`
Sustainable Engineering
1
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
2
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Primary Energy
•
The total primary energy consumption in India is the third biggest after
China and USA from the year 2013.India is the second top coal consumer in
the year 2015 after China.
•
India ranks third in oil consumption with 195.5 million tons in 2015 after USA
and China.
•
Primary Energy (PE) is an energy form found in nature that has not been
subjected to any conversion or transformation process.
•
It is energy contained in raw fuels, and other forms of energy received as
input to a system. Primary energy can be non-renewable or renewable.
3
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Time line
4
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Engineering..?
5
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Energy sources
•
Non renewable• Coal- 200billion metric tons
•
•
Assam, Gujarat,Bombay high.
Godavari,krishna kaveri..beds
Natural gas- presently imported from middle east
Nuclear Energy- 2000 MW
Uranim 235
•
Kerala – Thorium reserves…?
•
•
•
6
Oil-
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Energy sources
•
We can create a more sustainable, cleaner & safer world by making wiser
energy sources.
•
Energy is the fundamental vital force in driving daily lives.
•
Every one needs energy in some form or another.
•
Natural forms are-
•
light,
• heat ,
• sound,
•
mechanical movement (kinetic energy),
• Gravity ( potential energy),
movement of electrons.
7
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
•
As time progressed the rate of consumption also
increased.
•
Presently consumption of energy is the main indicator of
development.
•
“Energy can be neither be crated nor be destroyed”
•
Automobiles use energy from gas converted into
chemeical energy.
8
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
•
Energy sources are two types.
•
Renewable & Non renewable energy sources.
•
Renewable energy sources
•
Are directly available, immediatly accessed & can be
replenished in short period of time.
•
Renewable energy comes from natural sources.( known
as infinite energy sources)
9
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Renewable Energy
10
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
11
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
12
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
13
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
•
Solar Thermo Electro generators- STEG
•
Solar energy used as thermal energy.
14
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Non Renewable energy
•
Cannot be made again.
•
Coal , petroleum,natural gas, uranium etc...
•
Over 85 % world energy are from non renewable .
•
Fossil fuel consumpton nearly doubled from 1900 every
20 years.
15
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
16
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
17
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Non renewable energy sources
•
85%of energy consumed in the world is from non
renewable sources.
•
Coal- most abundent form of fossil fuel.
•
70% of india’s energy is consumed from coal.
•
Studies predict this energy last only for another 60 years.
18
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
•
Crude oil:
•
available in the middle east.
•
13 countries.
•
Organisation of petroleum exporting countries.
•
OPEC countries holds about 67% of worlds oil reseves.
•
In India onshore fields are identified in Mumbai, Gujarat,
Assam,Arunachal pradesh.
19
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
•
Natural Gas: The energy that the plants originally obtained from the sun
is stored in the form of chemical bonds in the gas.
•
is a mixture of several gases.
•
Methane, eathane , propane, butane.
•
Burns completly & leaves no ashes.
•
Almost no pollution.
•
Iran & Iraq holds high natural gas.
20
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Natural Gas Extraction in cubic meters per year
21
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Natural gas coming out
22
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
•
•
Nuclear Energy:
More countries are swiching to nuclear energy.
•
Uranium is used here.
•
Energy is produced through fission & fusion.
•
Like fossil fuels nuclear energy doesnot produces
greenhouse emissions, but results in radioactive pollution.
23
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
The Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station- USA (
Arizona Desert )- Sewage from cities as Coolant
24
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Leibstadt fission-electric power station in Switzerland.
25 million KW hours per day- Power Boston
25
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
conventional sources of energy.
•
Generally non renewable sources of energy which are
used for long time.( coal,oil,natural gas).
•
20th century energy need is mostly met by coal & oil.
•
Firewood Or Fuelwood.
•
Wood fuel is the major source of energy in developing
countries.
•
Consists of energy that comes from woody biomass.
In India 2/3 of wood fuel plantations are non industrial &
the firewood is used by families.
•
26
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Non Conventional energy sources/renewable
•
Pollution free.( But is in development stage).
•
Solar Energy.
• Wind power.
• Hydro-electric power.
• Biomass.
•
Ocean thermal power.
• Bio-fuel.
• Tidal power.
• Ocean wavepower.
•
27
Geothermal power.
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Geothermal power plant in iceland
28
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
•
Geothermal energy is the heat from the Earth.
•
Heat from deep inside the Earth to generate steam to make
electricity.
•
It's clean and sustainable.
•
Resources of geothermal energy range from the shallow ground to hot
water and hot rock found a few miles beneath the Earth's surface.
•
Deeper to the extremely high temperatures of molten rock called magma
•
used to heat buildings, raise plants in greenhouses, dry out fish and crops, de-ice
roads, improve oil recovery, aid in industrial processes like pasteurizing milk, and heat
spas and water at fish farms.
29
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Ocean wavepower.
30
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Ocean wavepower
•
Ocean wave energy is captured directly from surface waves or from
pressure fluctuations below the surface.
•
Waves are caused by the wind blowing over the surface of the ocean.
•
Areas of the world with abundant wave power resource includes
• western coasts of Scotland,
•
northern Canada,
• southern Africa,
• Australia,
• and the northwestern coast of the United States, particularly Alaska.
31
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
32
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Tidal Energy
•
Kinetic energy of the moving tidal water.
•
Happened due to the gravitational pull of sun & the moon.
•
Occurs periodically.
•
Can be deployed in certain regions only where tidal flow is high.
•
Potential power in India 15000 MW.
•
Areas identified- Gulf of Kutch, Sunderbans, Gulf Of cambay
33
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Tidal Energy
34
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
OTEC
•
Warm region over surface & Cold over bottom
•
Value of temperature varies between 30 to 10 Degree.
•
2 regions.( High & Low temperature).( heat source & Sink)
•
This is used to drive heat engines
•
Pressurized ammonia is vaporized in a heat exchanger.
•
Expand through a turbine to generate electricity
•
Cold seawater is pumped to condense the ammonia vapour…..( cyclic
process)
35
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
OTEC-
36
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Solar Energy Technologies
•
0.1% of the solar energy that reaches earth the needs of
earth can be fulfilled. ( Studies)
•
Solar water heating
Solar drying
Solar green houses
Solar refrigeration
Solar cooking
•
•
•
•
•
Solar furnaces.
• Solar electricity.( photo electric cells)
•
37
Solar desalination.
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Advantages
•
Free
•
No pollution.
•
Can be used in remote areas.
•
Used in everyday items.
•
Worlds oil reserves may last for another 50 years only.
38
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Disadvantages
•
Can be harnessed in daytime only.
• Expensive.
• Solar stations does not match the output of conventional power stations.
•
Large area of land is required for capturing.
• Solar batteries need to be replaced timely.
•
•
Solar capacity in india around 2500 MW
916 MW in Gujarat
•
947 MW in Madya Pradesh
39
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Fuel Cells
•
Generates electricity in chemeical reaction.
•
Has two electrodes.
•
Anode + Cathode + electrolite.
•
Basic fuel used is hydrogen / oxygen.
•
By product of reaction is harmless ( Water).
•
Produced DC Current.
40
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
working
•
•
Platinum powder is used as anode catalyst.
Catalyst oxidizes hydrogen fuel.
•
Hydrogen gas turns into ions & electrons.
• Ions reach cathode oxidizes it & produce water.
• Electrons pass through wire.
41
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
42
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Different Types
•
1. Alkali fuel cells.–
•
Generally use solution of pottasium hydroxide as their
electrolite.( Compressed Hydroge & Oxygen)
•
70 % efficiency.
•
Operating temperature 150-200 degree .
•
Output ranges from 300 W to 5 KW.
43
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
•
2. Molten carbonite fuel cell-
•
Uses sodium & magnesium carbonites as electrolytes.
•
( Co3)
•
Efficiency 60-80%
•
Temparatue 650 degree.
•
Higher operating temperature is disadvantage.
44
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
•
3. Phosphoric Acid fuel cells.
•
Phosphoric acid as electrolite.
•
Efficiency 40-60%
•
Operating temperature 150-200 degree.
45
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
•
4. Proton exchange membrane fuel cell ( PEM)
•
Uses polymer electrolite
•
Efficiency 40-50%
•
Temparature 80 degree.
•
Output 50 to 200 Kw.
•
Used in automobiles, homes....
46
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
•
5. Solid Oxide fuel cell( SOFC).
•
Calcium or zirconium oxides as electrolyte.
•
Efficiency 60%
•
Temperature 1000 degree.
•
Output 100 KW.
47
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Fuel cell Advantages
•
Compact
•
Light weight.
•
Less pollution.
48
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Fuel cell Disadvantages
•
Cost
•
Durability.
49
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Applications
•
Remote areas.
•
Hybrid & electric vehicles
50
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Wind Energy
•
Origin of wind is sun.
•
Is a solution for energy problem in 21st century.
•
Turbines require wind in range of 20 Km/hr.
•
At high altitudes power of wind is high.
•
Suitable in coastal areas.
51
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
52
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Advantages.
•
Free.
•
No waste, green house gases etc..
•
Land below wind mill can be used for farming.
•
Suitable in remote areas.
53
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Disadvantages
•
Wind is not always predictable.
•
Can affect television reception.
•
Present Scenario
world wide installations has crossed- 8500 MW
Europe -5500 MW
USA1700 MW
India
54
7/31/2017
990 MW
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Hydro-electric power
•
Dam is a hydraulic structure constructed across a flowing
river.
• Gravitational potential energy is stored.
•
Water flow through tunnels to turbines & drive generators.
•
Because of height of water will reach turbines at high
pressure.
•
Dam is thicker at bottom.
Kinetic energy of moving water – mechanical energy of
turbines-electrical energy of generators
•
55
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
•
•
•
56
The Three Gorges Dam in Hubei, China, has the world's largest
instantaneous generating capacity (22,500 MW).
1084 Squre Km
Itaipu Dam in Brazil/Paraguay in second place (14,000 MW) 1380
Square Km.
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
57
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
58
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
59
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
60
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
61
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Types of Hydro-power stations
•
•
Classified on basis of station capacity.
1.Micro hydro power < 100 KW
•
2.Mini Hydro power 101-2000KW.
•
3. Small Hydro power ( SHP)- 10 MW.( world wide).
•
China is the global player.
•
More than 50 % of globally installed capacity is with china.
62
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Small Hydro power•
Clean, renewable , inexpensive.
•
Does not need a reservoir.
•
Any location with water flow is viable
•
Minimal impact on nearby communities.
63
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Advantages
•
Clean.
•
No pollution.
•
Renewable energy source.
•
Minimal impact on environment.
•
Long life.
•
Low running cost.
64
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Dis advantages
•
Energy consumers should be residing near hydropower
scheme.
•
Stream flow limits the power generation.( every plant has
an upper sealing limit & never allowed to cross that.)
•
65
seasonal variation.
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Hydro power in India
•
Economical
•
22439MW.
•
15000MW of small hydro projects.
•
4096 small hydro projects.
66
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
67
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
68
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
69
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Biomass
•
Biomass contains stored energy. That's because plants absorb energy from
the sun through the process of photosynthesis. When biomass is burned,
this stored energy is released as heat. Burning biomass releases carbon
dioxide.
•
Biomass can either be used directly via combustion to produce heat,
• or
•
•
70
indirectly after converting it to various forms of biofuel.
Conversion of biomass to biofuel can be achieved by different methods which
are broadly classified into: thermal, chemical, and biochemical methods.
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Biomass
•
Organic material with stored sunlight energy
•
1. Biomass in traditional form.
•
Wood & agricultural residue is burnt to produce energy.
•
•
2. Biomass in its non traditional form
Biomass converted as ethyl & methyl alcohol to be used
as liquid fuels).
•
3. Biomass for domestic use-
•
Organic waste is decomposed to produce mixture of
gases.( Biogas).
71
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Disadvatage
•
Complex steps
•
1, collection,drying,fermented & burnt.
2. Infrastructure facilities.
•
72
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Examples
•
Wood- trees,shrubs...
• Wastes-solidwaste,livestock waste.
•
•
73
CropsAquatic plants-
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Methods
•
1. Burning-
•
direct burning of biomass ( Steam is used to turn
turbines).
•
2.Alchohol fermentation-
•
Organic material- fermentation by bacteria- store energy
74
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
•
3.Anaerobic Digestion-
•
Waste products- methane & carbon dioxide.
Biomass stored with water & stored in airtight tank
•
75
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
•
4.Pyrolysis-
•
Heating of biomass in absence of oxygen.
•
Heated to 1000 degree fahrenheat & allowed to
decompose into gas & carbon ( charcoal).
76
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Biofuels
•
Derived from biomass.
•
From metabolic byproducts of living organisms.
•
Known as agrofuel also.
•
Used in vehichles.
•
Best method to reduce greenhouse gases.
77
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Methods of production
•
Method 1
•
•
Sugar crops/starch are grown
Through fermaentation ethanol is produced.
•
Method 2
•
•
Plants are grown ( Produce oil-algae)
Oil is heated to produce viscosity
•
Then directly used in vehichles.
78
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
3 generations of biofuels.
•
1. First generation biofuels.
•
•
Made from sugar/vegetable oil.
Large use affect food supply
•
2. Second generation biofuels.
•
Greener.
Not used widely
•
79
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
•
3. Third generation Biofuels
•
Biofuels derived from algae.
Recently entered the market.
•
80
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
81
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
82
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
83
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
84
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Biofuels derived from biomass
•
•
1.Bioalchoholsalchohol substance made from the fermentation of sugar.
•
Used in automobiles
•
Methanol,ethanol,propanol & butanol.
•
2.Biodiesel & green Diesel
•
Made from vegetable oil.
85
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
•
Biodiesel-
•
produced by reacting tryglycerides with alchohol to
produce fattyacid esters & then glycerol as byproduct.
•
•
•
86
Chemical reaction is called transesterification.
Benefits
Cheap, renewable,
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Advanced Biofuels
•
Meets our energy demands
•
No green house gas emissions.
•
Does not have an impact on biodiversity
•
Does not affect in major land use changes.
87
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
•
Green diesel-
•
produced through a refining process.
•
Greener than standard diesel
•
Run in any engine without modification.
88
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
•
Aviation biofuel-
•
specialised type of petroleum based fuel
•
Aviation sector needs a substitute for fossilfuels.
•
Solid Biofuels-
•
made from wood saw dust, muncipal waste.
89
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Examples
•
Lignocelluloses-
•
•
is a derivative of plant biomass
Contains cellulose & lignin.
Contains carbon , hydrogen & oxygen.
•
Jatropha-
•
Flowering plant
•
Seeds contain 27-40% oil.
Oil can be refined to biodiesel.
•
•
90
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Energy derived from oceans
•
70 % of earth is water.
• Ocean tides is an example
•
1. Tidal energy
•
2.Wave energy
•
3.Ocean thermal energy conversion
91
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Tidal energy
•
Captures kinetic energy of tide & convert to electrical
energy using turbines.
•
Types
1. Tidal stream typesKinetic energy ( Low cost).
•
•
•
•
•
•
92
2. Barrages –
Use potential energy in difference height between high &
low tides( Dam like structure..).( High Cost)
3.Tidal LagoonsSimilar to barrage & is a self contained structure
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Advantages & Disadvantages
•
•
•
•
93
Free.
No waste.
Few suitable sites.
expensive
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Wave Energy
•
Regular disturbances produced on the surface of water.
•
Causes wind to blow across the sea.
•
Chamber is made
•
Air drives the turbine
94
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
OTEC
•
95
Uses heat energy stored in water
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Geothermal Energy
•
Comes from radioactive decay in core of earth.
•
Heats earthfrom inside out.
•
Centre of earthis about 6000 degree.
•
can melt rock
96
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
•
Few kilometers down the temperature is about 250
degree.
•
Temperaure raises by 1 degree for every 30- 50 meters.
Best place – volcanically active places.
•
97
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
•
•
•
•
•
Geothermal energy can be used in 2 ways.
1. Geothermal Heatingunderground water or steam brought to surface & can be
used to heat buildings, generate electricity.
2. Geothermal Electricity-
•
Completly renewable
Less dependence of fossil fuel.
Not widely available.
•
Some times earthquakes release harmful gases.
•
98
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Advantage & Disadvantage
•
Theoretically inexhaustible energy source.
•
No pollution.
•
Renewable source
•
Does not require solar panels & structures to collect
energy.
•
•
•
99
Not available in many locations.
Not much power vent
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL
Thank You !
100
7/31/2017
Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL