
1) Primary Producer

2) Primary Consumer

3) Secondary Consumer

4) Tertiary Consumer

Autotrophs: make their own energy

Heterotrophs: consume their food
 Herbivores - Eat plants
(autotrophs)
 Carnivores - Eat other
heterotrophs
 Predators – kill their own
food
 Scavengers – eat animals
that are already dead
Omnivores – eat plants
and animals
Detritivore (AKA
decomposers) –
decompose dead
material and return
nutrients to the soil



More organisms at
bottom, less at top.
More biomass at
bottom, less at top.
10% energy lost at
each level

Chromosomes contain DNA

Segments of DNA= Genes!


Humans have 46
chromosomes
44 are autosomes, 2 are
sex chromosomes


A gamete (egg or sperm) would have half the
number of chromosomes of a normal cell
23

Made of nucleotides
Phosphate Group
 Nitrogen base: adenine,
thymine,
cytosine, or guanine
 The sugar Deoxyribose


All in a double helix
(looks like a ladder!)




DNA is unzipped by
helicase enzyme
The enzyme
Polymerase attaches
and reads the DNA
New bases attach to
the original bases (A
with T, G with C)
Two new strands of
DNA are made

RNA
(ribonucleic acid) has
three parts:
 Simple sugar (ribose)

Phosphate group

Nitrogen base
(adenine, cytosine,
guanine, and uracil)

Makes a compliment of
the DNA and turns it
into RNA

Messenger RNA!!

Happens in the nucleus



Messenger RNA (mRNA) is made into a
compliment Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Transfer RNA builds amino acid chains based
on the code to make PROTEINS!!
Happens on RIBOSOMES!








Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II

Combines mom and dad genes on the two
chromosomes so that daughter cells are
unique!




Two copies of each hereditary factor segregate
so that offspring receive one factor from each
parent.
Ex) a daughter cell will receive one allele from
mom and one from dad
Mom: Tt, Dad: tt
One possibility: child could get a T from mom
and a t from Dad.


Inheritance of one
trait not affected by
another trait if two
genes are far enough
away from each other
on chromosome.
Ex) A short allele
won’t be affected by a
hair color allele if
they are far apart.

Genotype: the alleles..


Ex) RR , Rr, or rr
Phenotype: the trait displayed

Red, red, or white

Dihybrid cross with heterozygous alleles


A) XhY (hemophilic dad) * XHXhmom (carrier
mom)
B) XHY (normal dad) , * XhXh (hemophilic
mom)
ii
*
A
B
I I

A man with type B blood (whose mother is type O)
and a woman with type AB

Man must have received a little i from mom if she
was type O

His genotype: Ibi

Woman: IAIB

Punnet square: Ibi * IAIB

Incomplete dominance: a mix of the traits


R= red, r= white, Rr= pink flowers
Codominance: both traits displayed

R= red, r= white, Rr= red and white flowers

Chromosomes do not separate properly

Leads to genetic disorders


Living and nonliving things interacting
Soil, rocks, trees, birds, people, wind, waves,
etc



Predators keep
population of prey in
check
Prey provide food for
predators
Not enough prey,
predators may die off



Parasitism: one benefits,
one is harmed
Commensalism: one
benefits, other unaffected
Mutualism: both benefit

The role an organism has in the environment

If niche overlap..competition






If density of population increases, these
factors may be affected.
Example:
Food
Space
Shelter
Water






Affect a population regardless of how many
individuals are present
Example:
Temperature
Weather patterns
Climate
Natural disasters

Biotic: living things


Animals! Plants!
Abiotic: nonliving

Soil, clouds, rain


No life before.
Ex) new land created
by a volcano.


Exposed Rock
A lichen will grow
first.

Life once before

Soil left intact

Ex) A forest fire, a landslide

It is just starting over!



Photosynthesis: uses carbon dioxide to make
sugars
Cellular respiration: breaks down glucose to
release carbon dioxide
Decomposition: releases carbon dioxide when
living things are broken down



Conversion of biochemical compounds: all
living things have carbon in them as
biochemical compounds (carbs, lipids, etc).
They can be converted to new forms.
Combustion (fires) release carbon dioxide
Rock weathering releases carbon dioxide
because carbon from fossils, etc was stored in
these rocks



Nitrogen fixation: bacteria take
nitrogen from atmosphere and
convert it to a useable form for
plants
Nitrogen is taken in as ammonia
in plant roots, travels in food
chain
Denitrification: bacteria take
nitrogen and break it back down
into nitrogen gas where it
returns to atmosphere

Intake of water by organisms:
water is needed for life!

Transpiration: water is removed
from leaves (evaporative)

Respiration: through cellular
respiration, water is released
when ATP is generated

Elimination: water leaves the
body in waste

Warming of the planet when gases (such as
carbon dioxide, oxygen, methane, and water
vapor) trap heat in the atmosphere.

Our atmosphere is primarily composed of
materials from life’s processes: Oxygen, Carbon
Dioxide, Nitrogen, and Water.

The hydrologic (water) cycle is maintained by
the energy of the Sun and the effect of weather.

As part of the geosphere, the soils on Earth are
constantly being generated and eroded.


More population, more demand for resources
Less sustainability- less resources will be
available for us in the long term as we deplete
the earth.
86. What is biological evolution?

The change in inherited traits in a species
over time
87. What is adaptation and how does it
play a role in the survival of a species?

The development of an ability that is helpful
for survival
88. What is meant by the phrase
“survival of the fittest”?

Darwin’s process of natural selection, the
best adapted to their environment will be
most successful

Equilibrium a population’s gene pool (remains
stable) if..
No mutations
 No natural selection
 No migration
 Random mating
 Very large population


Divergent evolution: many
species evolving from a
common ancestor


Birds with different shape
beaks with a similar ancestor
Convergent evolution: no
common ancestor, but
evolving similar traits
because the environment.
 Example: Most desert plants
store water in tissues

Speciation: formation of new species

Patterns of evolution
 Gradualism- Gradual changes of a species in
over long periods of time
 Punctuated equilibrium- Periods of abrupt
changes in a species after long periods of little
change within the species over time
 Coevolution- When two or more species
living in close proximity change in response
to each other. The evolution of one species
may affect the evolution of the other.
 Extinction- The elimination of a species
often occurring when a species cannot adapt
to a change in its environment.

Anatomy
 Homologous structures- Structures in
different species with common
evolutionary origin
 Vestigial structures- Structures that have
no function in the organism but may
have had a use in an ancestor

Embryology
 Study of embryonic development of organisms

Biochemistry – DNA similarities
 Study of the chemical processes of organisms

Paleontology – fossil records
 Study of prehistoric life

Phylogenetic Tree
 The relationship of different organisms believed to have a
common ancestor

Three Domains (Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya)

and six kingdoms (Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista,
Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia).