WELCOME TO
PRINCIPLES OF HORTICULTURE
UNIT 1
INSTRUCTOR
JEANA SVOBODA
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CH. 1
What is Horticulture?
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Horticulture is a division of Agriculture
6 Areas of Ag
• Agronomy-large expanses of field crops
• Forestry-large expanses of trees & products
• Pomology-fruits & all their products
• Olericulture-veggies (storing, harvest, market)
• Ornamental Horticulture- production & use of
ornamental crops, includes floriculture, turfgrass
science & arboriculture
• Landscape Architecture- use of ornamentals for
beautification, aesthetics, function, includes
interiorscaping
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Horticulture – that part of plant agriculture
concerned with garden crops, fruits, veggies,
ornamentals, spices & drugs
Horticulture therefore is made up of the
disciplines of Pomology, Olericulture,
Ornamental Horticulture & Landscape
Architecture, along with subdivisions of
viticulture, floriculture, greenhouse, turf, and
nursery mgmt, arboriculture, interiorscaping &
horticulture therapy
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Ancient History/Background
• 10,000 yrs ago – 1st crops cultivated, short
season annuals, grown by seed
• 6,000 yrs ago – cultivation, irrigation, harvest,
storage
• 3,000 yrs ago – 1st landscaping, terraces,
gardens, parks
• 300 B.C. – Theosphrastus – Father of Botany,
writes 2 books (History of Plants & Causes of
Plants), student of Aristotle
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Modern history
• 1600’s-1800’s – monasteries biggest advances in
horticulture, Mendel studies plant genetics (Father of
Genetics)
• 1700’s – elaborate landscaping, Palace of Versailles,
Carolus Linnaeus (Father of Taxonomy), America’s 1st
Nursery on Long Island (Lombardy Poplar)
• 1800’s – Andrew Downing revolutionized landscape
design, his student Fredrick Law Olmstead (Father of
Landscape Architecture) designs Central Park
• 1900’s – Liberty H. Bailey contributed in taxonomy, 2
books (The Manual of Cultivated Plants & How Plants
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Get Their Names)
PALACE OF VERSAILLES
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PALACE OF VERSAILLES
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PALACE OF VERSAILLES
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PRESENT DAY INDUSTRY
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•
•
•
Greenhouse/Nursery Crops - $4.5 billion
Fruits/Nuts $7.5 billion
Veggie Crops $9.4 billion
Entire Hort Industry $78 billion
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CH. 2 CLASSIFICATION
• What is Classification? – a way to group
plants or name them
• Why is Classification Important?
• Is all classification the same to everyone?
fruits, veggies, annuals, perennials,
trees, shrubs, creeping, climbing, etc.
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SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION
(Linnaeus Method)
Carolus Linnaeus
• Swedish botanist, 1700’s, simplified naming of
plants & animals, grouped based on similarities
or differences
• Used physical & ecological characteristics,
today we also use genetic & cytological
• Came up with 7 major groups or TAXA
• Came up with the Binomial System of
Nomenclature
• Father of Taxonomy – naming organisms 12
TAXA
• Currently 8 major groups
• Range from the broadest or fewest
characteristics in common (Domain) to the
most specific or greatest # characteristics
in common (Species)
• Linnaeus came up with 7, in 2000
scientists added the 8th
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8 Taxa
Domain
Kingdom
Division
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Species = genus name +specific epithet
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BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
= SPECIES TAXA
•
•
•
•
•
2 names to name an organism
Species is a 2 word name
1st name = the Genus (a taxa)
2nd name = the specific epithet
Genus is broad, specific epithet is more
specific
Taxadium disticum – Bald Cypress
Buchloe dactyloides – Buffalograss
Echinacea purpurea – Purple Coneflower
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RULES OF TAXONOMY
• Domain to Family = single word names, 1st
letter capitalized
• Genus = single word, 1st letter capitalized, whole
word underlined &/or italicized
• Specific Epithet = single word, all lower case,
whole word underlined &/or italicized
• Species = 2 words, 1st word is genus, 2nd word
is specific epithet (it is not a taxa)
• The species name represents Binomial
Nomenclature
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DOMAINS
ARCHAEA
Oldest organisms
Microscopic
Unicellular
Prokaryotic
Single chromosome
Asexual reproduction
Extremeophiles
BACTERIA
EUKARYA
Unicellular
Prokaryotic
Single chromosome
Asexual reproduction
Eukaryotic
Diploid chromosomes
Unicellular – multicellular
KINGDOMS OF EUKARYA
PROTISTA
*Asexual reprod
*Producers
*Consumers ingest
*Unicellular
*Colonial, motile
PLANTAE
FUNGI
ANIMALIA
*Sexual reprod.
*Producers
*Multicellular
*Spore reprod.
*Consumers
*Absorption
*Multicellular
*Non-motile
*Sexual reprod.
*Consumers
*Digestion
*Multicellular
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• Genus – members of the same genus
may be somewhat capable of reproducing
among themselves, but are unable to
reproduce with any other genus
• Species – like group of interbreeding
organisms, rarely interbreeding with other
similar species
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VARIETY
• subdivision of species, always in Latin
• Found naturally in nature (botanical variety)
• Different in appearance from other typical
members
• Juniperus communis var. depressa (prostrate
common juniper)
• Juniperus communis var. communis (upright
common juniper)
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CULTIVAR
• Has most relevance to horticulturalists
• Never written in Latin
• Group of plants changed or cultivated by
man
• Distinguished by characteristics that
maintain its identity when propagated both
sexually & asexually (breed true, exact
copy)
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CH. 3 PLANT ANATOMY
Plant Anatomy – study of structure of plants, includes
cells, tissues & organs
All living things are organized into levels
1. Atom – lowest level of organization
2. Molecules – groups of atoms
3. Organelles – groups of molecules working together
to perform a function
4. Cells – groups of organelles working together
5. Tissues – groups of cells working together
6. Organs – groups of tissues working together
7. Whole Plant – groups of organs working together21
PROKARYOTIC VS.
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
Prokaryotic Cells - have no nuclear
membrane & the organelles are
indistinct
Eukaryotic Cells - have a nuclear
membrane & distinct complex
organelles
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Similarities Between Prokaryotic &
Eukaryotic Cells
• Have nucleic acids, proteins, lipids &
carbohydrates
• use the same chemical Rx to metabolize
food, build proteins, store energy
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ORGANELLES OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS
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ORGANELLES OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS
Describe each organelle of the cell
Nucleus •
•
•
•
Nucleolus –
•
•
•
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells cont.
Endoplsmic Reticulum - ER •
•
*Rough ER *Smooth ER –
Ribosomes 26
Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
cont.
Golgi Apparatus •
•
•
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells cont.
Mitochondria• converts sugar into energy a process called,
___________
• equation for respiration =
_________________________________________
• in mitochondria are shelf-like projections called
____________ essential molecules for
production of energy stored
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells cont.
Cytoplasm - fluid within the plasma
membrane but outside the nucleus
- transports substances thru cell
Cytoplasmic Streaming - movement of
cytoplasm from one area of cell to
another
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells cont.
Plasma Membrane - synthesis &
assembly of cellulose for cell wall
(plants)
• controls cell growth & differentiation
• materials cross the membrane by
diffusion, osmosis, active transport &
endocytosis
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Chloroplasts (plastids)•
• photosynthesis occurs here
Chlorophyll - absorbs energy from sun, uses it
in combo with CO2 & H2O to make sugar & O2
Photosynthesis equation=
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Cell Wall - Functions
•
•
•
•
strength & rigidity
limits cell size
prevents rupture of membrane
role in absorption, transport, secretion,
digestion, defense against pathogens,
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Cell Wall - Components
• Cellulose - cell strength
• Lignin - polysaccharide, cell rigidity for
support
• Cutin, suberin, waxes - fatty substances,
protect plant tissues, reduce water loss
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Cell Wall - Layers
• Middle Lamella - made of pectin,
region that adjoins two cells
• Primary Wall - made of cellulose,
hemicellulose, pectin; found in active
cells; involved in healing & regeneration
• Secondary Wall - made of cellulose,
formed after cell has stopped growing,
found in cells for strength & water
conduction
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells cont.
Plasmodesmata - cytoplasmic threads
connecting protoplasts of adjacent cells
• provides pathway for substance transport
between cells
Vacuoles - large central vacuole, contains
water, substances in solution, stores
nutrients, waste products, pigments
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Plant Importance
• Primary source of food for animals &
humans
• Produce oxygen used by all organisms
• Cools temps, filters air, slows wind
• Erosion control, home for wildlife
• Beautification, perfume air
• Provide building materials & fuel
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Plant Tissues
•
Simple Tissues, Meristem – functions in cell growth,
undifferentiated cells, made up of one type of cell, either
parenchyma or collenchyma cells
1.
2.
3.
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•
•
Parenchyma –
Collenchyma –
Sclerenchyma –
Apical meristem –
Axillary (Lateral) Meristem –
Intercalary Mersitem -
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Plant Tissue
•
Complex Tissues – groups of different types
of cells
1. Epidermis – protective outer most layer of
cells on all parts of the plant, roots, stems,
leaves, flowers, fruits & seeds
2. Secretory Tissue – groups of cells whose
function is to secrete materials either from the
plant surface or from within deeper layers
3. Conducting Tissue – groups of cells whose
function is to move water & nutrients
throughout the plant
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Conducting Tissues
1. Xylem – vessels that move water & nutrients
from roots to leaves, made of sclerenchyma
cells, makes up the wood, lives long time
2. Phloem – vessels that move food from leaves
to other parts or to the roots for storage,
parenchyma or par. & collencyma cells, short
lived (seasonal) makes up the bark
3. Cambium – tissue between xylem & phloem,
produces cells that become xylem or phloem
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Conducting Tissue
• Tracheids –
• Vessel elements –
• Sieve tube members –
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Basic Plant Parts
Describe/define each of the following:
• Roots –
• Stems –
• Leaves –
• Flowers –
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ROOTS
Functions
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•
•
•
•
•
•
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ROOTS
Structure
•
•
•
•
Xylem
Phloem
Cambium
Root Cap –
• Side Roots –
• Root Hairs –
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Root Tip
• Root Cap –
• Region of Cell division –
• Region of Elongation –
• Region of Maturation 44
Monocot Root Cross-sections
• Pith –
• Cortex –
• Primary Xylem –
• Primary Phloem –
• Endodermis –
• Epidermis -
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Dicot Root Cross-sections
• Cortex –
• Primary Xylem –
• Primary Phloem –
• Endodermis –
• Epidermis 46
ROOTS
Types
1. Primary –
2. Taproot –
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ROOTS
Types
3. Fibrous –
4. Aerial –
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ROOTS
Types
5. Adventitious –
6. Pneumatophores –
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ROOTS
Types
7. Buttress –
8. Parasitic –
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ROOTS
Types
9. Mycorrhizae –
10. Root Nodules –
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STEMS
Functions
•
•
•
•
•
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STEMS
Structure
• Xylem, phloem, cambium
• Node –
• Internode –
• Bud Scale Scars –
• Lenticels –
• Leaf Scar –
• Terminal Bud –
• Axillary Buds –
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STEMS
Structure
• Xylem, phloem,
cambium
• Node –
• Internode –
• Bud Scale Scars –
• Lenticels –
• Leaf Scar –
• Terminal Bud –
• Axillary Buds –
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STEMS
Types
1. Monocots (monocotyledon) –
2. Dicots (dicotyledon) –
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STEMS
2 Types of Wood
1. Heartwood –
2. Sapwood –
3. Annual rings –
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Stem Cross-sections
• Monocots –
• Dicots –
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MODIFIED STEMS
1. Spurs –
2. Rhizomes –
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MODIFIED STEMS
3. Corms –
4. Bulbs –
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MODIFIED STEMS
5. Stolons (runners) –
6. Tendrils -
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MODIFIED STEMS
7. Tubers –
8. Cladophylls –
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MODIFIED STEMS
9. Thorns –
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