Name _______________________________________________
Test Date ____________
Unit 1 Introduction to Biology & Basic Chemistry
I.
What is science? (11-14)
A. Science is the use of evidence to construct ________________________________and _________________ of
natural phenomena, as well as the knowledge generated through this process.
B. Science only answers questions that are _______________by a process called ________________________- the
planned and deliberate investigation of the natural world. It is both a creative process & a process rooted in
____________________________________________________________________________.
II.
The Scientific Methods (15-20)
A. Observation- where it all begins- gathering information in an _____________________________
B. Inferring- process of _____________what you ____________with what you have _________________to draw a
_______________________________- the conclusion themselves are called ___________________
C. The “Scientific Method” The term, “scientific method” is misleading because it actually refers to a process that is
neither reserved for biologist and other scientists, nor a methodical set of steps to be followed in a specific order.
Instead, it is an _________________ pattern of thinking to solve______________________________.
1. ______________________________________________
2. Forming a _____________________- a testable _________________ or __________________
3. Setting Up a Controlled ________________________: A controlled experiment usually consists of two groups:
a. Control – Set-up used as a ____________________ or standard for _____________________
b. Experimental Group – Group in which all conditions are kept the same except for a _______________the factor changed by the experimenter. Only ___ factor should be changed in each experimental
group. This change is designed to test the _______________________.
i. Manipulated (independent) variable – factor that is ________________________________
ii. Responding (dependent) variable – condition that is ______________________________
as a result of the _____________________
iii. Constant- factor that remains _______ while the independent & dependent variables ______.
c. Collecting Data- Data from an experiment should be presented in a concise and organized manner.
i. Quantitative data- numerical data such as ________________________________________.
1. ___________- how close a group of measurements are to one another
2. ___________- how close a group of measurements are to the real or accepted value.
ii. Qualitative data- __________________ of what our _________ detect; interpreted differently
iii. Pie or Circle Graph – Used to show __________________________________________
iv. Bar Graph – Used when independent variable isn’t continuous; for example, absorbency of
different brands of paper towels
v. Line Graph – Used when independent variable ____________________; for example, time.
A line graph most clearly shows the relationship between the independent & dependent
variables in an experiment. In a line graph, the manipulated (independent) variable is
plotted on the ____ axis and the responding (dependent) variable is plotted on the ___ axis.
Memory Helper: _______________________________
d. Analysis and Conclusion- After collecting data, a scientist must analyze the data and form
conclusions based on the following questions:
i. Do the results _____________ or _____________ the __________________?
ii. Is the experimental set-up _______________?
iii. Was there a large enough ___________________?
iv. Although no experimental set-up can be perfect, were the ___________________ minimized?
v. Was there only ______________ tested?
vi. Is the experiment ________________________?
III.
Scientific Theories, Laws & Hypotheses ( 21)
A. ______________________________________- explanation of natural or physical phenomenon supported by many
observations & experiments over time. Tested by many, considered valid until new study developed or new
technologies are developed & new evidence found. EX. Cell theory, atomic theory, theory of general relativity.
B. ______________________________________- describes relationships under certain conditions in nature. EX. Law
of conservation of matter indicates that before & after a chemical change the same amount of matter exists; it does
not explain why this occurs. Theories do not become laws and laws do not become theories!
C. ______________________________________- Hypothesis are not well established explanation; can become be
incorporated into a theory after being tested many times & the explanation is durable.
IV. The Science of Life (1-6)
A. Biology means the study of life: Bio=life; ology=study of (logos=study)
B. What do biologists do?
1. Study the ______________ of life- Ex. Jane Goodall study chimpanzees behavior in their natural environment in Africa
2. Research _______________- Ex. Mary-Claire King studied chimpanzees genetics; 1073 found their genome & ours to be
99% identical which led in helping our understanding of how diseases work & how to treat them.
3. Develop ________________- technology defined as the application of scientific knowledge to solve human needs & to
extend human capability. Ex. Advancement in prostatic limbs; Dr. Charles Drew- pioneered process of separating blood
plasma from blood cells & safely storing & transporting for transfusions.
4. Improve ________________- Ex. Joanne Chory study mustard plants sensitive to ligh
5. _________________ the environment- prevent the extinction of animals & plants. Ex. Lee Anne Martinez composting
toilets in Africa use no water
V.
Characteristics of Life-all living things share the following characteristics: (6-10)
D. Living things are made of ___________.
1. A cell is the smallest working unit of life.
2. Living organisms are grouped by the number of cells:
* ___________________ – single-celled organisms; ex. Bacteria, amoebas
* ___________________ – organisms made up of more than one cell; ex. Humans,
frogs, fish, insects, plants
B. Living things Displays _____________________
1. A cell is a collection of ______________________________ that carries on life functions
2. All living structures are composed of _____________ and ________________.
3. In multicellular organisms
i. Specialized cells are organized into groups that ____________________ called
_________________.
ii. Tissues are _____________ into _________________,
iii. Organ systems work together to support an _____________________
C. Living things ______________________
1. Growth- all living things grow at least part of their lives, single-celled organism simple
increase in size
D.
E.
F.
G.
2. Development- describes ___________________________ that take place during the lifetime
of an organism
Living things _____________________
1. Not essential for individual organisms, but essential for the __________________
2. Species- group of organisms that can ___________ with one another and produce
_________________________
3. Two ways:
i. _________________- new organism has a single parent; example- single-celled organism splits in half
_________________________________________________________________________________
ii. _________________- two cells ( egg & sperm) from different parents unit to form an embryo
_________________________________________________________________________________
Living things ________________________________
1. External stimulus- includes all things that are OUTSIDE the organism. Ex: temperature, light
2. Internal stimulus- all things that are INSIDE the organism. Ex: hunger, thirst
Living things __________________________
1. two main ways to _____________ energy
i. _________________________- energy from the sun. Plants, some bacteria & protist use this process
ii. _________________________- energy from the food they eat. Us, other animals & fungi
2. Only one way to use energy
i. All organisms use energy for ____________________- chemical reactions which __________ up or
___________ down materials as it carries out its life processes.
Living things ___________________________________
1. process by which organisms maintain a __________________________________ internal environment
H. Adaptations ______________ over time
1. Adaptations are ________________________ that occur over time that help the species ____________ and pass
their ____________ to their ________________________.
VI.
Basic Chemistry (148-155)
Organisms are composed of ______________, which is anything that takes up space and has mass. All matter is composed of
____________, pure substances that consists entirely of one type of _______________.
A. Elements –
1. 92 naturally occurring elements
2. 25 essential to life
3. 4 making up 96% of living matter: ______________________________________________
B. Atoms – (from Greek word atomas- “unable to be cut”)- made up of the following:
1. Nucleusa. center of atom
b. ____________ which have a ____________ charge
c. ____________ which are ________________
2. Electron cloud/orbitala. space surrounding nucleus
b. _______________ in constant motion in this space
c. electrons have a _____________ charge; therefore attracted to the +
charged nucleus
3. Charge of Atoms
a. Have equal # of protons & electron so they are neutral
b. _________________ = # of ______________ that element contains. Ex. Atomic # of C = 6
C. Isotopes –
1. Atom with same # of ____________ but a
______________ # of _________________
2. An example of an element that forms isotopes is
_________________.
a. Carbon-12 → the most common &
__________ form of carbon; has _ __
protons and _____ neutrons
b. Carbon-13 → ___ protons & ____
neutrons
c. Carbon-14 → ___ protons & ___ neutrons
3. Some are very unstable or ___________________ (because of change nucleus ___________ causing it to
_________ or _______ apart which gives off radiation) useful in ______________ and ______________.
D. Compounds (pp. 37-38)
1. elements combined in __________________ of atoms form compounds
2. held together by ____________________________
3. Cannot be broken down into simpler compounds or elements by physical means such as tearing or crushing
4. Can be broken down by chemical means
5. Chemical formula
a. shorthand to show elements in a compound
b. Ex. ______________ = 2 hydrogen atoms, 1 sulfur atom, 4 oxygen atoms for a total of 7 atoms
c. Ex. C6H6O6= _______________________________________________________, total of 24 atoms
6. Chemical Equationa. recipe for making a compound
b. _________________- what goes into the reaction
c. _________________- substance that is formed
d. Ex. 2H2 + O2
2H2O; Reactant = ______________, Product = ___________
E. Chemical Bonds
1. involves the _________________________________; the outermost electrons
2. Ionic Bonds
a. one or more electrons are _________________ from one atom to another
b. results in 2 oppositely charged particles called ____________
 an atom that ____________ electrons has a _____________ charge
 an atom that ____________ electrons has a _____________ charge
c. attraction between ________________ charged ions forms ionic bonds
d. Ex. NaCl or table salt
e. Ions in living things- sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, carbonate ions- they help maintain
________________________ as they travel ____ & _____ of __________, help
_______________ signals among ___________ that allow you to see, taste, hear, feel, &
smell.
f. ________________ bonds than covalent
g. Most are _________________ at room temp & have higher _____________________ than
molecules
3. Covalent Bonds
a. electrons are being _________________
b. results in very stable compounds called _____________________
c. Ex. Water, glucose, DNA
d. __________________ bonds than ionic
V. WATER
(pp. 161-163)
Water is the most essential and abundant substance on Earth. Cells are made up of mostly water and most cells are
surrounded by water. The importance of water is largely due to its unique characteristics, which all directly relate to one
very important property of water . . . Water is polar.
A. Polarity
1. Definition of Polarity
a. The ____________________ of ______________ in molecules formed with covalent bonds.
b. How this works: A closer look at a water molecule
1. Oxygen has __ protons in nucleus & each hydrogen has __ proton in their nucleus
2. 10 shared electrons will be more attracted to the more positively charged ___________ nucleus;
thus ____________ around the ____________ end of the molecule just about all the time
3. The _____________ end will have a slightly ______________ charge
4. The _____________ ends will have a slightly _____________ charge
5. Not ___________________ because the electrons are not transferred; just shared unequally
2. Hydrogen “Bonds” –
a. not a __________ bond- does not form a new compound
b. attraction between two polar molecules; like water
c. _____________ between slightly _____________ charged hydrogen end of one ________ molecule
and the slightly ______________ charged end of another __________ molecule.
d. EX. In water: forms between positively charged ___ end of one water molecule and the negatively
charged ___ end of another water molecule
3. Hydrophilic vs Hydrophobic
a. Polar molecules are attracted to other _______ molecules,
 Any molecule attracted to water is described as ________________
b. Non-polar molecules are attracted to_____________________________.
 Molecules repelled by water are described as________________.
B. Properties – Polarity gives water some unique properties important in maintaining __________________
1. Water is "sticky" – Water molecules tend to stick together, called _____________ and results
in______________. Water molecules also tend to stick to other surfaces - known as______________. This
explains the phenomenon known as _____________ action.
2. Water is the solvent of life – Slightly-charged ends of water molecules _____________ and
____________ atoms that make up other compounds, thus ______________ them. Anything dissolved
in water is referred to as a _____________. Many important compounds in cells are in
_______________.
a. Solvent- substance in which another substances is dissolved
b. Solute- substance that is dissolved in the solvent
3. Water has a high heat of vaporization – Perspiring cools us because it requires _________________ to
change water from a liquid to a_______. When perspiration________________, the heat required is drawn
from our_____. Also, why our lakes do not totally evaporate in the hot summers of Texas.
4. Water has a high specific heat – This allows large bodies of water to maintain a
_________________________.
5. Liquid water expands as it freezes – Ice is less dense than water so it ___________ which _________
organisms and ________________________________________