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a
b
1,000
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1,000
10
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100
c
1,000
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d
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100
1,000
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10,000
Control
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Planetary radius
Rotation rate
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Surface temperature
100
10
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1,000
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10,000
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1
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1,000
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10
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100
10
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100
d
100
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1,000
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