrough)
Power to Gas (H2 & CH4)
Gas to Liquids & Refining
Biomethane
(replacing fossil Natural Gas)
Natural
Gas
Hydrogen
Niche fuels
Nat Gas
Liquid
Fossil
(Inc Power to
Gas: H2+CH4)
Liquid
Fossil
Subject to sustainable feedstock availability
Gasoline
-80%
‘Fossil’ NG/LNG
Depending on GHG
benefit/economics
Lower Carbon NG/LNG
‘Green’ H2
H2 - Steam Reforming
LPG/CNG/LNG/H2/B30/E85 etc
2015
Source: Automotive Council, ERTRAC, E4tech, Element Energy
2020
2025
2030
2040
2050
11
The
roadmap
showsthe
some
complex
interactions
but
Automotive
technologies:
UK’s current
capability
Automotive
Council
provides some clear future messages

Key Roadmap messages:
– Roadmap shows long term (2050) transition from current gasoline & diesel fuels to a
majority renewable energy portfolio
– Introduction of E10 most likely in 2017 - dependent on Renewable Transport Fuels
Obligation target being raised by Government
– Auto & Oil Industry preference for any further increases in bio content should feature
“drop-in” fuels that retain existing fuel specifications
– Increasing use of electricity in battery electric and plug-in vehicles but also potential for
“power to gas” – electricity to Hydrogen & synthetic Methane – which can be stored
– Renewable gases may be best used in refinery processes rather than directly in transport
to substitute for fossil Natural Gas – this reduces carbon content of liquid fuels
– “Niche” fuels (LPG/CNG/LNG/H2/B30/E85) only likely to move into mainstream if
supported by policy drivers and associated economics/ availability/ supply infrastructure
– Fuel specifications and standards must be defined at EU level at a minimum and
preferably on a global scale, sufficiently in advance of fuel & vehicle market introductions
The road map provides an insight into pathways to meet the UK 2050 80% GHG reduction
target. It does not represent definitive pathways being pursued by Auto Council members
12
Roadmap
for Light
Commercial
Automotive
technologies:
the Duty,
UK’s current
capability
Vehicle and
Off-Highway energy – Team members & affiliations

Team:
Neville Jackson
Richard Pearson
Felix Balthazar
Jamie Turner
Steve Faulkner
Jonathan Murray
- Ricardo (Chair)
- BP
- Shell
- Jaguar LandRover
- Caterpillar
- LowCVP
Celine Cluzel
Adam Chase
Richard Stark
Liam Lidstone
Ed Bower
- Element Energy
- E4tech
- Associated British Foods
- Energy Technologies Institute
- Ricardo (Facilitator)
13