Int. J. Agri. Agri. R.
International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR)
ISSN: 2223-7054 (Print) 2225-3610 (Online)
http://www.innspub.net
Vol. 8, No. 1, p. 81-86, 2016
OPEN ACCESS
RESEARCH PAPER
Estimating stored carbon stock in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis
Jacq.) plantation by age group in PT daria dharma pratama
plantation Bengkulu Indonesia
Yuliyanto1,2, Dede Setiadi3, Sulistijorini3*
1
Department of Plant Biology, Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia
2
Citra Widya Edukasi Oil Palm Polytechnic Institute, Cibitung Bekasi, Indonesia
3
Department of Biology, Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia
Article published on January 25, 2016
Key words: Carbon biomass, Oil palm plantation, PT DDP.
Abstract
The increasing concentration of carbon in the atmosphere is a serious environmental problem that can affect
living system on earth. The increase in greenhouse gas emissions caused global warming that will affect the world
climate change and rising sea levels. Climate change will disrupt farming system in both the micro and macro
scale. Estimation of forest carbon emissions is one of the important efforts to reduce climate change. Land
clearing for palm oil plantations will affect the stored carbon in the forest reserves. The aim of this study is to
determine the biomass stored carbon stocks in oil palm plantations by age group in oil palm plantations in PT
Daria Dharma Pratama (PT DDP), Bengkulu Province, Indonesia. Methods of measuring the stored carbon stock
of palm oil biomass using allometric equations, is non-destructive method. Methods of measuring the stored
carbon stock of undergrowth biomass and piled of oil palm fronds up was conducted by destructive methods. The
largest biomass stored carbon stock was in the age group of 11-15 years crop of 69.32 tonnes ha-1. Then, in the age
group of 16-20 years were 54.13 tonnes ha-1, age group of >20 years were 34.91 tonnes ha-1, the age group of 6-10
years were 34.16 tonnes ha-1, and the age group 0 - 5 year were 6.98 tonnes ha-1, respectively. Stored carbon stock
in oil palm was influenced by the age of the plant, soil fertility, as well as plant growth and development.
* Corresponding
Author: Sulistijorini  [email protected]
Yuliyanto et al.
Page 81
Int. J. Agri. Agri. R.
Introduction
carbon stocks of oil palm grown on former scrub land
The increasing concentrations of carbon in the
was 24.64 tonnes of CO2 ha-1 year-1.
atmosphere is a serious environmental problem that
can affect life on Earth. Greenhouse gas (GHG) avoids
Oil palm is an annual plant that potentially absorb
solar radiation energy reflected by the earth's surface
carbon emissions. The age of oil palm could reach
to penetrate the atmosphere so that it will bounced
more than 20 years. Carbon stored in palm oil plant
back to the earth that can cause global warming.
will be amended along with the growth and
Between the years 1906-2005 the Earth's surface
development of plants. The growth rate of plants will
temperature increased by an average 0.74°C (IPCC,
be affected by the condition of soil fertility where the
2007). Temperature is an indicator of global warming
plant is located. The research objective was to
affecting world climate change. Climate change will
determine the biomass stored carbon stocks in oil
disrupt farming system in both the micro and macro
palm plantations (oil palm plant biomass carbon,
scale. In 1997, The Kyoto Protocol has been agreed
undergrowth and piles of palm fronds) in each age
internationally to prevent global warming more
group in the oil palm plantation at PT Daria Dharma
severe and Indonesia has been ratified it on February
Pratama, Bengkulu, Indonesia.
16, 2005. The Indonesian government will decrease
the rate of global warming by reducing carbon
Materials and methods
emissions by 26%. The Indonesian Government
Research time and location
(under
Yudhoyono
This study was conducted in February 2014 and
leadership) pledged to the international community
President
March 2015. The research process includes field
(The Climate Summit in Oslo, Norway, 2010) not to
activities, analysis field data and data processing. The
open new oil palm plantations on forest areas and on
study was conducted in PT Daria Dharma Pratama oil
peatlands.
palm plantations, Bengkulu Indonesia.
The expansion of oil palm cultivations, especially by
Methods and research implementation phase
converting forests, potentially causing the elevation of
The research was conducted in three main stages
greenhouse
which
gas
Susilo
Bambang
emissions
(GHG).
Oil
palm
plantations in Indonesia rose sharply with an average
consists
of
research
preparation,
field
measurements and data analysis.
rate of 12.30% within a year since 1980 (Herman et
al. 2009). In 2013, oil palm plantations in Indonesia
Preparation
covering an area of 10.4 million ha and continued to
Research preparations include the determination of
increase in 2014, which includes 10.9 million ha and
sample points for the data collection, which based on
the estimated area in 2015 reached 11.4 million ha
the map data acquisition block, the latest areal
(Ditjenbun, 2014).
statement and staple census. Sample points were
determined based on the year of oil palm planting in
Campaigns by some developed countries about the
the block and slope conditions.
global climate change which assuming that oil palm
as one of the main causes of climate change much less
Field measurements
fair. Rehabilitation shrub in the area of peatlands into
Carbon measurement of oil palm biomass
oil palm plantations only increase the emissions of 8
Determination of plant samples was done by
tonnes of CO2-equivalents
ha-1
year-1,
than if thicket
considering the condition of the plantation land,
peat was abandoned (Fahmuddin et al., 2009).
which was approximately at the mid-way collection
Asmani (2014) stated that carbon emissions for shrub
(collection road) on each block (Fig. 1). Data was
land were 5.5 tonnes of CO2 ha-1 year-1. Potentially,
collected in a single row crop plants with 10 samples,
each was 5 plants at the right side and 5 plants at the
Yuliyanto et al.
Page 82
Int. J. Agri. Agri. R.
left side. At every age group of oil palm, the trunk
D = diameter of the trunk at chest height midrib
diameter were recorded at chest height (DBH) (± 130
measured perpendicular to the trunk (cm),
cm) and trunks height at branched freely trunk were
H
10 plants per ha as a sample.
Carbon biomass in the age group of plants per hectare
= trunk height, branched freely plant (m).
(kg/ha) = Carbon biomass (kg/plant) x Σ plants/ha.
Fig. 1. Plan determination of plant samples.
Undergrowth carbon biomass and piles of midrib
measurement
Sampling of undergrowth biomass and piles midrib
were done by destructive methods (taking parts of the
plant as an example). Sampling of undergrowth
biomass and piles frond were done in the area in each
age group of oil palm. Undergrowth plant samples
were all plant life in the form of a tree with a diameter
<5 cm, herbs and grasses. Sampling point of the
undergrowth vegetation consists of three plots sized
1m × 1 m which was located on row life, row death
and between plants. The sampling point of the piles of
Fig. 2. Plot sampling of undergrowth and pile midrib
sample in row death.
the midrib consists of two plots sized 1m × 1m which
was located on row death (Fig. 2). All undergrowth
plants and piles of midrib in each plot were taken
using a knife/scissors then weighed for wet biomass.
100-300 g of undergrowth plant were dried using an
oven to determine the weight of the dry biomass.
Estimation of undergrowth carbon biomass and
piles midrib
Estimation
of
biomass
carbon
stock
of
the
undergrowth plant and piles midrib were calculated
by the following formula:
Data analysis
Estimation of the carbon biomass in oil palm
The carbon content in the oil palm biomass were
estimated by non-destructive methods with allometric
The percentage of carbon in organic matter that is
equation (Lubis, 2011). Model allometric equation
equal to 47% (Badan Standardisasi Nasional, 2011).
used was
Description:
Y
= carbon dry biomass (kg/plant),
Yuliyanto et al.
Page 83
Int. J. Agri. Agri. R.
Results and discussion
palm varies depending on the seed type or varieties.
The stored carbon stock in palm oil plantation
Generally, the height growth (height gain) of the oil
Results of measurements of stored carbon stock in the
palm approximately 25-40 cm per year. The growth
oil palm plantations in PT Daria Darma Pratama is
and development of oil palm cannot be separated
shown in Table 1. The largest stored carbon stock in
from the increasing rate of its photosynthesis.
oil palm crops are in the age group of 11-15 year,
According to Gardner et al. (1991), photosynthesis
which the value is 65.89 tonnes
ha-1.
The lowest
will produce assimilate which will be accumulated
stored carbon stock was in the age group of 0-5 years
into a dry weight of plants. Dry weight indicates the
with the value 1.61 tonnes ha-1. The stored carbon
efficiency of absorption and utilization of solar
stock will increase along with increasing age of the
radiation during the planting season. The increase of
plant. The taller the oil palm, the stored carbon stock
the dry weight indicates that there is an increase in
will be affected. The older the plant will be followed
the efficiency of absorption and utilization of solar
by the increasing of plant height. According to
radiation by the shoot, and the assimilate production
Setyamidjaja (2010), the height growth rate of oil
will increase as well.
Table 1. Estimating stored carbon stock in oil palm crops by age group.
The age group of oil
Average plant
Average plant
C biomass plant
C biomass per
height (m)
diameter (cm)
(kg)
hectare (ton ha-1)
0–5
0.20
71.80
11.86
1.61
6 – 10
3.28
83.87
234.26
31.86
11 – 15
8.05
79.07
484.46
65.89
8.04
71.53
380.47
51.74
8.34
57.50
243.16
33.07
palm (year)
16
– 20
>20
In the group of 16-20 years plant and group of > 20
these can make the plant canopy overlapping, so that
years showed the decreasing of the stored carbon
the plant will compete one and another for the
stock. This is because plant in the group of 16-20
sunlight. The intensity of sunlight receives by the
years, the palm fronds start to fall separated from the
midrib especially under the fronds will be less than
trunk, causing a decrease in trunk diameter.
the upper one. Declining the intensity of light
According to Setyamidjaja (2010), the palm leaves
received by the plant will impact on dry weight of the
base usually start off (fall) after the plant was 10 years
plant. The amount of light captured in the process of
or more. The midrib base that falls can start from
photosynthesis reflected as the biomass, while the
anywhere, but more often from mid-tall trunks. A
amount of biomass in plant tissue reflects the dry
decline in the stored carbon of biomass is also
weight of the plant (Widiastuti et al., 2004). The
suspected due to an increasing number and length of
older the age of the plant the higher level of sunlight
the palm leaf midrib along with the age of the plant.
is needed and otherwise the younger plants need
The planting pattern of the oil palm is equilateral
lower light intensity till to its optimum limit
triangular shape with the ideal number of plants 136
(Nasaruddin et al., 2006).
plants per hectare for mineral soil, with a spacing of
9.2 m × 9.2 m × 9.2 m (Pahan, 2006). Palm leaf
The highest stored carbon stock in undergrowth plant
midrib in length between 5 to 9 m (Hartley, 1988).
biomass in oil palm plantations in PT DDP was
Long fronds of palm oil crops will increase along with
obtained by the age group 0-5 years with value 5.22
increasing age of the plant. The distance between
tonnes ha-1 (Table 2.). The lowest stored carbon stock
plants is 9.2 m and the frond length is about 9 m,
of biomass was obtained by the age group> 20 years
Yuliyanto et al.
Page 84
Int. J. Agri. Agri. R.
with value 0.12 tonnes ha-1. Increasing age of the oil
competition
palm hampered the growth and development of the
Increasing age of the oil palms will then produce even
undergrowth plants. Growth and development of
greater vast canopy cover.
undergrowth
plants
hampered
because
of
of
sunlight
for
photosynthesis.
the
Table 2. Estimating stored carbon stock in the undergrowth and piles midrib by age group of plants.
Undergrowth
The age group of oil
C biomass per
Piles midrib
C biomass per ha
C biomass per m2
C biomass per ha
(gr)
(ton)
(gr)
(ton)
0–5
702.14
5.22
235.80
0.15
6 – 10
97.41
0.72
2,473.66
1.58
11 – 15
71.33
0.53
4,538.01
2.90
16 – 20
22.71
0.17
3,470.24
2.22
>20
16.08
0.12
2,691.66
1.72
palm (year)
m2
The largest stored carbon stock on a pile of palm
Growth and development of palm oil plantations will
fronds biomass located in death row are in the age
affect biomass carbon in oil palm plantations and also
group 11-15 years which amount to 2.90 tonnes ha-1.
influence plant biomass carbon under. Harvesting
The lowest stored carbon stock biomass found in the
and and plants treatment will affect the amount of
age group 0-5 years which amount to 0.15 tonnes ha-1.
palm fronds are cut and stacked in rows death.
Biomass carbon stored in the pile midrib depending
on how many midribs are cut from the oil palm trunk
Conclusion
and stacked in rows death. The productivity of oil
Stored carbon stock in oil palm is influenced by plant
palm plantations will affect the amount of heap
age, soil fertility, as well as plant growth and
midrib in row death.
development. The highest stored carbon stock of
biomass in oil palm Plantations, PT DDP, is in the age
Biomass
carbon
palm
group of 11-15 years crop which amount to 69.32
plantations are affected by the carbon content of oil
tonnes ha-1. Then respectively, the stored carbon
palm
crop
content
biomass,
the
stored
on
carbon
the
of
stock of the age group of 16-20 years amounts to
undergrowth plant biomass and the carbon content of
content
54.13 tonnes ha-1, age group of > 20 years amount to
the pile midrib biomass. This research showed that
34.91 ton ha-1, age group of 6-10 years amount to
the stored carbon stock of biomass on oil palm
34.16 ton ha-1, and age group of 0-5 years amount to
plantation in PT DDP is in the range of 6.98-69.32
6.98 tonnes ha-1.
tonnes ha-1. The stored carbon stock of crops biomass,
in the age group 11-15 years, amount to 69.32 tonnes
References
ha-1. Then successively, in the age group 16-20 years
[Ditjenbun] Direktorat Jenderal Perkebunan.
amount to 54.13 tonnes ha-1, age group> 20 years
2014. Statistik Perkebunan Indonesia 2013-2015.
amount to 34.91 ton ha-1, 6-10 years age group
Jakarta: Kementerian Pertanian.
amount to 34.16 ton
ha-1,
and the age group 0-5 years
amount to 6.98 tonnes ha-1. These results are higher
[IPCC] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
than the results of Yulianti (2009), which states
Change. 2007. Climate Change 2007 - The Physical
biomass carbon content of oil palm on peat soils in
Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to
the range between 0.7-16.43 tonnes ha-1.
The Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC. New
York: Cambridge University Press.
Yuliyanto et al.
Page 85
Int. J. Agri. Agri. R.
Asmani N. 2014. Kelapa Sawit Komoditas Unggulan
Lubis AR. 2011. Pendugaan Cadangan Karbon
Sumatera Selatan Yang Ramah Lingkungan. Makalah
Kelapa Sawit Berdasarkan Persamaan Alometrik di
pada
Lahan
Seminar
Pengusaha
Pelantikan
Kelapa
Sawit
Pengurus
Gabungan
Indonesia
(GAPKI)
Sumatera Selatan, Palembang 16 Januari 2014.
Badan
Standardisasi
Nasional.
Gambut
Kebun
Meranti
Paham,
PT
Perkebunan Nusantara IV, Kabupaten Labuhan Batu,
Sumatera Utara [skripsi]. Bogor: Fak Pertanian IPB.
2011.
Nasaruddin, Musa Y, Kuruseng MA. 2006.
Pengukuran dan Penghitungan Cadangan Karbon-
Aktivitas Beberapa Proses Fisiologis Tanaman Kakao
Pengukuran Lapangan Untuk Penaksiran Cadangan
Muda di Lapang pada Berbagai Naungan Buatan.
Karbon Hutan. Jakarta: SNI 7724, 2011.
Jurnal Agrisistem 2 (1), 26-33.
Fahmuddin A, Runtunuwu E, June T, Susanti
Pahan I. 2006. Panduan Lengkap Kelapa Sawit.
E, Komara H, Syahbuddin H, Las I, Meine van
Manajemen Agribisnis dari Hulu hingga Hilir.
Noordwijk. 2009. Carbon Dioxide Emission in Land
Jakarta: Penebar Swadaya.
Use Transitions to Plantation. Jurnal Penelitian dan
Pengembangan Pertanian 28(4), 119-126.
Setyamidjaja D. 2010. Kelapa Sawit. Teknik
Budidaya,
Gardner FP, Pearce RB, Mitchell RL. 1991.
Panen
dan
Pengolahan.
Yogyakarta
Kanisius.
Physiology of Crop Plants. Jakarta: Universitas
Indonesia Press.
Widiastuti L, Tohari and Sulistyaningsih E.
Hartley, CW, S. 1988. The Oil Palm: (Elaeis
2004. Pengaruh
guineensis Jacq.). London: Longman Group Limited.
Daminosida Terhadap Iklim Mikro dan Pertumbuhan
Intensitas
Cahaya
dan Kadar
Tanaman Krisan Dalam Pot. Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian
Herman, Fahmuddin A, Irsal L. 2009. Analisis
Finansial
dan
Pengurangan
Keuntungan
Emisi
Yang
Karbon
Hilang
Dioksida
11(2), 35-42.
dari
pada
Yulianti N. 2009. Cadangan Karbon Lahan Gambut
Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit. Jurnal Penelitian dan
dari Agroekositrunk Kelapa Sawit PTPN IV Ajamu,
Pengembangan Pertanian 28(4), 127-133.
Kabupaten Labuhan Batu Sumatera Utara [tesis].
Bogor: Program Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian
Bogor.
Yuliyanto et al.
Page 86