HOW DO PLANTS FUNCTION?
Name: __________________________________Date: ________________Period: _____
What is a plant??
 Multicellular - ______________________________________________
 _____________ - organized nucleus and all organelles have a membrane
 Cells are surrounded by a _____________ _____________.
 Cell wall made of _______________ and with a waxy ________________ coating
called a _____________________.
 Makes ______________ through the process of ______________________.
 Reproduction strategies: ___________________ or ________________
Two categories of plants
Nonvascular vs. Vascular
 Nonvascular – do not have ______________ tissue, nutrients travel from one ______
to another
 Examples: ________________, liverworts
 Vascular – have tissue that carry nutrients and other substances, live farther from
water source, upright growth
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Xylem – dead tissue that conducts _____________ and other substances
from plant roots to the _________________
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Phloem – living tubular cells that conducts ________________ from the
_________________ to all cell parts
 Examples: trees, ferns and _________________
Gymnosperms vs. Angiosperms
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Gymnosperms - ___________ bearing plants, evergreen trees
______________ living organisms - redwoods (Sequoia sempervirens) 300 x 30 ft
Oldest living organisms - bristlecone pine, 4,600 years old
Ecologically, gymnosperms dominate vast regions of northern ___________ forests
Most important forest ____________________
About 80% of forest products such as________, poles, paper, resins, Christmas trees
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Classification
o Division Coniferophyta (conifers)
o Division Cycadophyta (cycads)
o Division Ginkophyta (ginko)
o Division Gnetophyta (gnetae)
ANGIOSPERMS
 Angiosperms – have roots, ___________ and leaves but they also produce
_____________________ and develop seeds that are enclosed in a ______________.
 TWO CLASSES of Angiosperms
 Monocotyledons (monocots) – one _________ _____________, smaller group
Examples: orchids, ______________
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_______________ veins in leaves
Flower parts in multiples of ______________
Dicotyledons (dicots) - ___________ seed leaves, majority of plants
Examples: garden flowers, ___________ (except conifers), and wildflower
 Leaves with _______________ veins
 Flowers parts in multiples of __________ or ________’s
o Annual – live ___________ year of less
o Biennials – life span lasts ___________ years
o Perennials – live several years producing ____________________ once a
year
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LEAF STRUCTURE
The primary function of the leaf is _______________________. The leaf collects the sun’s
___________ and manufacturing food (__________________) for the plant.
Internal structure
1. Cuticle - ___________ coating to help prevent water loss
2. Stomata – opening in leaf for ___________________ to enter and ____________ the leaf.
3. _____________________________ - the evaporation of water, a leaf will lose up to 90% of the
water absorbed by the ______________.
4. Guard Cells – cells that surround and control the __________ of the ___________________
5. Mesophyll – photosynthetic _________________ of the leaf
***What determines the number of stomata on leaves?
External Structure
Margin - _____________ outline of the leaf
Simple leaf – one entire leaf blade; example: maple leaf
____________________ leaf – divided leaf blade; Example: walnut
ROOTS
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Underground parts of ___________________
__________________ the plant
Absorb water and ________________________from soil to leaves
Roots grow by _________ ____________________ (mitosis)
Root structure
o Epidermis – forms ________________ most layer
o Cortex – involved in the _______________________ of
water and ions
o Root cap – Protective _______________ at the end of
the root
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REPRODUCTION IN ANGIOSPERMS
(FLOWERING PLANTS)
The process of _____________________reproduction in flowering plants takes place in the
flower. The flower is responsible for _______________________and _________ ____ and other
parts are involved in___________________________.
Part of a Flower
1. ______________: leaf like, usually colorful arranged in a circle called a ___________
around the top of the flower stem.
2. _________________: leaf like and usually _________ and surround flower stem
beneath_____________. All the sepals for the _____________. Sepals are sometimes
_________________and resemble the_____________________.
a. _____________: serves as a ______________covering for the flower bud. Protecting
it from ____________ ________and____________________.
3. ________________: ________reproductive structure of the____________.
____________________is made of an __________and _____________.
a. ________________: ___________the _________ and is at the tip of the stamen
b. _________________________: stalk that ______________ the anther.
4. ____________: the _____________ structure of the ______________. A flower can have
more than _______________pistil. The pistil is made of three parts: ___________,
_______________ and ________________.
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a. Stigma: usually ______________ on which the __________ __________ land and
grow. Located at the top of the pistil.
b. Style: slender _____________ of the ________________ that connects the
_______________ to the ____________. The ___________ __________ will grow down
the ________________of the style to reach the ovary.
c. Ovary: contain the __________________. The ___________________ will turn into the
___________ once ____________. The ___________will ripen into the _____________.
A ___________________________ has all 4 structures: sepals, petals, stamens and pistil.
Examples: tiger lily, morning glory
An _________________ lacks one or more organs.
Examples: squash plants, sweet corn
Adaptations for pollination
_______________________: the _______________ of ___________ ___________ from the
______________ to the ___________________. The more pollen that lands on the stigma the
greater the chance the flower will be fertilized.
Pollination Methods
1. Wind: This method is very __________________. Gymnosperms mainly rely on the wind
to disperse their seeds.
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2. Animals: Attracted to flowers for many reasons. Their job is to transfer pollen from one
flower to another.
a. Examples: moths, _________________, hummingbirds, beetles, and even BATS!
b. Nectar: Nectar is a __________ ___________ made of ___________ and
__________________. Animal will eat the nectar and brush its body against the
_____________________ and rub against the ____________________. The pollen will
stick to the animal and then be dropped off at the next plant it visits.
c. Flower color: Vivid ________________ usually attract butterflies. Pale color
_________________ are pollinated by ________________________.
d. Scent: Flowers dull in color often have a _____________ _____________ to attract
pollinators.
e. Shape of flower: Flowers such as ____________________ have a specific
_______________ to match or fit the mouth of its pollinator.
3. Self-pollination: When a flower __________________ pollen from the same flower or
another _______________ on the same plants.
4. Cross-pollination results in an exchange of _______________ material. This is the
preferred method of pollination.
Pollination and Fertilization
Pollination is the transfer of ____________________ from one flower to another flower.
Once the pollen lands on the stigma, a pollen tube begins to grow. The pollen tube will lead
the sperm cell down into the ovary and the egg nucleus. ___________________: the
___________________ of egg and sperm
In most plants, pollen tubes grow very quickly. In barley, it takes less than an hour between
pollination and fertilization.
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Sepal
Anther
Eukaryote
Cell wall
mosses
Stamen
Phloem
Xylem
pistil
Germination
Filament
Cellulose
Pollination
Stigma
Style
Ovary
Cuticle
PLANTS & ANIMALS
Invertebrate
Nonvascular
Vascular
fertilization
gymnosperm
Vertebrate
Angiosperm
deciduous
evergreen
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