Nutrient Absorption
Digestive System
How many different systems do you see represented in the diagram below?
1.
2.
3.
- breaks down and absorbs nutrients
- absorbs oxygen
- transports nutrients
Cellular Respiration :
C6H12O6 + 6O2
6 CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP
(glucose + oxygen
carbon dioxide + water + energy)
1. Where does the glucose come from?
2. Where does the oxygen come from?
3. What are the final products of cellular respiration?
4. In which organelle does this take place in our cells?
Evolutionary Trends of the Digestive System
Types of digestive
systems:
Filter feeder
Digestive cavity:
1 opening
(Gastrovascular cavity)
Digestive tract:
2 openings
Sponges
Jellyfish, Sea Anemone, Corals,
Portuguese Man-of-War,
Planaria (flatworm)
Snails, oysters, squid,
octopus, starfish, sand
dollar, crayfish, spiders,
crabs, butterflies, humans
Description of system:
Picture of system:
Examples
Function of the Digestive system
Function: converts food into simpler molecules that can be used by the cells
of the body; absorbs nutrient and eliminates waste.
The Digestive System (aka. Alimentary Canal) Includes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.


The Mouth

Teeth

Cutting, tearing, and crushing food into small fragments.

Begins the process of ______________ digestion or physical breakdown.
Saliva

Secreted by the ______________________________.

Helps moisten the food and make it easier to chew.

Contains amylase, a digestive enzyme that begins the breakdown of carbohydrates.

Begins the process of ____________________digestion, where chemicals breakdown the large pieces into
smaller pieces.

The Esophagus

Bolus –

From the throat, the bolus passes through the esophagus, or food tube, into the stomach.

Food travels through the esophagus to the stomach by ___________________muscles (wave-like) called
______________________.


Epiglottis-
The Stomach


Food from the esophagus empties into a large muscular sac called the ____________________.

The stomach continues the __________________ and ___________________ digestion of food.

Mechanical:

Chemical:
Small Intestine: Most of the ______________ digestion and beginning _______________ of the food you eat
occurs in the small intestines.

Divided into 3 parts:
Duodenum: The first of three parts of the small intestine.

It is where almost all of the digestive enzymes enter the intestine.

The pancreas and the liver release digestive enzymes and fluids to help with digestion
in the small intestine.

By the time chyme enters the jejunum and the ileum parts of the small intestine, much
of the chemical digestion has been completed.
o

________________is now a rich mixture of medium and small nutrient molecules.
Absorption in the Small Intestine: The folded surfaces of the small intestine are covered with finger-like
projections called ___________, which increase the surface area for absorption of nutrients.

Nutrients are absorbed through the wall of the small intestine directly into the capillaries (blood) by the process
of ____________, movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Large Intestine: Function:
o
The concentrated waste material ( _______________ ) that remains after the water has been removed
passes through the rectum and is eliminated from the body.
Accessory organs of the Digestive System

Pancreas
o
Produces ____________________________ to regulate blood sugar levels
o
Produces ______________________ that break down carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids
o
Produces sodium bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid.

Liver- Produces

Salivary Glands
, aids in the digestion of fats; is stored in the ___________ ________________
1. Parotid gland
2. Submandibular gland
3. Sublingual gland
The Circulatory System (Cardiovascular System)
Consists Of:
1. ____________
2. Series of blood ___________
3.________________________
Evolutionary Trends of the Circulatory System
Type of circ. system:
Diffusion through skin/cells
Open circulatory system
Closed circulatory system
Description
Picture of system:
Examples
Flatworms
Insects, crustaceans, snail
Function of the Circulatory System
1. Transports substances such as _____________ and ______________ to the cells.
2. Remove _______________ from cells.
Also, works with the immune system to protect body against disease causing pathogens
Squid, octopus, Mammals,
Part of the Blood
 ____________ - is mostly made of water and makes up the fluid portion of the blood
 Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes)
o Transports ____________ to body/ removes ________ from body
o Red in color due to the __________________ (iron containing protein)
o Produced in red _________________, average lifespan of 120 days, destroyed by spleen and liver later
 White Blood Cells (leukocytes)
When you get cut why does the
o Guard against infection
bleeding eventually stop?
o Some work with the immune system to produce antibodies
 ________________- help heal body wounds by forming clots.
You have plasma proteins and cell
fragments called ______________.
Three Types of Blood Vessels
1. Arteries
o Large vessels that carry blood ______________ from the heart to the tissues of the body
o Except for the pulmonary arteries, all arteries carry oxygen-__________ blood.
2. Veins
o Large vessels that return blood _______ the heart; carrying oxygen - ___________blood.
3. Capillaries
o __________________ blood vessel; brings nutrients and oxygen to the tissues and absorbs carbon
dioxide and waste products
Anatomy of the Heart
The Heart: Some Facts
 Myocardium – Heart’s muscular wall that contracts to pump blood out of the
 Hollow organ about the
heart.
size of your clenched fist
 Septum – seperates the left side of the heart from the right side.
 Contracts on average 72
› Prevents the mixing of oxygen- poor and oxygen-rich blood.
times per minute.
 Atrium – The upper chamber, which receive the blood.
 Pumps about 70 mL of
 Ventricle – The lower chamber, which pump blood out of the heart.
blood with each
contraction.
Chambers of Heart
 ____chambers = fish
 ____chambers = amphibians, most reptiles
 ____chambers = birds, mammals
The 4 chambered heart is more efficient because the oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood are never mixed.
Natural Pacemaker
 The SA Node – bundle of neurons that act as heart’s natural pacemaker
Circulation Through the Body
 The heart functions as TWO separate pumps:
› Right Side - Pumps oxygen-__________ blood to
the ____________.
o Known as pulmonary circulation
› Left Side - Pumps oxygen-__________ blood to the rest of the __________.
o Known as systemic circulation
Circulation Through the Heart
1. Blood enters the heart through the right and left atria.
2. As the heart contracts, blood flows into the ventricles.
3. Then out from the ventricles to either the body or the lungs.
 Valves – Flaps of connective tissue that prevents blood from flowing ________________.
› Exist between the atria and ventricles. Also exist at the end of the ventricles.
Red & white blood cells
Blood, Blood vessels (smooth muscle)
heart
circulatory
Label the heart to the right with the
following words:
left ventricle, right ventricle, left atrium,
right atrium, tricuspid valve, bicuspid valve,
aorta, aortic semilunar valve, pulmonary
semilunar valve, vena cava, vena cava,
pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins.
The Respiratory System
What is Respiration?
 Cellular Respiration - The release of energy from the breakdown of food molecules (sugar) in the presence of
_______________.
 External Respiration - The process of _______ exchange between the lungs and the environment.
 Release CO2
* Uptake of oxygen
Evolutionary Trends of the Respiratory System
Types of system:
Diffusion by
Gills
skin/cells
Tracheal tubes
Book lungs
Lungs
Structures of
system:
Adaptation to
land or water?
Examples
Sponges, jellyfish,
Fish,
Insects
Spiders
Mammals,
earthworm
crayfish,
humans
Function of the Respiratory System
 To bring about the exchange of _______________ and _________________ between the blood, the air, and
tissues.
 Inhale = ribs ___________, diaphragm contracts, ________________ chest cavity.
 Exhale = ribs ___________, diaphragm relaxes, _________________ chest cavity.
The Respiratory System Includes:
1. Nose (
)
2. Pharynx (
)
3. Larynx (
)
4. Trachea (
)
5. Bronchi
6. Lungs
1. Bronchioles
2. __________
7. Diaphragm
1. Nose
 Where ________ enters and exits the body
 Nose hairs - trap dust and unwanted particles
 Nose chamber - warms and moistens the air before it enters the respiratory system
2. Pharynx
 Air moves through the nose to a tube at the back of the mouth called the pharynx, or throat.
 Pharynx - Serves as a passageway for both __________ and ____________.
3. Larynx
 Located at the top of the ____________.
 Contains two highly elastic ligaments known as the _______________.
 When muscles pull the vocal cords together, the air moving between them causes the cords to vibrate
and produce sounds.
 Your ability to speak, shout, and sing comes from these tissues.
4. Trachea
 Air moves from the pharynx into the trachea, or _____________.
 A flap of tissue called the epiglottis covers the _____________ to the trachea when you ___________
5. Bronchi
 From the larynx, air passes through the trachea into _________ large passageways in the _________ cavity
called bronchi.
 Each bronchus leads into one of the ___________.
 The large bronchus subdivides into smaller bronchi, which lead to even smaller passageways called
_______________.
 Surrounded by _____________ muscle, enabling the nervous system to regulate the __________ of the
air passageways.
Alveoli
 The bronchioles continue to subdivide until they reach a series of dead ends—millions of tiny air _________
called alveoli.
 Grouped in little clusters, like bunches of ____________.
 A delicate network of thin-walled capillaries surrounds each alveolus.
 This is where gas ____________ occurs because blood (capillaries) and air are ________ by ________.
 _____________ is put into the blood and C02 is ____________from the blood.
Gas Exchange
 Each healthy lung contains about 150 million alveoli!
 Provides for an enormous ___________________ for gas exchange.
 Oxygen
 _______________ in the moisture on the inner surface of the alveoli and then _____________ across
the thin-walled capillaries into the ____________.
 Carbon Dioxide in the Bloodstream
 _____________ in the opposite direction, across the membrane of an alveolus and into the air within it.
How Breathing Is Controlled
 You have some ____________ control over breathing.
 The medulla oblongata in the brain also monitors carbon dioxide levels in the blood.
 As the __________ levels __________, nerve impulses from the brain cause the diaphragm to
____________, bringing air into the lungs.
Label the above diagram using the following words:
diaphragm, bronchi, trachea, bronchioles, alveoli,
epiglottis, nasal cavity, nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx